文章信息
- 于凡, 沈玲羽, 田祎, 王全意, 高志勇.
- Yu Fan, Shen Lingyu, Tian Yi, Wang Quanyi, Gao Zhiyong
- 进口冷链水产品新型冠状病毒污染传播探讨
- Exploration on contamination and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in imported cold chain aquatic products
- 中华流行病学杂志, 2021, 42(6): 992-1001
- Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 2021, 42(6): 992-1001
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20201218-01420
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文章历史
收稿日期: 2020-12-18
2. 北京市疾病预防控制中心, 北京市预防医学研究中心传染病地方病控制所 100013
2. Institute of Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
国内多次在进口冷链水产品及其外包装检测到新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome- coronavirus-2,SARS-CoV-2)核酸。冷链水产品的生产、运输等环节可能导致病毒的传播。但是,病毒如何污染冷链水产品尚无定论。本研究收集近期国内外进口冷链水产品SARS-CoV-2核酸检出情况和冷链水产品工作人员感染情况,结合近年来我国水产品进口情况,分析可能的传播风险并提出相关的防控建议。
1.病原学特征:SARS-CoV-2属于β属的冠状病毒,有包膜,颗粒呈圆形或椭圆形,直径60~140 nm,基因组为单股正链RNA[1]。
人群对SARS-CoV-2普遍易感。传染源主要是SARS-CoV-2感染的患者和无症状感染者,主要经呼吸道飞沫和密切接触传播。接触病毒污染的物品也可造成感染。另外,也可能存在气溶胶传播和粪-口传播[1]。
低温能够大幅延长病毒的存活时间,冠状病毒在冷冻条件下非常稳定,-20 ℃可存活2年[2]。将200 μl 3×106 TCID50/ml SARS-CoV-2添加到500 mm3大小的鸡肉、鲑鱼和猪肉块中,4 ℃、-20 ℃和-80 ℃条件下21 d后病毒感染性均无明显下降,且与病毒单独存放相比病毒感染性无明显差异[3]。有研究对SARS-CoV-2在铜、纸板、不锈钢和塑料表面上存活进行了研究,在保持环境温度为21~23 ℃,湿度40%,持续7 d进行检测,结果发现,铜制品上4 h后检测不到活的SARS-CoV-2,纸板上24 h后检测不到,不锈钢和塑料表面SARS-CoV-2可存活72 h[4]。就冷冻水产品而言,从最初的加工、贮藏到运输和销售,一直要控制在低温状态,在加工时,产品温度要控制在8 ℃以下,在运输和销售过程中温度都要控制在-18 ℃以下[5]。鱼体上的SARS-CoV-2能够在4 ℃存活1周以上[6]。SARS-CoV-2可以在塑料等制品上存活,存活能力较强,也为冷链水产品外包装检测出SARS-CoV-2提供了依据。
2.水产品及其外包装SARS-CoV-2检出情况:2020年6月在北京市新发地市场进口三文鱼中检测出SARS-CoV-2核酸[7]。此后,国内多地报道冷冻食品外包装检测出SARS-CoV-2核酸[8-35]。海关总署对进口水产品及其包装SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性的情况也进行了通报并且实行紧急预防性措施[36]。见表 1。2020年10月17日,中国CDC在青岛市进口冷冻鳕鱼的外包装阳性样本中分离到SARS-CoV-2活病毒[37]。
由表 1可以看到报告地区中沿海城市检出相对较多,阳性水产品主要来自俄罗斯、荷兰、印度尼西亚、印度、缅甸、厄瓜多尔、巴西、智利、阿根廷。检出产品主要为冷冻南美白虾外包装、冷冻带鱼外包装、冷冻鳕鱼外包装等。
