华北平原一次持续性大雾过程的动力和热力特征

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何立富, 李峰, 李泽椿. 华北平原一次持续性大雾过程的动力和热力特征[J]. 应用气象学报, 2006, 17(2): 160-168. 复制到剪切板

He Lifu, Li Feng, Li Zechun. Dynamic and Thermal Features of a Sustained Heavy Fog Event in Huabei Plain[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2006, 17(2): 160-168 复制到剪切板

华北平原一次持续性大雾过程的动力和热力特征

何立富^1,2, 李峰², 李泽椿²

1. 南京信息工程大学, 南京 210044;
2. 国家气象中心, 北京 100081

2005-02-03 收到, 2006-01-23 收到修改稿.

资助项目: 国家气象中心自筹资金课题资助

摘要: 利用台站加密观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对2004年11月29日—12月3日华北平原一次罕见的持续性大雾天气过程进行了研究, 通过对本次过程动力和热力特征的深入分析, 揭示了其成因和维持机制。结果表明:对流层中低层暖性高压脊及地面变性冷高压的稳定维持为持续性大雾过程提供了良好的背景条件; 地表净辐射引起的近地层冷却是大雾的触发和加强机制; 中低空下沉气流的存在有助于近地层的弱风条件和稳定层结的建立; 低层暖平流的输入和边界层的浅层抬升有利于大雾的长时间维持; 伴随负温度平流南下的偏北风的爆发是使大雾消散的动力因子。

关键词: 地表净辐射下沉气流稳定层结

Dynamic and Thermal Features of a Sustained Heavy Fog Event in Huabei Plain

He Lifu^1,2, Li Feng², Li Zechun²

1. Nanjing University of Information & Technology, Nanjing 210044;
2. National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081

Abstract: The observation study of a persistent heavy fog event occurred in Huabei Plain from 29 Nov to 3 Dec in 2004 is undertaken using the dense observation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. It reveals the physics mechanism of its formation and maintenance by means of analyzing the large scale dynamic and thermal features of the event. The results show that the warm high ridge at middle and low troposphere and the persistent surface cold high over Huabei Plain provide an appropriate background condition for the prolonged dense fog. The warm high ridge is prone to the formation of the inversion temperature layer in boundary layer, and the dominant weak easterly winds in the central and south of the surface cold high transmit the water vapor from the east ocean area to the Huabei Plain. During the fog period, the surface wind velocity is about 2—4 m/s and the domineat wind directions are east and southeast. The bias between surface temperature and dew point is less than 2 ℃, but enlarges sharply when the dense fog process ends. By analyzing the atmospheric sounding data it demonstrates that the atmosphere over Huabei Plain dense fog region indicates convective stability and exists a downward current and an inversion layer above the fog level. The humid layer locates between groun level and 900 hPa, and becomes deeper in the late of the fog event. A cooling process at ground layer produced by net surface radiation fluxes can trigger and strengthen the dense fog event. The subsidence flow at middle and lower troposphere is important to the establishmnent and maintenance of stable stratification at boundary layer and is helpful to the weak breeze wind at ground layer over the fog region; the transportation of weak warm advection in boundary layer and weak lift motion at ground layer play a very important role in the long time maintenance of this fog event. The intrusion of north wind accompanied by cold advection is a main dynamic factor of the fog dissipation. It needs to be pointed out that although these conclusion are meaningful for recognizing this fog event, the physical mechanism on its happening and development remains unclear, especially the influence of the temperature advection process and the low cloud process. The Huabei Plain fog event exhibits a radiation fog in the beginning and early phase, but it shows more advection than radiation cooling in the later phase when the daily temperature variation is considerably weak. It is important to acquire more and higher resolution observation data especially the data in the boundary layer in order to deeply analyze the effect of warm temperature advection during the late dense fog event. The numerical simulation study by connection of two-dimension cloud model and meso-scale model and more dynamical diagnoses will need to be done in the near future.

Key words: net surface radiation fluxes subsidence flow stable stratification

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图 1. 2004年11月30日07:51风云一号 (FD-1D) 卫星监测雾区范围图像


图 2. 2004年11月29日—12月3日华北平原大雾地面加密观测 (a~e) (等值线范围为能见度小于1 km的雾区) 及北京站能见度的时间变化曲线 (f)


图 3. 大雾过程 (2004年11月29日08:00—12月3日08:00) 平均位势高度 (单位:dagpm) 和温度场 (单位:℃) 分布 (a) 500 hPa高度场及0428号台风路径，(b) 850 hPa温度场，(c) 地面高度场


图 4. 2004年11月28日—12月5日华北平原3个代表站风速 (a) 和温度露点差 (b) 随时间的演变


图 5. 大雾过程前期的地面净辐射 (单位:W/m²) (a) 11月29日02:00, (b) 11月30日02:00


图 6. 2004年12月1日08:00华北平原雾区上空大气的动力和热力结构经向垂直剖面图 (加粗线为华北平原大雾区) (a) 涡度 (单位:10^-5s^-1), (b) 相对湿度 (单位:%), (c) 温度 (单位:℃), (d) 垂直环流 (v与w×25合成)


图 7. 大雾后期 (2004年12月2日08:00) 近地面层热力和动力特征的水平分布 (a) 海平面气压 (单位:hPa), (b) 1000 hPa水平散度 (单位:10^-5s^-1), (c) 1000 hPa垂直速度 (单位:10^-3 hPa/s), (d) 地面抬升指数 (单位:K)


图 8. 850 hPa温度平流 (沿37°N) 的时间变化 (单位:10^-5 ℃/s)