中华流行病学杂志  2017, Vol. 38 Issue (9): 1191-1196   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.09.010
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文章信息

陈云晓, ErigeneRutayisire, 伍晓艳, 黄锟, 于伟平, 陈尚徽, 叶和义, 张安慧, 陶芳标.
Chen Yunxiao, Erigene Rutayisire, Wu Xiaoyan, Huang Kun, Yu Weiping, Chen Shanghui, Ye Heyi, Zhang Anhui, Tao Fangbiao.
学龄前儿童睡眠状况与情绪和行为问题的关联性研究
Emotional and behavioral problems associated with sleep problems in preschool aged children
中华流行病学杂志, 2017, 38(9): 1191-1196
Chinese journal of Epidemiology, 2017, 38(9): 1191-1196
http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.09.010

文章历史

收稿日期: 2017-03-31
学龄前儿童睡眠状况与情绪和行为问题的关联性研究
陈云晓1, ErigeneRutayisire1, 伍晓艳1,2, 黄锟1,2, 于伟平3, 陈尚徽4, 叶和义5, 张安慧6, 陶芳标1     
1. 230032 合肥, 安徽医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系;
2. 230601 合肥, 人口健康与优生安徽省重点实验室;
3. 225002 扬州大学医学院附属医院扬州市妇幼保健院儿童保健科;
4. 244000 安徽省铜陵市妇幼保健院保健科;
5. 246000 安徽省安庆市妇幼保健所妇产科;
6. 241000 安徽省芜湖市疾病预防控制中心信息管理科
摘要: 目的 分析学龄前儿童睡眠质量及夜间睡眠时间与情绪和行为问题的关联及其影响因素。方法 资料源自2015年3-6月中国长江中下游4个城市部分3~6岁学龄前儿童问卷调查。采用自编的"学龄前儿童发育问卷"调查学龄前儿童夜间睡眠时间和质量,通过长处与困难量表(SDQ)了解学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题发生情况,有效问卷共8 900份。采用多分类logistic回归模型分析夜间睡眠时间及睡眠质量与情绪和行为问题之间的关联。结果 学龄前儿童情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常率分别为9.0%、13.9%、18.9%、25.5%、13.6%和16.2%,除情绪症状异常率女童高于男童,其余各项异常率男童全部高于女童。睡眠质量好、较好和较差/很差分别为3.9%、52.9%和43.2%。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示,控制性别、年龄、分娩方式、出生体重、出生身长和父母文化程度等混杂因素后,与夜间睡眠较短的儿童相比,夜间睡眠较长的儿童发生情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常的风险较低,OR值(95%CI)分别为0.86(0.77~0.95)、0.85(0.78~0.93)、0.85(0.79~0.92)、0.87(0.81~0.93)、0.83(0.76~0.91)和0.82(0.76~0.89);与睡眠质量好的儿童相比,睡眠质量较差/很差的儿童发生情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常的风险升高,OR值(95%CI)分别为3.26(2.40~4.42)、2.86(2.16~3.78)、2.60(2.00~3.38)、1.96(1.52~2.54)、4.02(3.06~5.27)和2.56(1.96~3.35)。结论 夜间睡眠时间短和睡眠质量差对学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题产生负面影响。
关键词: 睡眠     情绪     行为     儿童, 学龄前    
Emotional and behavioral problems associated with sleep problems in preschool aged children
Chen Yunxiao1, Erigene Rutayisire1, Wu Xiaoyan1,2, Huang Kun1,2, Yu Weiping3, Chen Shanghui4, Ye Heyi5, Zhang Anhui6, Tao Fangbiao1     
1. Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China;
2. Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Population Health and Eugenics, Hefei 230601, China;
3. Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China;
4. Tongling Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tongling 244000, China;
5. Anqing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Anqing 246000, China;
6. Wuhu Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhu 241000, China
Corresponding author: Tao Fangbiao, Email:fbtao@126.com
Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81330068)
Abstract: Objective To examine whether sleep problems are related to both emotional and behavioral problems in children aged 3-6 years. Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted in Anqing, Wuhu, Tongling and Yangzhou from March to June 2015. A total of 8 900 preschool aged children were included. Sleep problems were obtained by using adapted BISQ completed by the parents or the people who took care of children. Emotional and behavioral problems of the children were accessed by using Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and multivariate logistic regression model was used for statistical analyses. Results The detected rates of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, total difficulties and prosocial behavior in preschool aged children were 9.0%, 13.9%, 18.9%, 25.5%, 13.6% and 16.2% respectively. All the detected rates were higher in boys than in girls except the higher rate of emotional symptoms. The proportions of children with high sleep quality, moderate sleep quality and poor or worse sleep quality were 3.9%, 52.9% and 43.2% respectively. After controlling the confounding factors of demographic variables, including gender, age, delivery mode, birth weight, birth height and patent's educational level, multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, total difficulties and prosocial behavior in children with longer sleep duration was lower than that in children with shorter sleep duration, the ORs were 0.86 (95%CI:0.77-0.95), 0.85 (95%CI:0.78-0.93), 0.85 (95%CI:0.79-0.92), 0.87(95%CI:0.81-0.93), 0.83 (95%CI:0.76-0.91) and 0.82 (95%CI:0.76-0.89) respectively. Compared with the children with good sleep quality, the risk of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, total difficulties and prosocial behavior were higher in children with poor or worse sleep quality, the ORs were 3.26 (95%CI:2.40-4.42), 2.86 (95%CI:2.16-3.78), 2.60 (95%CI:2.00-3.38), 1.96 (95%CI:1.52-2.54), 4.02 (95%CI:3.06-5.27) and 2.56 (95%CI:1.96-3.35) respectively. Conclusion There was a negative impact of shorter sleep and poor or worse sleep on emotional and behavioral problems of preschool aged children.
Key words: Sleep     Emotion     Behavior     Preschool aged children    

