岩石学报  2022, Vol. 38 Issue (2): 301-322, doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2022.02.01   PDF    
引用本文
赵正, 陈毓川, 王登红, 李建康, 刘善宝, 陈振宇, 郭春丽, 王平安. 2022. 华南中生代动力体制转换与钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿床成矿系列的叠加演化. 岩石学报, 38(2): 301-322, doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2022.02.01  
Zhao Z, Chen YC, Wang DH, Li JK, Liu SB, Chen ZY, Guo CL and Wang PA. 2022. Transformation of Mesozoic dynamic systems and superposition of metallogenic series of W-Sn-Li-Be-Nb-Ta-REE mineral deposits in South China. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 38(2): 301-322(in Chinese with English abstract)  
华南中生代动力体制转换与钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿床成矿系列的叠加演化
赵正1, 陈毓川1,2, 王登红1, 李建康1, 刘善宝1, 陈振宇1, 郭春丽1, 王平安1     
1. 自然资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室, 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所, 北京 100037;
2. 中国地质科学院, 北京 100037
2021-12-01 收稿; 2022-01-21 改回.
基金项目: 本文受国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFC0600208、2019YFC0605200）、国家自然科学基金项目（41973046）和中国地质调查局项目（JYYWF20180502）联合资助
第一作者简介: 赵正, 男, 1984年生, 研究员, 主要从事矿床学研究, E-mail: kevin8572@hotmail.com
摘要: 华南陆块中生代受古特提斯构造域和滨太平洋构造域两大动力学体系控制，形成了独具特色的华南大花岗岩区和巨量稀有金属富集的成矿省。在印支期-燕山期动力体制转换的背景下，华南陆块内同一构造单元经历了不同世代、不同源区、多个类型岩浆作用相关的矿床成矿（亚）系列的叠加和演化，其叠加成矿机理是华南中生代大规模成矿作用研究的关键，其复合成矿效应是华南各成矿区带找矿预测工作的重要依据。本文结合近年来华南稀有金属矿产勘查、矿床学研究和深部探测工作的新进展，构筑了华南钨锡锂铍铌钽和风化壳型稀土矿床的时空谱系，对比了相关花岗岩的成矿专属性及其成岩构造环境。明确提出了矿床成矿系列叠加的三种形式，即同构造单元，不同世代岩浆作用相关的同类矿床成矿（亚）系列的叠加，其成矿源区和成矿物质可能具有一定继承性；二是同构造单元或构造岩浆带结合部，同时期不同类矿床成矿（亚）系列的复合成矿；三是同构造单元或构造岩浆带结合部，不同时期构造岩浆事件、不同源区、不同类型矿床成矿（亚）系列的叠加。矿床成矿系列叠加显著提升了区域成矿强度，且多发生于深部构造长期活动区，不同时期的同类矿床成矿亚系列常具有一定继承演化关系。本文进一步探讨了华南中生代两大动力体制转换过渡与钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿床成矿（亚）系列的叠加和演化关系，深化了华南中生代花岗岩相关稀有金属区域成矿理论，厘定了华南陆块中生代十五处稀有金属矿床成矿（亚）系列叠加区，为华南稀有金属矿集区的成矿预测提供了理论依据，对下一步勘查工作部署具有重要的实践意义。
关键词: 华南陆块    矿床成矿系列    稀有金属    印支期    燕山期    
Transformation of Mesozoic dynamic systems and superposition of metallogenic series of W-Sn-Li-Be-Nb-Ta-REE mineral deposits in South China
ZHAO Zheng1, CHEN YuChuan1,2, WANG DengHong1, LI JianKang1, LIU ShanBao1, CHEN ZhenYu1, GUO ChunLi1, WANG PingAn1     
1. MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;
2. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Abstract: South China Block witnessed both the closure of the paleo-Tethys Ocean and the subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate during the Mesozoic, resulting in the intensive and extensive magmatism and associated rare metal mineralizations. During the transformation of Indosinian to Yanshanian dynamic systems, mineral deposits formed in different stages, related to different magmatisms, and originated from different sources, are usually superimposed and occurs in the same tectonic unit (or tectonic transition zone) in the South China. Accordingly, it is necessary to unravel the mechanism of superimposed mineralization, which is key to understand the large-scale Mesozoic mineralization in South China, and is also important for mineral exploration and exploitation in the future. In combination of recent advances of deposit studies, mineral exploration and deep drilling materials, this contribution constructs temporal and spatial linkage between the magmatic-hydrothermal W, Sn, Li, Be, Nb, Ta deposits and the regolith-hosted REE deposits, and also compares the geodynamic settings and affinities of ore-forming granites. Three superposition mineralization forms are proposed: 1. Mineralizations with similar mineral assemblages but related to different-stage magmatisms are superimposed in the same tectonic unit, where it may show inheritance of ore-forming materials and sources; 2. Mineralizations with different mineral assemblages but related to synchronous magmatisms are superimposed in the same tectonic unit or tectonic transition zone; 3. Different mineralizations related to different magmatisms are superimposed in the same tectonic unit or tectonic transition zone. The superposition of mineralizations significantly enhances the regional ore-forming intensity, especially in the long-term active area of deep structure. Furthermore, this contribution discusses the relationship between the transformation of Mesozoic geodynamic settings and the superposition of multiple mineralizations in South China, and improves the reginal metallogenic theory. Totally, this contribution outlines 15 Mesozoic rare metal mineralization superposition zones in South China, which sheds light on reginal mineral prospecting and exploration, and also important for the next-step exploration work arrangement.
Key words: South China Block    Metallogenic series of mineral deposits    Rare metals    Indosinian    Yanshanian    

