2021, Vol. 37
2. 中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院, 北京 100049;
3. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830011
2. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
造山作用与大陆生长是地球科学领域前沿探索的永恒主题之一(Dewey and Windley, 1981; Şengör and Natal’in, 1996; Shervais, 2006; 肖文交等, 2017)。作为地球表面最大的显生宙增生型造山带，中亚造山带是研究大陆地壳生长和壳-幔相互作用的天然实验室，其形成演化与古亚洲洋的消减闭合关系密切(Şengör et al., 1993; Windley et al., 2007; Xiao et al., 2003, 2015)。中亚造山带南缘如何向南扩展，对深入理解增生型造山作用和大陆地壳生长机制以及中亚构造域与特提斯构造域的衔接具有重要科学意义，是目前地质学界的研究热点(Şengör, 1992; Xiao et al., 2015)。传统观点认为北山造山带是中亚造山带中段南缘(左国朝等, 2003; 李锦轶等, 2006; Xiao et al., 2010)。然而，作为北山造山带南侧的关键构造单元，敦煌构造带的大地构造属性长期备受关注且颇有争议，这一争论限制了对中亚造山带南缘增生造山方式和过程的理解。
由于缺乏精确年代学数据，敦煌构造带长期以来被视为前寒武纪稳定大陆地块，称为“敦煌地块”(黄汲清等, 1980; 李志琛, 1994; 梅华林等, 1997)。随着高精度定年技术的应用，在敦煌地区发现了太古宙和古元古代锆石U-Pb年龄信息。有学者认为敦煌地区2.8~2.7Ga、2.6~2.5Ga及1.91~1.80Ga的构造-热事件，分别与华北克拉通2.8~2.7Ga的陆壳增生、2.5Ga的陆壳增生、1.95~1.80Ga的古元古代造山过程等前寒武纪地质事件相对应，认为“敦煌地块”归属于华北克拉通(Zhang et al., 2012, 2013; 赵燕等, 2015a)。也有学者提出，敦煌地区高级变质岩的年代学特征，显示与塔里木克拉通基底相似的新太古代年龄(2.9~2.6Ga)，但与华北克拉通不同的Hf同位素模式年龄谱图，将“敦煌地块”划归于塔里木克拉通(Lu et al., 2008; He et al., 2013; Long et al., 2014)。值得注意的是，无论认为“敦煌地块”归属于哪一克拉通，都将其视为稳定大陆地块参与了古亚洲洋的最终闭合，且中亚造山带南向扩展终止于“敦煌地块”北缘。
然而，有研究表明敦煌地区前寒武纪岩石比例有限，该地区主要出露古生代高压变质岩和岩浆岩(孟繁聪等, 2011; Zhao et al., 2016)。其中，高压变质岩普遍记录了反映造山事件的“顺时针型”变质作用P-T-t演化轨迹(Zong et al., 2012; He et al., 2014; 彭涛等, 2014; Wang et al., 2016, 2017a, b, 2018a, b; 范文寿等, 2018; Zhang et al., 2020)，而岩浆岩则普遍显示俯冲带弧岩浆地球化学特征(张志诚等, 2009; 李建锋等, 2010; 王楠等, 2016a, b; Zhao et al., 2017; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021; Shi et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a; Zhu et al., 2020)。此外，敦煌地区经历了晚古生代-早中生代构造变形作用(Feng et al., 2018)，发育大量冲断层-褶皱和叠瓦状构造，具有造山楔的典型构造组合特征(石梦岩等, 2017)。同时，敦煌南部红柳峡杂岩中卷入了411Ma变质的榴辉岩和原岩时代晚于中泥盆世(389Ma)的海沟浊积岩，表明该地区在古生代可能经历了大洋岩石圈俯冲过程(Wang et al., 2017a; 石梦岩等, 2018)。以上这些古生代-中生代构造-热事件均可与北山造山带南部同时代的岩浆-变质-构造事件相对应。据此，有学者提出“敦煌地块”实际上是古生代俯冲-造山作用的产物，属于中亚造山带南缘的增生系统(Zhao et al., 2016; 石梦岩等, 2017; Wang et al., 2017a)，并且根据增生杂岩(南侧)与岩浆弧(北侧)的空间配置关系，认为敦煌造山带的构造极性是自北向南扩展的(即古洋盆自南向北俯冲)(石梦岩等, 2018)。