睡眠问题在儿童中较为常见[1]。而学龄前儿童睡眠问题得到广泛关注,我国有研究发现,幼儿园儿童入睡困难率为39.4%[2]。儿童睡眠障碍不仅对儿童自身生长发育有负面影响,同时也会阻碍其与父母间的交流[3]。此外,儿童睡眠问题常常与情绪、认知和行为问题相伴随,影响生活质量[4],甚至对身心健康产生远期影响[5-6]。近期临床研究表明,睡眠问题会增加儿童注意缺陷多动障碍发生的风险[7]。儿童5岁时睡眠质量与身心发育呈高强度关联,而适度增加睡眠时间可预防情绪问题的发生[5]。本文通过大样本横断面研究探讨儿童睡眠时间和质量与其情绪及行为问题之间的关联。

对象与方法

1.研究对象:2015年3-6月在安徽省安庆、铜陵、芜湖市和江苏省扬州市选取9 103名3~6岁儿童作为研究对象进行问卷调查,排除无效问卷203份后,最终包括安庆市9个幼儿园共2 273名儿童,铜陵市11个幼儿园共2 184名儿童,芜湖市9个幼儿园共1 912名儿童及扬州市7个幼儿园共2 531名儿童。有效问卷8 900份,有效问卷率为97.8%。

2.研究方法:

(1) 问卷调查:使用自编《学龄前儿童发育问卷》,由受过训练的专业人员发放至幼儿园老师,再由儿童的父母填写后回收问卷审核。若有漏填或逻辑错误,则立即反馈,由调查人员补充完整。调查包括儿童人口社会学特征、分娩及新生儿情况、儿童睡眠质量及情绪和行为问题等。

(2) 儿童睡眠质量判定:睡眠质量通过调表人填写“您认为您家宝宝的睡眠质量:① 好;② 较好;③ 较差/很差”得出。儿童夜间睡眠时间通过填表人填写“近1个月,您家宝宝周一到周五夜间睡眠__小时”以及“近1个月,您家宝宝周末夜间睡眠__小时”,可计算总夜间睡眠时间=(周一到周五的夜间睡眠时间×5+周末的夜间睡眠时间×2)÷7。