华南地区是我国最重要的稀有稀土矿产资源基地，尤以钨、锡、锂、铍、铌、钽和风化壳型稀土的超常富集而举世瞩目。华南陆块由扬子克拉通和华夏地块在新元古代沿江南造山带发生拼合，北以秦岭-大别造山带为界，西北通过龙门山构造带与松潘甘孜地块相连，西南以哀牢山-松马缝合带和印支陆块相接(Shu and Charvet, 1996; Zhou et al., 2018)。华南陆块自元古代经历了多期构造岩浆作用，至中生代完成了古特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域动力体制的转换，形成了独具特色的多期叠覆、向洋分带的构造-岩浆-成矿体系(陈毓川等, 1989; 胡瑞忠等, 2010, 2015; Mao et al., 2013; 陈骏等, 2014)。华南陆块自西而东发育扬子西缘甘孜-理塘构造岩浆带与印支晚期花岗岩有关的锂铍锡矿床成矿系列、扬子东缘幕阜山-九岭构造岩浆带与燕山早期花岗岩类有关的锂铍铌钽矿床成矿系列、南岭与燕山期中浅成花岗岩类相关的稀有稀土有色金属矿床成矿系列、粤东陆缘岩浆带与燕山晚期酸性火山-侵入岩有关的钨锡铍矿床成矿系列等特色的中生代稀有金属矿床成矿系列(陈毓川等, 2007, 2014; 裴荣富等, 2008a)。

近年来，华南深地探测、科学钻探和成岩成矿年代学等工作获得了一系列新数据和新进展，从时间、空间和成矿物质多个角度深化了华南地区矿床成矿系列的研究(陈毓川等, 2013, 2014, 2020; 王登红等, 2020)，认识到同一成矿区带内矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加现象，如南岭成矿带印支晚期和燕山早期黑云母花岗岩相关的钨多金属矿床成矿亚系列的演化(Zhao et al., 2018a)，南岭东段与燕山期黑云母花岗岩相关的钨多金属矿床成矿系列和华夏褶皱系与花岗闪长岩相关的银金矿床成矿系列的复合(Zhao et al., 2018b)，江南造山带中段燕山早期钨锡矿床成矿系列与燕山晚期锂铍铌钽矿床成矿亚系列叠加(Zhao et al., 2021a)。可见，华南陆块在印支期-燕山期动力体制转换的背景下，在同一构造单元(或构造单元过渡带)经历了不同世代、不同源区、多个类型岩浆作用相关的矿床成矿系列的叠加，其叠加演化机理和叠加效应研究是华南重点成矿区带成矿规律与成矿预测的关键，将提升华南中生代构造-岩浆演化过程与大规模成矿作用的理论认识，拓展各成矿区带的找矿空间和找矿方向。前人从火成岩时空分布(李献华等, 2007)、构造变形(张国伟, 2013; 李三忠等, 2017a; 张岳桥和董树文, 2019)、沉积序列(任纪舜, 1990)等角度探讨了华南中生代动力体制转换时限、地质效应和燕山期的成岩成矿动力学过程(Zhang et al., 2013; Mao et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2017, 2021b; Yuan et al., 2019)。结合前人的研究成果，本文从矿床学的角度，构筑了华南钨锡锂铍铌钽和风化壳型稀土矿床的时空演化谱系，分析了相关花岗岩的成矿专属性和成岩构造环境等，探讨了华南印支晚期-燕山期动力体制转换与钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加和演化关系，为华南各成矿区带的稀有金属成矿预测和勘查部署提供理论依据。

1 华南钨锡矿床时空谱系

钨和锡具有相似的地球化学性质，两者在华南地区常伴生成矿，但其成矿物质源区、岩浆侵位方式和热液成矿条件等方面也存在一定差异(Chang et al., 2019; Yuan et al., 2019; Mao et al., 2019)。在华南地区，钨和锡既在矿田尺度表现为同岩浆演化的分阶段成矿(Yuan et al., 2019)，也在区带尺度体现在印支期、燕山早期和燕山晚期不同世代的矿床成矿亚系列叠加(图 1)。

图 1 华南主要钨锡矿床分布图 Fig. 1 Distribution map of W-Sn deposits in South China
1.1 华南钨矿床