3.水产品工作人员SARS-CoV-2感染情况:2020年6月11日,在56 d零病例之后,北京市出现COVID-19病例;6月15日至7月10日,共有1 000多万公民和5 342份环境样本进行了检测,最终确诊了368例阳性病例,其中有169例有新发地市场的工作经历;后对新发地市场感染员工的分布进行空间分析发现病例在海鲜部门高度聚集[7]。2020年7月22日,大连市新增1例本土COVID-19确诊病例,为进口水产品加工企业员工;在对密切接触者的流调排查中,又发现了2例确诊病例和12名无症状感染者;后经调查发现,1例确诊病例和12名无症状感染者在该企业一个车间高度集中,均为该水产品公司员工;截至2020年7月31日,大连市确诊病例68例,无症状感染者32例,其中85例与大连凯洋海鲜公司有直接或间接的关联[38]。在对青岛港大港公司“应检尽检”人员定期例行检测中,先后发现2名装卸工人感染SARS-CoV-2,属于无症状感染者,2名患者为同班工人,之前曾一起装卸进口冷冻海鲜(鳕鱼),5 d后核酸检测呈阳性[39]。除了上述国内冷链水产品从业人员感染外,国外也有相关报道。2020年3月12日,韩国世宗市的海洋水产部有11名公务员被确诊为COVID-19病例,感染路径尚不明确,10日出现首例确诊病例,11日新增4例,12日新增6例,确诊病例均在同一建筑4层办公,主要来自水产政策室和海运物流局这两个部门[40]。2020年4月20日,加拿大新斯科舍海产企业High Liner Foods及美国新罕布什尔州Portsmouth一处鱼类加工工厂发现COVID-19确诊病例[41]。2020年4月23日美国大型海产品捕捞加工企业Blue Harvest Fisheries位于马萨诸塞州新贝德福德市的工厂发现3名员工感染SARS-CoV-2,包括2名确诊和1名疑似病例,该工厂有两处冷库,设有鱼类和贝类加工生产线,主要加工本地捕捞的黑线鳕和大西洋扇贝[42]。2020年6月14日纽波特的太平洋海鲜公司124名员工SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性,共376名工人接受了检测,有53名雇员和71名当地承包商检测呈阳性,约95%的人没有症状,该公司从事海产品捕捞、加工以及海鲜、牛肉、猪肉、家禽的分销,2020年6月16日,美国阿拉斯加布里斯托尔湾区的3名海产品工人的SARS-CoV-2检测呈阳性[43]。2020年6月8日,美国媒体Anchorage Daily News报道,阿拉斯加州Whittier市报告新增11例COVID-19确诊病例,全部为海产企业加工厂的工人[44]。除此之外,波兰及智利三文鱼工厂、印度尼西亚虾类养殖与加工厂、英国海产品加工厂员工和秘鲁人工卸载码头渔民也有感染SARS-CoV-2的相关报道[45-49]。以上事件虽没有明确报告是由被污染的水产品引起,但是并不能排除这个可能性。
4.水体中SARS-CoV-2的检出情况:由于SARS-CoV-2感染者的排泄物中含有大量病毒,所以,生活污水是水体病毒性污染的重要来源,病毒在离开宿主的条件下,能以无生命的生物大分子状态稳定存在并长期保持感染活力[50]。各类水体中存在的大量悬浮颗粒物对病毒的吸附大大延长了病毒的存活时间,从而增强了水体中病毒的潜在传播能力[51]。SARS-CoV-2如果可在水体中存活,在疫情严重的沿海国家,这可能成为水产品的污染来源。
关于水体中SARS-CoV-2的检出情况,目前只有一项研究在河流水中检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸,发生在厄瓜多尔SARS-CoV-2流行的高峰期。研究者于2020年6月5日对厄瓜多尔首都基多城市河流沿岸的3个地点进行采样,各采集2 L的样本,均检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸[52]。除河流水检测出SARS-CoV-2核酸外,目前,已有多个国家在未被处理的废水中检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸。2020年1-4月,在美国路易斯安那州南部的2个污水处理厂共采集未处理的废水样本7个、二级处理的废水样本4个、氯消毒后的最终废水样本4个,结果在2个未处理的废水样本中检出SARS-CoV-2核酸[53]。