(3) 儿童情绪和行为问题判定:采用《长处与困难问卷》(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ)(父母版)评价学龄前儿童行为[8]。SDQ共评价情绪症状、品行问题、同伴交往、多动行为、亲社会行为5个因子和困难总分,其中困难总分是情绪症状、品行问题、同伴交往、多动行为、亲社会行为的总和,表明客观困难程度。SDQ每个因子得分按照Goodman等[9]的划分标准分为正常、边缘和异常。

3.统计学分析:用EpiData 3.0软件建立数据库,SPSS 16.0软件分析数据。连续性变量用x±s表示,组间数据比较使用方差分析;分类变量用例数/百分率表示,组间数据比较使用χ2检验。使用多分类logistic回归模型,以学龄前儿童情绪与行为问题为因变量,将情绪症状、品行问题、同伴交往、多动行为、亲社会行为和困难总分划分为正常、边缘、异常,其中“正常”组作为对照,夜间睡眠时间和睡眠质量作为自变量,睡眠质量中“好”作为对照,控制混杂因素性别、年龄、分娩方式、出生体重、出生身长、独生子女、母亲怀孕时年龄、怀孕时父亲年龄、午睡时间、母亲和父亲文化程度、母亲吸烟、母亲饮酒和家庭人均收入,分析夜间睡眠时间、睡眠质量(好、较好和较差/很差)与学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题之间的关联及其强度。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.学龄前儿童睡眠问题及情绪和行为问题检出率:8 900名儿童行为问题总检出率为13.6%(1 209/8 900),其中男童为14.2%(667/4 710),女童为12.9%(542/4 190)。情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分、亲社会行为异常率分别为9.0%、13.9%、18.9%、25.5%、13.6%和16.2%。男女童的同伴交往异常率最高(27.7%和23.1%),情绪症状异常率最低(7.7%和10.5%)。除情绪症状异常率女童高于男童,其余各项异常率男童全部高于女童(表 1)。学龄前儿童睡眠质量好、较好和较差/很差分别为43.2%、52.9%和3.9%。男童的睡眠问题异常检出率为3.7%,女童为4.2%,总异常率为3.9%。

表 1 不同性别学龄前儿童行为问题检出情况

2.学龄前儿童睡眠问题、情绪和行为问题的人口社会学分布特征:学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题与其性别、年龄、独生子女、出生方式、出生体重、出生身长、母亲妊娠年龄、怀孕时父亲年龄、午睡时间、父母文化程度、母亲吸烟、母亲饮酒和家庭人均收入有关(P<0.05或<0.01)。学龄前儿童睡眠问题与年龄、独生子女、出生方式、出生体重、出生身长、怀孕时父亲年龄、午睡时间和父母文化程度有关(P<0.05或<0.01)。见表 2

表 2 不同人口社会学特征的学龄前儿童睡眠质量和情绪、行为问题分布

3.学龄前儿童夜间睡眠时间及质量与情绪和行为问题的因素分析:

(1) 单因素分析:相比于正常或边缘的儿童,情绪和行为问题异常的儿童夜间睡眠时间最少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01)。各维度均正常的儿童中,睡眠质量好的比例最多;各维度均异常的儿童其睡眠质量较差/很差的比例最多;情绪症状、品行问题、多动和SDQ困难总分边缘的儿童中睡眠较差/很差的比例最多;同伴交往和亲社会行为边缘的儿童中睡眠较好的比例最多。差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01)。见表 3