华南是全球钨成矿强度最大的地区，集中分布于扬子东缘(EYB)和南岭成矿带(NLB)，少量分布于东南沿海(SCB)(Zhao et al., 2021b)。EYB包含了江南造山带东段及其与长江中下游的过渡区，钨矿床类型主要为斑岩型、矽卡岩型、花岗岩细脉-浸染型和石英脉型，典型矿床有阳储岭、朱溪、大湖塘和东坪等(Mao et al., 2017; 李宏伟等, 2021; 尹政等, 2021; 郑瑜林等, 2022; 赵文和张怀瑾, 2022)，成矿时代集中于晚侏罗世-早白垩世(145~120Ma)。NLB位于华夏陆块腹地，横跨桂北、湘南、粤北、赣南和闽西地区，东西向与北东向构造叠加，燕山期花岗岩与钨多金属矿床星罗棋布(图 1)。NLB钨矿床集中形成于中侏罗世(170~150Ma)，包括西华山石英脉型钨矿床、瑶岗仙石英脉-矽卡岩型钨矿床、柿竹园矽卡岩型钨矿床等典型矿床(于志峰等, 2022)。南岭东段石英脉型钨矿床最为集中，并伴生锡、铍、铌钽、铋、碲等。SCB位于华南板块东部和南部边缘，覆盖闽东、粤东和桂东南等地，典型矿床有莲花山斑岩型钨矿床等，SCB钨多金属矿床主要形成于早白垩世-晚白垩世之交(120~90Ma)。北西向丹池钨锡多金属成矿带南段的大明山钨矿床的成岩矿时代为~95Ma，与北段锡成矿时代相近(Wang et al., 2021)，晚三叠世(230~210Ma)钨矿床分散于江南造山带两侧和武夷山北段，如南秧田矽卡岩型钨多金属矿床、柯树岭石英脉型钨锡矿床、栗木花岗岩细脉浸染型钨多金属矿床等，与燕山期花岗岩相关钨多金属矿床成矿亚系列叠加。

1.2 华南锡矿床

华南锡矿床主要分布于南岭成矿带、武夷-云开成矿带、粤东陆缘成矿带和滇东南矿集区(华仁民和毛景文, 1999; Zhou et al., 2006; Sun et al., 2012)。南岭成矿带锡与钨多尺度分带共生，如南岭中段香花岭锡矿床、芙蓉锡矿床，形成时间为中-晚侏罗世(160~150Ma)，南岭西段大厂锡矿田成岩成矿于白垩纪(~95Ma)；印支晚期锡矿床(230~210Ma)则主要分布于南岭中西段，如柯树岭石英脉型钨锡矿床、荷花坪和锡田矽卡岩型锡矿床(Mao et al., 2019)。桂北、粤东、云开和滇东地区锡矿床集中形成于早白垩世与晚白垩世之交(110~90Ma)，受北东向断裂与北西向构造共同控制，如云开隆起与吴川-四会断裂交汇处的银岩斑岩型锡矿床和鹦鹉岭斑岩-矽卡岩型锡矿床(Hu et al., 2021)，东南沿海北东走向断层控制的金坑锡铜矿床、长埔锡矿床、莲花山锡多金属矿床等(Mao et al., 2019)。华南锡矿床存在成矿区带尺度的不同世代的矿床成矿亚系列叠加，其成矿源区可能具有一定继承性和演化关系。

2 华南锂铍铌钽矿床时空谱系

华南锂铍铌钽矿常共(伴)生产出，陆缘造山带以伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床为主，陆内构造岩浆带以花岗岩型铌钽锂矿床为主(图 2)，矿物组合为锂辉石、锂云母、铌锰矿、铌钽铁矿等；铍则以绿柱石、羟硅铍石、日光榴石、硅铍钇矿、金绿宝石等伴生矿物存在于岩浆热液型、花岗伟晶岩型和花岗岩型矿床中。总体表现为中生代为主，兼具不同构造旋回、不同世代花岗岩类相关锂铍铌钽矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加和继承演化的特征。

图 2 华南主要锂铍铌钽资源分布图 Fig. 2 Distribution map of Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposits in South China
2.1 华南锂矿床

华南内生锂矿床空间上受陆缘或陆内造山作用控制，自西向东依此分布在扬子西缘松潘-甘孜造山带、江南造山带、南岭构造带和武夷山构造带(李建康等, 2014)。松潘-甘孜造山带为印支晚期(210~200Ma)古特提斯洋闭合后挤压造山晚期阶段的产物，产出甲基卡等大型-超大型伟晶岩型锂矿床，伴生铍和铌钽(熊欣等, 2022)。江南造山带幕阜山稀有金属矿集区，发育有湖南仁里-传梓源伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽矿床和新发现的黄柏山稀有金属伟晶岩密集区，矿石矿物组合主要为锂辉石，铌钽锰矿、铌钇矿、绿柱石、细晶石等，成矿时代为~130Ma(李鹏等, 2017, 2020, 2021)。武功山地区宜春414式花岗岩型稀有金属矿床中锂云母与铌钽锰矿伴生，成岩成矿时代为158Ma(Pollard, 2021; Che et al., 2019)。南岭构造带和武夷山构造带则表现为印支晚期、燕山早期稀有金属矿床成矿亚系列的叠加，印支期主要有江西广昌县头陂伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽矿床(~246Ma, Che et al., 2019)和江西河源伟晶岩型锂铌钽矿床(~200Ma，胡为正等, 2006)，湖南尖峰岭花岗岩型锂铷铌钽矿床、湖南道县正冲云英岩型锂矿床形成于晚侏罗世(158~150Ma，文春华等, 2016, 2017)。