可见，敦煌构造带大地构造属性仍不明确，是前寒武纪地块还是古生代造山带是近几年的争论焦点，这一争论导致了对中亚造山带南缘向南扩展方式的认识存在分歧(图 1)。本文综合前人研究成果和新获得的资料，探讨敦煌北部三危山地区岩浆-变质杂岩形成的构造背景，试图为解开敦煌构造带大地构造属性之争论提供新的依据。
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图 1 中亚造山带中段南缘向南扩展方式的两种不同模式 (a)中亚造山带南向扩展终止于“敦煌地块”北缘的石板山陆缘弧(据Xiao et al., 2010; 贺振宇等, 2014; Tian and Xiao, 2020)；(b)中亚造山带以增生弧-增生杂岩的方式向南扩展至敦煌地区(据Zhao et al., 2016; 石梦岩等, 2017; Wang et al., 2017a) Fig. 1 Two different models of southward extension styles of the southern margin of the middle section of CAOB (a) the southward extension of CAOB terminated at the Shibanshan continental margin arc located at the northern margin of the Dunhuang block (after Xiao et al., 2010; He et al., 2014; Tian and Xiao, 2020); (b) CAOB extends southward to Dunhuang region in the form of accretionary arc-accretionary complex (after Zhao et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017a) |
敦煌地区处于衔接中亚构造域和特提斯构造域的关键构造位置(图 2a, b)，北邻北山造山带，西以且末-星星峡断裂为界与塔里木克拉通相隔，南以阿尔金断裂为界与祁连造山带毗邻，东与阿拉善地块相邻。受印度-欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的影响(Cunningham et al., 2016)，敦煌地区发育大量新生代EW向至ENE向断层，将该地区岩石露头切割为近ENE-WSW方向带状展布的分散块体，由北向南依次为三危山块体、东巴兔-蘑菇台块体、红柳峡块体，以及西南部的多坝沟-卡拉塔什塔格块体(图 2c)。
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图 2 研究区地质简图 (a)中亚地区主要大地构造单元(据Şengör et al., 1993)；(b)敦煌构造带构造位置及相邻构造单元(据Lu et al., 2008)；(c)敦煌构造带地质简图(据中国地质调查局, 2004①) Fig. 2 Geological map of study area (a) major tectonic units in Central Asia (after Şengör et al., 1993); (b) tectonic location and adjacent tectonic units of Dunhuang tectonic belt (after Lu et al., 2008); (c) geological map of Dunhuang tectonic belt |
① 中国地质调查局. 2004. 1：2500000中华人民共和国地质图