表 3 夜间睡眠时间及睡眠质量对学龄前儿童行为问题的单因素分析

(2) 多因素logistic回归:调整性别、年龄、分娩方式、出生体重、出生身长、独生子女、母亲怀孕时年龄、怀孕时父亲年龄、午睡时间、父母文化程度、母亲吸烟、母亲饮酒和家庭人均收入后显示,夜间睡眠越长,儿童情绪症状、品行问题、多动、同伴交往、SDQ困难总分和亲社会行为发生异常的风险降低,OR值(95%CI)分别为0.86(0.77~0.95)、0.85(0.78~0.93)、0.85(0.79~0.92)、0.87(0.81~0.93)、0.83(0.76~0.91) 和0.82(0.76~0.89)。调整了性别、年龄、分娩方式、出生体重、出生身长、独生子女、母亲怀孕时年龄、怀孕时父亲年龄、午睡时间、父母文化程度、母亲吸烟、母亲饮酒和家庭人均收入后显示,和睡眠质量好的儿童相比,睡眠较好和睡眠较差/很差的儿童各项行为问题发生边缘和异常的风险增高(表 4)。

表 4 学龄前儿童夜间睡眠时间及睡眠质量对其行为问题的多因素logistic回归分析(OR值及95%CI
讨论

睡眠问题广泛存在于学龄前儿童中[1],睡眠时间和睡眠质量都是儿童健康的重要影响因素[10]。学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题在我国较为普遍[11],睡眠与学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题存在一定的关联,两者的相互作用不容忽视[12]。睡眠质量越差的儿童发生情绪和行为问题的风险越高,如德国科隆的一项研究显示,睡眠障碍会使儿童发生情绪问题和行为障碍的风险分别增加1.5倍和2.9倍,睡眠与多动和困难总分之间保持着持续的相关[1];Sadeghi Bahmani等[13]发现儿童5岁时睡眠障碍会导致外化和内化行为,并影响儿童的同伴交往和亲社会行为。美国的一项出生队列研究发现,学龄前儿童睡眠时间不足会增加行为问题发生的风险,故夜间睡眠时间较长是儿童情绪和行为问题的保护因素[14]。因此应当加大预防措施,以便及早发现睡眠障碍对后期的危害[15]

学龄前儿童睡眠及情绪和行为问题受到遗传和环境的双重影响[16],但不同影响因素的作用并不相同。本研究发现,3~6岁儿童睡眠情况以及情绪和行为问题在不同人口社会学特征中分布不相同,儿童自身和父母情况都会对两者产生影响。睡眠质量较差/很差在儿童3岁时、独生子女、自然分娩、母亲文化程度为高中/中专和父亲文化程度为大学本科以上所占比例较大,且随着出生体重、出生身长和午睡时间的降低,儿童睡眠质量较差/很差率增加。情绪和行为异常在男童、3岁时、非独生子女、剖宫产、父母文化程度较低、母亲吸烟饮酒和家庭人均收入<2 000元中比例最大,且随着出生体重的增加以及母亲妊娠年龄和怀孕时父亲年龄的减小,儿童发生情绪和行为问题异常率增加。一项双生子研究显示,遗传因素与3岁儿童的情绪和行为问题的关联无统计学意义,但是环境因素自始至终影响着儿童的睡眠以及情绪和行为问题[17];亲子互动的质量和数量对学龄前儿童的睡眠产生很重要的影响[18],且无论是睡眠还是情绪和行为都受到父母行为的影响[19]。保持稳定的睡眠对心理行为功能有很大影响[6]。反过来,心理行为也能影响睡眠,由此可见两者之间相互作用的机制较为复杂[5, 20]

本研究基于大样本的横断面调查,男女童比例适中,代表性好,故可以推广到一般学龄前儿童。然而横断面调查,不能得到直接的因果关系,且填表人填写SDQ量表时会受到情绪影响,填写睡眠部分也带有主观性,可能产生偏倚。此外,父母的睡眠习惯和家庭压力都会对儿童的睡眠产生影响,但是在问卷中并未体现,今后还需要前瞻性的研究对两者之间的关联加以证实。


利益冲突:
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