2.2 华南铍矿床

华南铍资源主要共(伴)生于岩浆热液型钨锡矿床和花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床(李建康等, 2017)，如南岭地区画眉坳石英脉型钨铍矿床，绿柱石、金绿宝石与黑钨矿共生；柿竹园矽卡岩型钨铍矿床，羟硅铍石、硅铍石与白钨矿共生；香花岭矽卡岩型锡铍矿床, 香花石与锡石共生；这些含铍矿床集中形成于晚侏罗世(160~150Ma)(李红艳等, 1996; 毛景文等, 2004; 赵一鸣等, 2017)。在江南造山带中东段铍主要伴生于花岗岩型和花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床中，如湖北断峰山伟晶岩型铌钽铍矿床中绿柱石与锂云母、铌钽锰矿伴生；湖南仁里-传梓源伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽矿床，矿物组合为锂辉石、铌锰矿、铌钽锰矿、铌钇矿和绿柱石等；湖北虎形山岩浆热液型钨铍矿床中绿柱石与白钨矿、黑钨矿共生；江南含铍矿床成矿于晚侏罗世-早白垩世(145~125Ma)(唐朝永等, 2013; 李鹏等, 2017; 张文胜等, 2019)。东南沿海火山岩带具有重要的铍资源潜力(饶灿等, 2021)，包括福建平和县福里石火山岩型钼铍矿床，绿柱石、蓝柱石、羟硅铍石与黑钨矿和辉钼矿共生，成矿时代为152Ma(黄新鹏, 2016)；福建霞浦大湾铍钼矿床则形成于晚白垩世(92Ma)(赵芝等, 2012)，矿物组合为绿柱石、日光榴石、黑钨矿和辉钼矿；浙江青田县产出坦头蚀变凝灰岩型铍矿床(饶灿等, 2021)。

2.3 华南铌钽矿床

华南铌钽矿床以花岗岩型为主，主要分布于江南造山带中东段，典型为江西宜春414、江西葛源黄山、松树岗，矿物组合为铌铁矿、铌钽铁矿、铁金红石等，成岩成矿时代为150~130Ma (Che et al., 2019; 郭娜欣等, 2022)。幕阜山稀有金属矿集区仁里、断峰山等伟晶岩型矿床中铌锰矿、铌钽锰矿与锂云母伴生，成岩成矿年龄为130~127Ma(李鹏等, 2017; 张文胜等, 2019)。南岭地区铌钽矿共(伴)产出于交代型和石英脉型的钨锡矿床中，如广西栗木花岗岩型锡钽多金属矿床(~214Ma, 杨锋等, 2009)，江西大吉山岩浆热液型钨铌钽矿床(~150Ma, Liu et al., 2019)。福建南平地区花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床形成于晚古生代(陈国建, 2014; 袁忠信和白鸽, 2001)，滇西龙陵黄连沟、麻花坪等稀有金属矿床形成于喜马拉雅期(~40Ma, 邢永辉和李学仁, 2014; 李建康等, 2019)。

3 华南花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿床时空谱系

华南花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿床可进一步分为重稀土富集型(HREE)和轻稀土富集型(包含中铕型和高铕型LREE)(Li et al., 2017; 王登红等, 2017; 赵芝等, 2017; 陶旭云, 2020)，重稀土型集中分布于南岭东段赣南-粤北地区(图 3)(袁忠信和白鸽, 2001)。

图 3 华南花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿床分布图(据袁忠信, 2012; Li et al., 2017) Fig. 3 Distribution map of regolith-hosted REE deposits in South China (after Yuan, 2012; Li et al., 2017)

华南风化壳型稀土矿床75%发育于侏罗纪至早白垩世的火成岩之上，18%为晚奥陶世至早志留世花岗岩(张祖海, 1990)。轻稀土矿床在不同世代花岗岩体中均有发育，而重稀土矿床主要赋存于燕山期花岗岩中。加里东期成稀土花岗岩体(461~384Ma)主要分布于江西赣县-信丰-安远-寻乌和湖南郴州地区(如江西的安西岩体)；印支期(242~228Ma)成稀土矿花岗岩主要分布于江西赣县和福建连城地区(如江西的五里亭)；燕山期成稀土花岗岩(180~95Ma)在主要分布于江西、福建、广东、湖南等地(如江西的大田，广东的寨背顶)(赵芝等, 2014, 2022)。重稀土矿床主要发育在小型花岗岩体上(如足洞矿床、寨背顶矿床)，出露面积通常在20km2以内。轻稀土矿床通常赋存于岩基中，出露面积达10~100km2。重稀土矿床通常发育在复式花岗岩体的晚期阶段，例如大东山岩体晚期阶段花岗岩相关的寨背顶矿床，大埠复式岩体晚期花岗岩相关的大田矿床(Li et al., 2017)。

4 华南花岗岩与稀有稀土金属成矿 4.1 岩浆演化与成矿

华南钨锡矿床相关花岗岩主要为黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩，均为准铝质-过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列(图 4a-c)；成锂铍铌钽矿花岗岩主要为二长花岗岩和钠长石花岗岩，具有富碱、贫铁镁和强过铝质的特征(图 4a-c)，常伴生伟晶岩和富电气石矿物(乔耿彪等, 2015; 刘善宝等, 2019)；成轻稀土花岗岩一般为准铝质-过铝质，而重稀土型主要为过铝质岩浆系列，成轻稀土型花岗岩K2O和Na2O含量较低、更偏碱性，而成重稀土花岗岩主要为高钾钙碱性系列(图 4a-c)。成钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土的花岗岩普遍经历了岩浆阶段的高度结晶分异作用，其中成锂铍铌钽的花岗岩分异演化程度最高(花岗岩型较花岗伟晶岩型更高)，钨与锡的演化程度中等，风化壳型稀土矿相关花岗岩演化程度最低(重稀土型较轻稀土型更高)(图 4d、图 5a-f)。