敦煌地区主要出露一套由变质表壳岩、TTG片麻岩和花岗片麻岩组成的变质杂岩，称为“敦煌杂岩”(甘肃省地质矿产局, 1989; 许敬龙等, 1997; 陆松年, 2002)。其中，TTG片麻岩零星出露于东巴兔和红柳峡一带，被认为是晚太古代时期形成的古老大陆地壳岩石并参与了Columbia超大陆的汇聚(梅华林等, 1997; 赵燕等, 2013, 2015a; Zhang et al., 2013; Zong et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2015)。花岗片麻岩成岩时代为主要为古元古代，主要分布于三危山地区，被认为与Columbia超大陆的裂解有关(He et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2014; 赵燕和孙勇, 2018; Gan et al., 2020a; Lü et al., 2020)。变质表壳岩主要包括变质沉积岩、变质火山岩、大理岩和少量混合岩等，早期被笼统地划归为前震旦系(甘肃省地质矿产局, 1989)。近年来有学者认为这套变质表壳岩形成于~1.95Ga之后且经历1.83~1.80Ga的变质作用(Wang et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2019)，但也有研究表明，部分变质表壳岩的原岩可能形成于古生代(孟繁聪等, 2011; 刘洋, 2019; 石梦岩等, 2018; 朱涛等, 2018)，目前这套变质表壳岩的构造属性和时代仍未确定。
变质表壳岩中裹杂着呈透镜体形式产出的、具有不同变质程度和时代的变质基性岩岩块，其中绝大多数角闪岩、(高压)麻粒岩和榴辉岩等岩块的峰期变质作用时代是早志留世至晚泥盆世(ca.440~365Ma)(孟繁聪等, 2011; Zong et al., 2012; He et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016, 2017a, b, c; 2018a, b)，少数角闪岩和麻粒岩等岩块变质时代为古元古代，可能与古元古代造山作用(Columbia超大陆汇聚)有关(Zhang et al., 2012, 2013, 2019, 2021a, b; He et al., 2013; Zong et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2014)。最近，有报道称敦煌地区出露有新元古代(~830Ma)的辉石角闪岩，认为与Rodinia超大陆裂解有关(Wang et al., 2020b)。
除这套变质杂岩，敦煌地区广泛发育古生代-早中生代中酸性侵入岩和火山碎屑岩。其中，早古生代至泥盆纪早期的岩浆岩主要为Ⅰ-型花岗岩类，被认为形成于俯冲带岩浆弧环境(张志诚等, 2009; 李建锋等, 2010; 赵燕等, 2015b; 王楠等, 2016a, b; Zhao et al., 2016, 2017; Wang et al., 2017c, 2020a; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021; Shi et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2020)；泥盆纪晚期至二叠纪早期的岩浆岩具有与埃达克岩类似的地球化学特征，被认为形成于碰撞造山阶段的地壳加厚构造背景(朱涛等, 2014; Bao et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2017; 黄万堂等, 2018)；二叠纪末期至早中生代岩浆岩则被认为主要形成于造山后伸展背景(王玉玺等, 2019; 路鹏飞等, 2019; Feng et al., 2020)。三危山地区还出露有早白垩世(136~100Ma)的辉绿岩墙，被认为与岩石圈减薄和软流圈上涌有关(冯志硕等, 2010)，代表敦煌地区最晚一期岩浆作用。此外，“敦煌杂岩”经历了晚古生代-早中生代构造变形作用(Feng et al., 2018)，发育大量冲断层-褶皱和叠瓦状逆冲构造(石梦岩等, 2017)。
2 敦煌北部岩浆-变质杂岩构造属性探讨 2.1 三危山地区岩浆-变质杂岩敦煌北部三危山地区主要出露一套岩浆-变质杂岩，其中岩浆岩主要为钙碱性系列中酸性花岗闪长岩-花岗岩、安山质-英安质-流纹质火山碎屑岩及英安玢岩，形成于510Ma、460~410Ma和370~360Ma等多个期次(张志诚等, 2009; 王楠等, 2016a; 赵燕等, 2015b; Zhao et al., 2017; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021; Shi et al., 2020)。中酸性侵入岩的围岩是一套变质杂岩，由变质沉积岩、变质火山碎屑岩、角闪岩、大理岩和少量混合岩组成，早期观点将其划归为塔里木克拉通的前寒武纪变质基底(甘肃省地质矿产局, 1989)。