2020年3月17日至5月7日,在日本山梨县一个污水处理厂共采集5个进水样本、5个二级处理(氯化前)的废水样本,从河流中采集3个样本,结果在1个二级处理的废水样本中检出SARS-CoV-2核酸[54]。2020年4月14-22日,意大利米兰的一项研究在3个污水处理厂的入厂水、出厂水和出厂水排入的3条河流取样检测SARS- CoV-2核酸,在入厂水和河流样本中检测到病毒核酸,在出厂水中检测不到,但没有从这些阳性样本中分离到SARS-CoV-2[55]。2020年3月25日至4月21日,在澳大利亚昆士兰州东南部3个污水处理厂采集的9个未处理的废水样本中2个检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸[56]。西班牙穆尔西亚为SARS- CoV-2低流行区,该地区6个污水处理厂的入厂水和出厂水中检测到SARS-CoV-2核酸,2020年3月12日至4月14日,共采集了42个进水样本、18个二级处理出水样本和12个三级处理出水样本,其中35个进水样本、2个二级处理出水样本SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性[57]。2020年3月,荷兰在阿姆斯特丹史基浦机场以及Kaatsheuvel污水处理厂的废水样本中检测到了SARS-CoV-2[58]。
5.我国水产品进口情况:我国水产品主要从俄罗斯、美国、秘鲁、东盟、智利、厄瓜多尔、挪威、印度等国家或地区进口[59-61]。1984-2019年水产品进口量增长了40倍,进口额增长了263倍[61]。据中国海关统计,2019年水产品进口626.5万吨,同比增长19.9%,鲜冷冻鱼类进口量最大,占水产品进口总量的比重为46.5%,其次是饲料用鱼粉,比重为22.6%,虾类、贝类及软体动物的比重分别为12.3%和9.2%[61]。主要进口水产品种类见表 2。
据报道,中国每年进口的冰鲜和冷冻三文鱼约为8万吨,智利、挪威、法罗群岛、澳大利亚、加拿大等是主要的三文鱼进口来源国/地区,进口量逐年递增,早前,挪威海产局市场调查显示,2019年前三季度,挪威新鲜三文鱼对我国出口量涨幅高达92%[62]。2020年1-4月,在中国进口的所有冰鲜三文鱼中,挪威占据45%的绝对份额。挪威海产局的数据也显示,中国是挪威农场养殖三文鱼的消费大户,其进口到中国的新鲜三文鱼总量达3 141吨[63]。厄瓜多尔是虾养殖业的先驱国家之一[64]。该国的沿海地区被公认为水产养殖的理想之地,优良的自然条件、丰富的养虾经验、大面积的养殖基地、良好的基础设施等,使厄瓜多尔成为世界上主要大虾生产和出口国家之一[65]。2017年12月5日,据厄瓜多尔国家水产养殖商会公布的数据,白虾已经成为厄瓜多尔出口额第一的出口产品[66]。该国拥有3 000多个养虾场,总面积22万公顷,出口的白虾绝大部分源于水产养殖,出口的企业都具备培育、养殖、加工、出口这四大功能,整个环节是闭环操作,虾从捕捞到进入加工厂不会超过4 h;从打捞、冷冻,再运到中国市场,大约需要60 d[67]。据厄瓜多尔水产养殖协会统计,4月向中国出口4.7万吨白虾,占厄瓜多尔全国出口量的80%左右[68]。在虾加工厂里一般是按照出口标准大小进行清洗和分类,根据市场需求,加工成不同类别,在-10 ℃下快速冷冻然后-18 ℃贮藏,通过海运或者空运远距离出口[69]。
6.传播风险分析:
(1)养殖水域污染:水产品养殖水域是否存在SARS-CoV-2污染,继而是否能污染水产品,是需要深入分析的重要问题。世界上80%以上的废水未经处理就排入河流和海洋,造成污染[70]。污水可经河流入海。在发展中国家,许多地区缺乏足够的卫生基础设施和污水处理设施[71]。未经处理的污水直接排放入河流,最终都流入海洋。拉丁美洲地区的大多数国家仅有平均30%的污水在排放入水体前是处理过的,尤其是在厄瓜多尔,仅有不到20%的污水是处理过的,首都基多将近3 000 000居民仅处理3%的污水,基多城市的污水接收着整个城市的粪便,被人类微生物和其他的污染物高度污染,这些污染物和微生物沿江河流域传播,可到达太平洋海岸[72]。即使是在疫情封锁时期,恒河最长的支流亚穆纳河的部分河段的水质检测显示污染物增加,可能这些地段位于德里的北部和中部(这些地区广泛种植和建筑密集),部分处理或者未被处理的农业废水和生活污水持续地污染河流[73]。在过去的几十年中,流向南亚海域沿海水域的河流营养物不断增加,造成了海洋污染[74]。