图 4 华南成钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿花岗岩的地球化学图解 (a) A/NK-A/CNK图(Pearce et al., 1984)；(b) K2O-SiO2图(Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976)；(c) TAS分类图(Middlemost, 1994)；(d) Nb/Ta-SiO2图(董少花等, 2014)；(e) ACF图(Hine et al., 1978)；(f) εNd(t)-t图(郭春丽等, 2011)；(g)构造判别Y+Nb-Rb图(Pearce et al., 1984)；(h) C/MF-A/MF图(Altherr et al., 2000)；(i) εNd(t)-t图(郭春丽等, 2011).数据来源：邓志成(1988), 华仁民等(2003), Wang et al. (2015), He et al. (2017), 文春华等(2017), Li et al.(2018a, b, 2019a), Pan et al. (2018), Yang et al. (2018), Feng et al. (2019), Shang and Chen, (2020), Xiong et al. (2020), Wen et al. (2021); 图 5数据来源同此图 Fig. 4 Geochemical diagrams of ore-forming granites related to W, Sn, Li, Be, Nb, Ta, and REE in South China (a) A/NK vs. A/CNK (Pearce et al., 1984); (b) K2O vs SiO2 (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976); (c) TAS classification (Middlemost, 1994); (d) Nb/Ta-SiO2 (Dong et al., 2014); (e) ACF (Hine et al., 1978); (f) εNd(t)-t (Guo et al., 2011); (g) structure discrimination Y+Nb-Rb (Pearce et al., 1984); (h) C/MF-A/MF (Altherr et al., 2000); (i) εNd(t)-t (Guo et al., 2011). Data sources: Deng (1988), Hua et al. (2003), Wang et al. (2015), He et al. (2017), Wen et al.(2017, 2021), Li et al.(2018a, b, 2019a), Pan et al. (2018), Yang et al. (2018), Feng et al. (2019), Shang and Chen (2020), Xiong et al. (2020); the data sources in Fig. 5 are same as in this figure

图 5 华南钨(a)、锡(b)、锂铍(c)、铌钽(d)及稀土(e、f)矿床相关花岗岩类球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989) Fig. 5 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of ore-forming granites related to W (a), Sn (b), Li, Be (c), Nb, Ta (d), and REE (e, f) in South China (normalization values after Sun and McDonough, 1989)

目前研究认为，成钨花岗岩成因上主要为壳源物质重熔，或有少量幔源物质的加入，主要为S型(如朱溪、东坪、西华山等)，也有高分异Ⅰ型(如阳储岭和莲花山)(Chen et al., 1992; Blevin and Chappell, 1995; Zhao et al., 2021b)。成锡花岗岩虽同为壳源，但多具有A型花岗岩的特征(朱金初等, 2008; Chen et al., 2016)，其较低的P2O5含量和较高的Na2O含量与S型花岗岩明显不同(King et al., 1997)，如云南个旧锡矿床、江西岩背锡矿床、湖南新田岭(Li et al., 2018)(图 4e)。高温高压实验显示，成钨花岗岩是低熔融温度(T < 750℃)岩浆的产物，而成锡花岗岩的母岩浆在T>800℃时形成(Zhao et al., 2022)。成锂铍铌钽矿花岗岩受其熔融源岩的物质组成制约更为明显，铍和铌钽常与钨锡在矿床-矿集区尺度共生或叠加成矿(Mao et al., 2013; Romer and Kroner, 2016)，可由同源岩浆经黑云母花岗岩-二云母花岗岩-白云母花岗岩-钠长石化花岗岩分异演化并叠加后期矿化蚀变。花岗岩中稀土元素总量取决于源区的部分熔融程度和岩浆的结晶分异过程(图 5a-f)(Chakhmouradian and Zaitsev, 2012; 韦春婉等, 2022)。华南A型花岗岩一般具有更高的稀土元素含量(图 5b, d, e)(华仁民等, 2007; 吴锁平等, 2007)，是成轻稀土矿的有利源岩，如赣南的关西岩体(黄典豪等, 1993)，广东的佛冈岩体(包志伟等, 2000)。风化壳型轻稀土矿床也产出于流纹岩和凝灰岩区。成重稀土花岗岩通常为S型，少量具A型花岗岩特征(图 4e)，富含磷灰石、褐钇铌矿、独居石等副矿物(Xu et al., 2017)，常有晚期热液作用叠加，易风化氟碳酸盐矿物的分解可将大部分稀土元素从母岩释放到表土中。成重稀土矿花岗岩源区较轻稀土型花岗岩源区具有更高的成熟度、较年轻的Nd模式年龄和更明显的地幔成分参与(华仁民等, 2007; Li et al., 2017)(图 4f)

