中华流行病学杂志  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (12): 1921-1927   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20230722-00032
中华医学会主办。
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文章信息

王浩, 周怡, 戴品远, 李娜, 关云琦, 潘劲, 钟节鸣, 俞敏.
Wang Hao, Zhou Yi, Dai Pinyuan, Li Na, Guan Yunqi, Pan Jin, Zhong Jieming, Yu Min
浙江省中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病状况分析
Comorbidity of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms among middle and high school students in Zhejiang Province
中华流行病学杂志, 2023, 44(12): 1921-1927
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2023, 44(12): 1921-1927
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20230722-00032

文章历史

收稿日期: 2023-07-22
浙江省中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病状况分析
王浩1 , 周怡2 , 戴品远1 , 李娜1 , 关云琦1 , 潘劲1 , 钟节鸣1 , 俞敏1     
1. 浙江省疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制所, 杭州 310051;
2. 浙江中医药大学公共卫生学院, 杭州 310053
摘要: 目的 对浙江省中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病的流行特征进行分析,为制定防治策略及评估干预效果提供依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样和自我管理式问卷调查方法,于2022年4-6月对浙江省30个市(县、区)376所学校的28 043名初中、普通高中和非普通高中的学生采用统一的问卷进行匿名调查。焦虑症状判定采用广泛性焦虑量表,抑郁症状判定采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表,最终纳入分析27 004名。结果 中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病率为11.54%(95%CI:10.90%~12.19%),女生(15.42%,95%CI:14.47%~16.38%)高于男生(8.05%,95%CI:7.43%~8.67%)(P < 0.001);农村(12.35%,95%CI:11.49%~13.22%)高于城市(10.06%,95%CI:9.27%~10.86%)(P < 0.001);初中、普通高中和非普通高中学生共病率分别为11.73%(95%CI:10.82%~12.64%)、12.49%(95%CI:11.20%~13.79%)和9.98%(95%CI:8.68%~11.27%)(P=0.025);离异/丧偶/分居家庭的学生共病率(16.64%,95%CI:14.86%~18.43%)高于在婚家庭(10.82%,95%CI:10.14%~11.50%)(P < 0.001);家庭经济状况越好,共病率越低(P < 0.001);过去30 d吸烟者共病率(21.70%,95%CI:18.24%~25.16%)高于未吸烟者(11.13%,95%CI:10.51%~11.76%);过去30 d饮酒者共病率(19.36%,95%CI:17.58%~21.14%)高于未饮酒者(10.05%,95%CI:9.43%~10.68%);共病率随每周体育活动天数增加而降低(P < 0.001);自报学习成绩越差的学生,共病率越高(P < 0.001);过去12个月参与过打架者共病率(18.42%,95%CI:16.75%~20.09%)高于未参与过者(10.45%,95%CI:9.81%~11.10%)。结论 浙江省中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病率较高,应关注中学生心理健康。
关键词: 焦虑    抑郁    共病    中学生    
Comorbidity of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms among middle and high school students in Zhejiang Province
Wang Hao1 , Zhou Yi2 , Dai Pinyuan1 , Li Na1 , Guan Yunqi1 , Pan Jin1 , Zhong Jieming1 , Yu Min1     
1. Department of Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China;
2. School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the epidemiological patterns of comorbidity of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms among middle and high school students in Zhejiang Province and to provide evidence for making strategy and evaluation of intervention. Methods Through a multi-stage sampling design, 28 043 students from 376 schools in 30 counties/districts were recruited and surveyed using anonymous self-administered questionnaires in classrooms under the supervision of trained staff between April and June 2022. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using generalized Anxiety Disorders 7-Item Scale, and depression symptoms were assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item Depression Scale. A total of 27 004 students were included in the final analysis. Results The overall prevalence of comorbidity of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms was 11.54% (95%CI: 10.90%-12.19%), higher among girls (15.42%, 95%CI: 14.47%- 16.38%) than boys (8.05%, 95%CI: 7.43%-8.67%) (P < 0.001), higher among students living in rural areas (12.35%, 95%CI: 11.49%-13.22%) than those in urban areas (10.06%, 95%CI: 9.27%-10.86%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of comorbidity of students attending middle school, academic high school, and vocational high school was 11.73% (95%CI: 10.82%-12.64%), 12.49% (95%CI: 11.20%- 13.79%), and 9.98% (95%CI: 8.68%-11.27%), respectively (P=0.025). The prevalence of comorbidity was higher among students in divorced/widow/separated families (16.64%, 95%CI: 14.86%-18.43%) than those in intact families (10.82%, 95%CI: 10.14%-11.50%) (P < 0.001). The wealthier the families, the lower the prevalence of comorbidity (P < 0.001). The prevalence of comorbidity was higher among cigarettes smokers in the past 30 days (21.70%, 95%CI: 18.24%- 25.16%) than non-smokers (11.13%, 95%CI: 10.51%-11.76%), higher among alcohol drinkers in the past 30 days (19.36%, 95%CI: 17.58%-21.14%) than non-drinkers (10.05%, 95%CI: 9.43%- 10.68%), higher among students engaging in physical fight in the past 12 months (18.42%, 95%CI: 16.75%-20.09%) than those without physical fight (10.45%, 95%CI: 9.81%-11.10%). The more frequently students engaged in physical exercise, the lower the prevalence of comorbidity (P < 0.001). The poorer the academic performance self-reported, the higher the prevalence of comorbidity (P < 0.001). Conclusion More than one-tenth of middle and high school students in Zhejiang Province have comorbidity of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms, and more attention should be paid to adolescent mental health.
Key words: Anxiety    Depression    Comorbidity    Middle and high school students    