印度尼西亚许多发展中地区的沿海环境受到工业发展和人类活动的负面影响[75]。西非海岸的许多沿海地区缺乏足够的废水和固体废物管理系统,造成大量的未经处理的废水和固体废物露天排放,污染海水[76]。根据2011年沿海城市自来水公司的数据,加沙走廊每天约有8 900万升未处理或部分处理的污水排入地中海,其中部分处理的污水6 900万升,未处理的污水2 000万升,地中海沿岸的加沙走廊海岸已经发现海水受到微生物污染,并且有证据表明加沙走廊存在与卫生相关的感染,另有研究也表明加沙市沿海地区的海水样本中约有48%被寄生虫污染[77]。另外,雨水可进入污水系统,稀释后的污水在进入污水处理厂之前从下水道排放到环境中,发生雨季溢流现象[78]。在美国,772个社区约有4 000万人使用雨污合流制排水系统,下雨时,未经处理的污水会溢出到自然水体中[79]。海洋污染80%以上来自陆地,污染物通过污水、河流、径流、雨水等方式排放到海洋中,造成近海污染[80]。不同国家在未被处理的废水样本中检出SARS-CoV-2核酸,未经处理的废水排放入海及海水的污染现况,提示相关海域的海产品存在SARS-CoV-2污染的风险。进口的三文鱼和白虾等主要在近海养殖,如果养殖用海水被污染,养殖的水产品是否受到影响,仍需进一步调查。
(2)感染者污染:COVID-19的传染源主要是患者和无症状感染者,无症状感染者同样具有高度传染性,通过密切接触传播[81]。且无症状感染者无任何明显的症状与体征,其在人群中难以被发现,其导致的传播也难以预防。主要水产品来源国疫情形势严峻,WHO官网的数据显示,截至2021年1月30日,俄罗斯累计确诊3 832 080例,累计死亡72 697例。美国累计确诊25 512 197例,累计死亡病例429 652例,位居全球第一。拉美地区成为全球疫情新的“震中”,其中巴西累计确诊病例数位列全球第三,仅次于美国和印度。哥伦比亚累计确诊病例数超200万例,累计死亡病例逼近53万。厄瓜多尔累计确诊24.6万人,死亡人数达14 766人,每百万人死于COVID-19的人数达836.93人。这些国家存在大量患者和无症状感染者,公共卫生系统不堪重负,个人防护装备也不充足[82]。受感染工人在处理产品时有可能通过咳嗽、打喷嚏或手部接触等方式,导致病毒污染他们所处理的水产品或其外包装。
(3)运输售卖:2020年6月北京市新发地疫情调查发现:三文鱼鱼体拭子样本中测序获得的病毒基因组序列与本次疫情中人和环境样本中的病毒高度同源,该三文鱼为进口的冷链水产品,结合全面的流行病学调查和大数据分析,该疫情可能源于冷链水产品污染,提出冷链运输可能是新冠病毒传播的新途径[7]。中国青岛市疫情溯源从进口冷冻鳕鱼外包装表面分离出新冠活病毒,病毒来自欧洲地区的一个分支,该分支起源于欧洲地区,港口装卸工人或者其他工作人员可能通过与货物直接接触的方式感染病毒,证明病毒通过冷链运输感染人并且引起暴发是完全可能的[83]。同样,中国大连市疫情始于大连凯洋海鲜公司冷冻海鲜产品的加工车间,初步怀疑是由在境外被污染的海产品进入该加工车间,导致个别操作工人感染,进而在车间内工人之间迅速传播,并蔓延至工人们的居住社区[84]。
7.防控建议:我国在常态化防控阶段,“外防输入”摆在了更加突出的位置;冬春季是常态化疫情防控的关键期,也是重要的“窗口期”,盯紧“人”聚焦“物”,人物同防;为防止污染了SARS-CoV-2的水产品进入我国引起传播,在“物防”上,国家相关部门已经及时发布了相应的技术指南、规范及工作方案;例如,国家卫生健康委员会印发了《冷链食品生产经营新冠病毒防控技术指南和冷链食品生产经营过程新冠病毒防控消毒技术指南》;有关部门研究制定了《进口冷链食品预防性全面消毒工作方案》[85]。
在以上方案基础之上,我们建议:通过外交、商务等途径,协调水产品来源地加强污水管理和消毒工作,保证水产品养殖水域水质合格,同时做好水产品生产企业工作人员的健康管理,避免带病工作。根据境外疫情发展,建议对重点国家或地区的水产品予以密切监测,比如厄瓜多尔的冷冻南美白虾、印度及印度尼西亚的冷冻带鱼及俄罗斯的冷冻鳕鱼等,并及时根据检出情况调整检疫查验的重点国家和地区。
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
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