4.2 成岩成矿构造环境

华南成钨锡矿花岗岩被认为产出于陆内挤压后伸展环境(图 4g)，而不同成矿带的基底物质组成和动力体制转换各阶段的构造环境存在差异，其中南岭成钨花岗岩产出于典型板内伸展的构造环境，江南造山带阳储岭花岗斑岩具有板内向火山弧区过渡特征，粤东莲花山成钨矿花岗岩则表现为俯冲相关的活动大陆边缘弧环境，这与古太平洋板块燕山期幕式俯冲和深部壳-幔作用强度有关(Zhao et al., 2021b)。扬子东缘和江南造山带中段中生代经受了较强的壳幔相互作用，其基底物质组成和岩浆演化过程的差别导致了钨锡等矿化组合的差异(Yuan et al., 2019)。地球化学信息也显示，华南元古代地壳岩石的重熔为钨锡提供了主要的物质，成钨矿花岗岩源区以变质泥岩为主(图 4h, i)，产出于挤压后弱伸展环境、较少有幔源物质参与(图 4g)。国际上研究认为，锡矿床产出环境与俯冲带关系密切(Mlynarczyk and Williams-Jones, 2005; Wang et al., 2011; 毛景文等, 2018)，锡来自地壳物质重熔，而较强烈的壳幔相互作用对其成矿作用至关重要(Groves and Mccarthy, 1978; Williamson et al., 2010)。华南锡矿床产出的构造背景与强烈的伸展作用有关，例如，南岭西段北西向展布的丹池断裂带、南岭中段与江南造山带中段结合部、右江盆地周缘均等地区是受陆缘挤压后强伸展的裂陷区，与之成矿作用相关的花岗岩多表现出A型花岗岩特征(刘陈明, 2011; 郭佳, 2019)。

华南锂铍铌钽矿床形成于挤压造山或造山后的相对稳定阶段，加里东期以武夷山造山带的南平和广昌伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床为代表，印支期以西部陆缘松潘-甘孜造山带(甲基卡和马尔康花岗伟晶岩型)、陆内湘桂造山带(栗木花岗岩型)、武夷山造山带(头陂花岗伟晶岩型)为代表，燕山早期以江南造山带宜春414式、葛源式花岗岩型铌钽和南岭尖峰岭式锂铍铌钽矿床为代表，矿体一般产出于褶皱系的背斜构造内。古特提斯洋闭合后的陆-陆碰撞挤压形成的变质穹窿构造是花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属成矿有利部位，成矿物质主要来源于板块间大洋沉积(许志琴等, 2018)，过铝性岩浆相关铌钽矿床主要源于板块边缘或板块之间的大洋沉积岩重熔(李建康等, 2019)。花岗质熔体的成分影响着铌和钽的富集程度(图 5d)，也是两者在不同矿床中的比值差异的重要原因，由于源岩中黑云母的存在而使熔体富集Li、Cs、Ta等元素(王汾连等, 2012)，而锂铍成矿岩浆多经历了富白云母源岩的熔融(Holtz and Johannes, 1991; Harrison et al., 1997)或黑云母花岗质高温岩浆(T>800℃)分异演化作用(徐兴旺等, 2020)。

华南北东向与东西向构造叠加区是风化壳型稀土矿床产出有利构造环境，如江西大余-会昌东西向断裂带控制珠兰埠和梅关成稀土花岗岩体，福建南雄-龙岩东西向断裂带控制关西和足洞成矿花岗岩，广东崇安-河源北东向断裂带控制30余处稀土矿床。地形坡度和降雨量也是促进风化壳型稀土矿床的发育的重要因素(陈宏毅等, 2012)，赣南、粤北、闽西和桂东北地区多为海拔500m以下的平坦丘陵地带，控制着大部分风化壳型稀土矿床(Bao and Zhao, 2008; 杨大欢和肖光铭, 2011)。

5 华南中生代动力体制转换与矿床成矿系列的叠加演化 5.1 华南中生代构造体系转换

华南陆块中生代构造动力体制转换是一次重大的地球动力学事件，(董树文等, 2008; 任纪舜, 2011①; Li et al., 2021)。印支运动之后中国大陆主体基本形成，燕山运动在印支期近东西向为主的构造格架之上叠加了以北东向为主的构造行迹，并形成一系列叠置于前中生代地层单元之上的构造-岩浆带及沉积盆地。任纪舜(1990)通过华南三叠系沉积构造研究，论述了华南地区对印支运动的响应。陈培荣等(2002)基于对南岭构造带花岗岩的研究，提出燕山早期的A型花岗岩类(178~176Ma)和双峰式火山岩(179~158Ma)是一套典型的后造山岩石组合，代表了一次造山作用的结束，新的威尔逊旋回的开始。张岳桥等(2009)基于对南岭、江南造山带中段等地构造变形研究，发现中生代早期近EW向褶皱构造与晚期NE-NNE向褶皱构造叠加，两者分别记录印支期近南北向和燕山早期近东西向挤压作用。Shu et al. (2009)对华南中生代沉积盆地的成因进行了分析，认为沉积盆地形成的构造背景依次经历了晚三叠世-早侏罗世的印支造山后阶段，到中侏罗世的裂谷阶段，最后到白垩纪由于古太平洋板块向北西俯冲的区域伸展阶段。Li and Li (2007)根据华南火成岩的时空分布规律，提出古太平洋板块自晚二叠世向华南陆块长距离(1300km)平俯冲模型。Zhou and Li (2000)和Zhou et al. (2006)提出古太平洋板块低角度俯冲和角度变化模型。Zhao et al. (2017)根据华南中生代钨矿床时空规律，提出了洋脊角度变化俯冲模型。由此，印支晚期古特提斯洋闭合引起的陆陆碰撞及碰撞后伸展作用和燕山期古太平洋板块的幕式俯冲作用，成为华南陆块中生代强烈构造-岩浆活动与成矿作用的动力引擎。