焦虑抑郁症状共病是指同一个体在某一时期同时出现焦虑、抑郁症状,且两者分别满足各自的筛查标准[1]。中学生焦虑和抑郁症状常呈现重叠,共病现象普遍存在[2]。2021年中国8个城市调查数据显示,超过30%的中学生存在焦虑抑郁症状共病[3]。同时有研究报道,新型冠状病毒疫情期间,出现焦虑抑郁症状的学生比例增加[4]。中学生群体由于身心发育不成熟,与成年人相比,面对学习、生活和社交等压力时出现焦虑抑郁共病的风险更高[5]。国内外关于中学生焦虑抑郁的研究多关注于单一的焦虑或抑郁[6-8]。本研究利用2022年浙江省青少年健康危险因素调查数据,对中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病状况进行分析,为今后制定干预政策提供依据。

对象与方法

1. 调查对象:采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法。第一阶段:在浙江省90个市(县、区)中随机抽取30个(杭州市上城区、杭州市拱墅区、杭州市富阳区、建德市、宁波市海曙区、宁波市奉化区、余姚市、温州市鹿城区、平阳县、乐清市、嘉兴市南湖区、嘉善县、桐乡市、湖州市吴兴区、安吉县、绍兴市越城区、绍兴市上虞区、新昌县、金华市婺城区、东阳市、武义县、衢州市柯城区、开化县、舟山市普陀区、台州市椒江区、仙居县、温岭市、丽水市莲都区、遂昌县及云和县);第二阶段:采用单纯随机抽样法,在每个抽中的市(县、区),分别从初中、普通高中和非普通高中班级中,抽取11个初中班级、6个普通高中班级和6个非普通高中班级。非普通高中包括职业高中、普通中等专业学校和技工学校等;第三阶段:采用整群抽样方法,对抽中班级的全部在校生进行调查。本次调查不包括成人初中、成人高中、成人中等专业学校以及残疾人学校。

2. 调查内容:调查采用统一的调查问卷。问卷设计参考美国CDC的青少年行为危险因素监测问卷[9]和WHO的全球青少年健康监测问卷[10],以往文献报道问卷具有良好的信度和效度[11-12]。问卷包括人口社会学、吸烟、饮酒、体育活动、心理健康和校园安全等内容。焦虑症状采用广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)。GAD-7主要询问过去2周精神情绪变化,内容包括“感到紧张焦虑愤怒”“不能停止控制担忧”“对各种事情担忧多”“难以放松”“不安而无法静坐”“易烦恼急躁”“感到将有可怕的事情发生而害怕”。选项包括“没有”“有几天”“一半以上日子”“几乎每天”。分别赋值0~3分,得分范围为0~21分;以往文献发现焦虑量表得分切点取10时,灵敏度和特异度达到最大[13]。抑郁症状筛查采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)。PHQ-9主要询问过去2周的感受,内容包括“做事没兴趣”“心情低落沮丧”“入睡困难/睡不安”“疲倦没活力”“食欲不振/吃太多”“感觉自身失败”“对事物专注有困难”“动作/说话缓慢或正好相反”“有伤害自己的念头”。选项和赋值同GAD-7,得分范围为0~27分。PHQ-9得分切点取10时,具有较高的灵敏度(88%)和特异度(85%)[14]。因此本研究焦虑和抑郁症状阳性判断的切点均采用10。同时为了和已有研究进行比较,本研究也报告切点为5的焦虑抑郁症状共病率。