① 任纪舜. 2011. 亚洲三大构造域动力演化过程及其转化关系研究工作项目成果报告. 北京: 中国地质科学院地质研究所

关于两大动力体系转换发生的时间，舒良树和周新民(2002)通过A型花岗岩和双峰式火山岩(~180Ma)研究，判断南岭地区在早侏罗世至早白垩世完成了转换。李三忠等(2017b)通过雪峰山和南岭地区构造变形研究，认为古特提斯构造体制向滨太平洋构造体制转变发生在晚三叠世末期-早侏罗世早期。陈培荣等(2002)发现华南东部北东向白垩纪花岗岩和火山盆地叠加于东西向侏罗纪花岗岩区，认为侏罗纪与白垩纪之交为动力体制调整阶段。李献华等(2009)提出华南在164~87Ma经历了5次岩石圈伸展和花岗岩侵入事件，谢桂青(2003)通过基性岩墙研究，提出华南在180~75Ma经历了3阶段岩石圈伸展作用，表明早侏罗世开始进入古太平洋板块多期挤压伸展的动力体制。本文研究显示，华南地区在早侏罗世(200~180Ma)存在一个明显的内生矿床成矿作用的寂静期(图 6)，将印支期矿床成矿系列与燕山期矿床成矿系列分开，这标志着动力体制可能在该阶段发生转换过渡。

图 6 华南中生代沉积-构造演化与花岗岩类相关钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿床综合成矿谱系(沉积构造图据张岳桥等, 2012修编) Fig. 6 Histogram showing the temporal relationships between the granite-related W, Sn, Li, Be, Nb, Ta, REE mineralizations and the Mesozoic sedimentary tectonic magmatic evolution in South China (modified after Zhang et al., 2012)
5.2 华南深部构造与成矿

华南陆块自扬子地块到华夏地块再到南海海盆，纵波(P)速度值逐渐降低(郑圻森等, 2004)，上地幔顶部横波(S)速度依次增大，指示地壳厚度逐渐减薄、软流圈深度边界逐渐变浅(王敏玲等, 2015)；北东-南西向S波速度结构剖面显示软流圈深部边界有明显的撕裂，其内部低速异常体为地幔物质上涌的直接证据(牛耀龄, 2015)。深反射地震剖面信息显示，江南构造带呈现与西北侧扬子块体类似的反射特征，扬子块体双层基底向东南逆冲叠置到华夏块体结晶基底之上(Guo et al., 2015; Guo and Gao, 2018)；上层基底为少量西北倾反射体与弱反射团块相间，下层基底为西北倾、叠瓦的强反射体，分别反映局部破裂的弱变质基底和西北倾、叠瓦变形的结晶基底，指示华夏块体向西北汇聚的迹象。江南构造带中段至南岭构造带东段深部双向汇聚叠加变形尤其明显，指示南岭地区深部构造叠加强烈(张永谦等, 2022; 严加永等, 2022)。华夏块体表层发育了面状分布的较厚的具有弱反射特征的岩浆岩体。衡阳盆地、井冈山和赣州盆地下方呈现从莫霍面延伸到表层的直立弱反射体，推测为上地幔热岩浆上涌及壳内熔融形成的岩浆岩体，与表层面状分布的岩浆岩分布区相对应(Guo et al., 2016, 2019)。赣江断裂带至瑞金市深部显示为南岭基底和武夷基底的交叉过渡带，推测武夷山西侧存在沟通上地幔顶部热流物质活动的通道(徐峣等, 2022)。深部构造与浅部花岗岩及相关矿床的空间分布耦合，基底产状则记录了主应力场的转换，江绍断裂、赣江断裂、河源-邵武断裂及其与北西向断裂的交汇区成为区域成矿中心，为不同时期岩浆活动与成矿作用的叠加提供了导热和物质运移的深部通道。

5.3 钨锡锂铍铌钽稀土矿床成矿系列叠加

印支期近南北向的挤压作用与燕山期北西-南东向的挤压/伸展作用叠加，导致华南深部强烈的壳幔不协调作用(裴荣富等, 2008b)，形成了陆内壳源重熔岩浆为主、多重叠复的深部构造岩浆格架，铸就了华南印支晚期、燕山早期和燕山晚期稀有金属矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加和演化(图 6、图 7)。南岭地区作为古特提斯构造域与滨太平洋构造域的重要叠加转换区，其主要矿集区东西向与北东向断裂控岩、北西-西向裂隙控矿、深部变质基底双向汇聚叠加等特征均支持这一观点。

图 7 华南中生代构造与稀有稀土矿床成矿(亚)系列图(构造底图据陈毓川等, 2007) Fig. 7 Simplified geological map showing Mesozoic tectonics, typical deposits and metallogenic series in South China (after Chen et al., 2007)

晚三叠世，与古特提斯构造域有关的岩浆活动主要发生在230~200Ma。在华南陆块西缘形成了甘孜-理塘、丹巴-康定构造岩浆带与印支期花岗岩有关的锂铍矿床成矿系列，雪峰山弧形构造隆起带中段前寒武系浅变质岩容矿的钨锑金矿床成矿系列，桂东印支期花岗岩类相关锡铌钽矿床成矿系列，闽西北构造岩浆带与印支期侵入岩有关的钨铌钽矿床成矿系列，云开构造岩浆带与印支期混合花岗岩有关的锡铌钽矿床成矿系列，南岭东段与印支期花岗岩有关的钨锡稀土矿床成矿系列。

中-晚侏罗世，与古太平洋板块向东亚大陆俯冲作用有关的岩浆活动主要发生在180~135Ma，并于160~150Ma形成花岗质岩浆活动与成矿作用高峰(图 6)。形成了扬子东缘幕阜山-九岭构造岩浆带与燕山期花岗岩类有关的钨锡锂铍铌钽矿床成矿系列，鄂东南-九江构造岩浆带与燕山期中酸性侵入岩有关的钨铜多金属矿床成矿系列，湘南构造岩浆带与燕山期花岗岩类有关的钨锡铍铌钽矿床成矿系列，武功山构造岩浆带与燕山期花岗岩类有关的铌钽钨矿床成矿系列，赣南构造岩浆带与燕山期花岗岩类有关的钨锡矿床成矿系列，粤北构造岩浆带与燕山期花岗岩相关的钨铌钽矿床成矿系列。

白垩纪以来，华南陆块的构造-岩浆作用受东侧古太平洋板块俯冲和西缘新特提斯构造域的联合影响，在华南东部形成一系列白垩纪断陷盆地，在华南西部形成一系列挤压走滑断裂。形成了滇东南构造岩浆带与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的锡多金属矿床成矿系列，桂北南丹-河池构造岩浆带与燕山晚期花岗岩类有关的锡多金属矿床成矿系列，五华-博罗构造岩浆带与燕山晚期花岗岩类有关的钨锡铌钽矿床成矿系列，粤东陆缘岩浆带与燕山晚期酸性火山-侵入岩有关的钨锡矿床成矿系列。

华南中生代动力体制转换背景之下，稀有金属矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加主要为三种形式：一是同构造单元，不同世代岩浆作用相关的同类矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加，其成矿源区和成矿物质具有一定继承性并可能存在演化关系，如南岭东段印支期花岗岩相关钨锡矿床成矿亚系列和燕山早期花岗岩相关钨锡矿床成矿亚系列叠加(赵正等, 2017b; Zhao et al., 2018a)，武夷山北段印支期伟晶岩型锂多金属矿床成矿系列与加里东期锂多金属矿床成矿系列叠加；湘东锡田钨锡矿田、赣南稀土矿集区、幕阜山锂铍铌钽矿集区印支期、燕山早期-燕山晚期矿床成矿亚系列叠加演化亦是此类型；二是同构造单元或构造岩浆带结合部，同世代不同类矿床成矿(亚)系列的复合成矿，如南岭东段与燕山期花岗岩相关钨多金属成矿亚系列与华南褶皱系与燕山期花岗闪长岩相关银金多金属成矿系列叠加(赵正等, 2017a; Zhao et al., 2018b)，江南造山带东段与燕山期花岗岩相关钨铌钽矿床成矿亚系列与赣东北燕山期花岗闪长岩有关的铜金银矿床成矿亚系列叠加；三是同构造单元或构造岩浆带结合部，不同世代岩浆作用、不同源区、不同类型矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加，如武夷山南段与燕山早期花岗斑岩相关锡多金属矿床成矿亚系列与燕山晚期闪长岩相关铜金矿床成矿亚系列叠加，南岭中段燕山早期花岗岩相关钨锡矿床成矿亚系列与燕山晚期铌钽矿床成矿亚系列叠加。

本文厘定了华南陆块十五处中生代稀有金属矿床成矿(亚)系列叠加成矿区(表 1；图 7)，地球物理探测信息揭示了叠加成矿区深部存在多组沟通壳-幔的岩浆通道。在华南中生代动力体制转换背景下，印支晚期-燕山早期-燕山晚期的构造岩浆作用持续活化，促使了各世代矿床成矿亚系列叠加演化和多组稀有金属元素的复合成矿作用。矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加演化显著提升了区域成矿的强度，这些叠加成矿区将是下一步华南地区部署战略性矿产勘查的重中之重。

表 1 华南中生代稀有稀土金属矿床成矿(亚)系列的叠加演化关系表 Table 1 Superposition and evolution of Mesozoic metallogenic (sub) series of W-Sn-Li-Be-Nb-Ta-REE mineral deposits in South China

① 钟九思, 喻水纯, 蒋中和. 1981. 湖南省安化县司徒铺白钨矿区地质特征及成矿规律研究报告

致谢      感谢本刊主编翟明国院士和俞良军副主编对本专辑的支持和指导。本文撰写过程中郭良辉教授、严加永研究员、李春麟研究员、赵文副教授、郭娜欣副研究员参与了有益讨论，李宏伟、尹政、侯占德参与了图件和数据整理，在此一并致谢。

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