3. 调查方法:2022年4-6月,经过统一培训的市(县、区)CDC工作人员开展现场调查。采用自我管理式问卷调查,学生在教室统一集中填写。现场调查开始前,调查员统一向学生讲解调查目的和意义;强调调查的匿名性,向学生说明学校老师、家长均不会知道选项;作答与学习成绩无关。调查过程中,学生至少保持1 m间距,教室保持安静,校医和老师均回避。填好的问卷由学生亲手投入密封的问卷回收箱。调查获得浙江省CDC伦理委员会审查(批准文号:2022-007-01)。现场调查前1周,CDC下发纸质知情同意书,知情同意书采用调查学生及其家长双签名。

4. 统计学分析:采用SAS 9.4软件进行统计学分析。由于采用多阶段复杂抽样设计,在数据分析时考虑复杂加权。加权方法见文献[15]。计数资料描述采用百分比(95%CI)。以基于复杂抽样设计的率的Rao-Scott χ2检验比较不同特征学生焦虑抑郁症状共病率的差异。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。多重比较采用Bonferroni校正法,3种不同类型学校间多重比较的显著性阈值设定为0.05/3=0.017,4种不同自报健康状况间多重比较的显著性阈值设定为0.05/4=0.012。

结果

1. 一般情况:共抽中的376个班级,共有学生28 043名,其中114名拒绝调查、859名调查当日不在学校,应答率为96.53%。剔除填写问卷不完整40份、GAD-7和PHQ-9中任一缺项问卷26份,最终纳入分析27 004名,年龄为(15.75±1.73)岁,其中男生13 931名(51.59%),女生13 073名(48.41%);初中生12 758名(47.25%),普通高中生7 376名(27.31%),非普通高中生6 870名(25.44%)。见表 1

表 1 27 004名浙江省中学生的社会人口学特征

2. 不同社会人口学特征中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病:中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病率为11.54%(95%CI:10.90%~12.19%),女生(15.42%,95%CI:14.47%~16.38%)高于男生(8.05%,95%CI:7.43%~8.67%)(P < 0.001);农村(12.35%,95%CI:11.49%~13.22%)高于城市(10.06%,95%CI:9.27%~10.86%)(P < 0.001);初中、普通高中和非普通高中学生共病率分别为11.73%(95%CI:10.82%~12.64%)、12.49%(95%CI:11.20%~13.79%)和9.98%(95%CI:8.68%~11.27%)(P=0.025)。两两之间比较结果显示,普通高中学生共病率高于非普通高中(P=0.008),初中男生共病率低于普通高中男生(P=0.002),初中女生共病率高于非普通高中女生(P < 0.001),差异均有统计学意义;离异/丧偶/分居家庭的学生共病率(16.64%,95%CI:14.86%~18.43%)高于在婚家庭(10.82%,95%CI:10.14%~11.50%)(P < 0.001);家庭经济状况越好的学生共病率越低(P < 0.001)。见表 2。采用切点5计算的焦虑抑郁症状共病率为42.51%(95%CI:41.25%~43.78%)。

表 2 不同社会人口学特征浙江省中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病情况

3. 不同行为和健康状况中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病:过去30 d吸烟者焦虑抑郁症状共病率(21.70%,95%CI:18.24%~25.16%)高于未吸烟者(11.13%,95%CI:10.51%~11.76%);过去30 d饮酒者共病率(19.36%,95%CI:17.58%~21.14%)高于未饮酒者(10.05%,95%CI:9.43%~10.68%);体育活动0、1~、≥3 d/周的学生共病率分别为15.51%(95%CI:14.17%~16.85%)、11.17%(95%CI:10.29%~12.05%)和10.27%(95%CI:9.56%~10.99%)。共病率随每周体育活动天数增加而降低(P < 0.001);自报学习成绩优良、中等和靠后的学生共病率分别为8.10%(95%CI:7.22%~8.98%)、10.06%(95%CI:9.28%~10.84%)和16.18%(95%CI:15.06%~17.30%)。自报学习成绩越差的学生,共病率越高(P < 0.001);自报健康状况为非常好/好、一般、非常不好/不好和不清楚的学生共病率分别为4.36%(95%CI:3.93%~4.79%)、14.96%(95%CI:13.97%~15.94%)、41.71%(95%CI:39.35%~44.07%)和32.60%(95%CI:27.05%~38.15%);过去12个月参与过打架者共病率(18.42%,95%CI:16.75%~20.09%)高于未参与过者(10.45%,95%CI:9.81%~11.10%)。见表 3

表 3 不同行为和健康状况浙江省中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病情况
讨论

本研究结果显示,超过10%的中学生存在焦虑抑郁症状共病的情况。一项研究于2021年10-12月对我国4个一线城市(深圳、重庆、郑州和沈阳)和4个二线城市(昆明、徐州、太原和南昌),共27所学校22 868名初中和高中学生[年龄(14.6±1.8)岁]采用PHQ-9问卷和GAD-7问卷进行筛查(阳性判定切点为5),发现中学生焦虑抑郁症状共病率为31.6%[3],低于本研究采用切点5计算的结果(42.51%)。分析原因可能与调查省份、抽样方法、学校类型构成等因素不同有关,也可能与新型冠状病毒疫情对青少年心理健康影响有关[4]

美国一项针对12~17岁青少年研究发现,女生焦虑抑郁共病率(28.4%)高于男生(17.1%)[16],与本研究结果一致。可能与女生在青春期气质脆弱性、负面认知水平以及压力较大,更易沉溺于负性情绪的被动思考有关[17]。从学校类型来看,普通高中学生共病率高于非普通高中,这可能与普通高中的学生学业重,升学压力大有关。以往有文献报道与非独生子女相比,独生子女更倾向于自我为中心,与同伴相处困难,易出现悲观和心理问题[18-19]。中国山东省一项研究对645名大学生调查发现,独生子女焦虑抑郁症状共病率高于非独生子女[20]。然而本研究结果显示,在男生和女生中,独生子女和非独生子女相比,焦虑抑郁症状共病率差异无统计学意义。两者是否存在关联有待于大样本深入研究。

与其他文献报道一致,吸烟和饮酒人群中焦虑抑郁症状共病率高于不吸烟者和不饮酒者[21-22],体育锻炼少的人群共病率高于体育锻炼频繁的人群[3];加拿大一项研究对57 394名中学生调查发现,学习成绩好的学生,往往心理健康量表得分高而抑郁量表评分低[23]。本研究发现,学习成绩越靠后的学生共病率越高。这可能与成绩靠后的学生承受更多来自老师和家长的压力,导致缺乏自信,从而产生心理问题[24-25]。此外,本研究结果显示,过去12个月参与过打架者共病率高于未参与过打架者。打架属于躯体欺凌,是欺凌的一种常见类型。文献报道无论欺凌实施者还是受害者,焦虑和抑郁情绪的检出率均高于未参与者[26]

本研究存在局限性。第一,调查问卷由学生自填,可能会存在信息偏倚;第二,横断面研究仅能说明焦虑抑郁症状共病和其他变量之间存在相关,无法说明因果关联。

综上所述,焦虑抑郁症状共病情况在中学生中常见。提示应进一步重视中学生的心理卫生工作。将心理健康教育课纳入学校课程,传授相关知识和技能,培养中学生积极乐观心理品质。树立求助意识;定期开展心理健康筛查,发现异常,及时疏导,避免造成心理危机。同时加强学校心理咨询辅导服务能力建设,提升心理辅导咨询水平。

利益冲突  所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明  王浩:方案设计、数据清理分析、论文撰写;周怡、戴品远、李娜、关云琦、潘劲:数据收集清理、质量控制;钟节鸣、俞敏:论文审阅、经费和技术支持

志谢 感谢参加2022年浙江省青少年健康危险因素调查的30个市(县、区)的卫生行政部门、教育部门和疾病预防控制中心的大力支持和配合;感谢所有参与现场调查的工作人员

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