于海峰等(1998)发现这套变质杂岩普遍含有石墨，认为其具有孔兹岩系特征，原岩可能形成于活动大陆边缘的滨海-浅海环境。孟繁聪等(2011)和Zhao et al. (2019)对部分变质沉积岩进行了碎屑锆石定年，分别获得了1500~396Ma和2500~364Ma的年龄，提出部分敦煌群不是前寒武纪变质基底，而是塔里木盆地变质基底之上的新元古代沉积盖层(孟繁聪等, 2011)。此外，变质杂岩中包裹440Ma、410Ma和370Ma变质的角闪岩(孟繁聪等, 2011; Zhao et al., 2016)和390~370Ma变质的石榴单斜辉石岩(Li et al., 2021)，记录了“顺时针型”变质作用P-T-t演化轨迹，可能形成于古生代俯冲造山过程(彭涛等, 2014; Li et al., 2021)。
三危山地区的中酸性侵入岩-火山碎屑岩类似于俯冲带典型的钙碱性系列弧岩浆组合(Ringwood, 1974)。同时三危山地区的古生代岩浆活动具有幕式发育的特点以及明显的空间不均一性，这与大洋板块俯冲引发的大型弧岩浆活动具有可对比性(如南美安第斯，de Silva and Gosnold, 2007)。全岩地球化学研究初步表明，三危山地区中酸性侵入岩-火山碎屑岩具有弧岩浆的地球化学特征(张志诚等, 2009; Zhao et al., 2017; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021; Shi et al., 2020)。弧岩浆岩是大洋板块俯冲带深部壳幔相互作用的产物，是俯冲带的重要标志(Lom et al., 2018)。因此，三危山地区岩浆-变质杂岩是解开敦煌地区大地构造属性的关键，但目前其形成的构造环境尚不明确。
2.2 岩浆-变质杂岩形成的构造环境初探基于已有研究成果及新的资料，认为敦煌北部三危山地区的岩浆-变质杂岩的属性可能是古生代增生弧。
增生弧(accretionary arc)是大洋板片俯冲阶段，发育在增生杂岩之上的岩浆弧，由较老的增生杂岩基底，以及侵入增生杂岩的深成岩和/或不整合覆盖在增生杂岩之上的火山岩构成增生弧的主体(Şengör, 1992; 李继亮, 1992; 李继亮等, 1993)，显示典型的“二元结构”(陈艺超等, 2021)。增生弧不是新发现的一种岩浆弧，而是过去没有把它们作为单独的类型给予独立的名称(李继亮等, 1999; 李继亮, 2004)。Parada (1990)讨论南美洲安第斯从早古生代持续增生到新生代的岩浆弧深成作用时，已经关注到这种增生弧岩浆作用。Şengör (1992)最初定义“突厥型造山带”时，认识到这类岩浆弧与陆缘弧和洋内岛弧存在重要区别，即它的基底是时代较老的增生杂岩，而非陆壳或洋壳，从而造成弧岩浆岩在成分及来源上的显著差异。李继亮等(1993)在研究赣南混杂带-岩浆弧时，将这类岩浆弧命名为增生弧。然而，由于“增生型造山带”概念在后期发展过程中逐渐脱离Şengör (1992)最初定义的“突厥型造山带”的含义，导致“增生弧”这一概念的应用与普及受到极大限制，很少有专门文献对其进行研究报道。陈艺超等(2021)系统总结了增生弧基本特征，为识别增生弧、深入理解增生弧岩浆作用及其对增生造山过程的贡献起到重要促进意义。
2.2.1 野外岩石-构造特征野外产状方面，增生弧具有“二元结构”特征：较老的增生杂岩为基底，弧岩浆岩侵入或不整合覆盖其上(陈艺超等, 2021)。Chen et al. (2017a)对新疆西准噶尔地区北缘萨吾尔增生弧进行了详细解剖。该增生弧的基底是一套古生代增生杂岩，包括呈叠瓦状叠置的复理石连续单元，含枕状熔岩、硅质岩、灰岩岩块的OPS混杂岩单元，以及蛇绿混杂岩单元。而弧岩浆岩主要包括大型岩基(多为Ⅰ型花岗岩-花岗闪长岩，有少量闪长岩-堆晶闪长岩)、岩墙和不整合覆盖在早期增生杂岩之上的中基性火山熔岩。此外，大量不同岩性岩脉的发育及其相互穿切关系，表明增生弧岩浆作用的持续性。值得注意的是，增生弧岩浆作用强烈地改造了早期的增生杂岩，二者之间呈现典型的岩浆穿切-不整合接触关系，而非混杂带中的构造接触关系。
三危山地区的岩浆-变质杂岩野外产状类似于增生弧的典型岩石-构造组合特征。岩浆岩主要包括中酸性侵入岩-火山碎屑岩和英安玢岩岩墙。侵入岩的围岩是一套变质杂岩，由变质砂岩、云母石英片岩、绿片岩(变质火山碎屑岩)、黑云斜长片麻岩、角闪片麻岩和大理岩构成。野外露头中，变质火山碎屑岩强烈变形(图 3a)，发育紧闭不对称褶皱。变质沉积岩中包裹角闪岩透镜体(图 3b, c)，变质沉积岩绿片岩相变质且强烈面理化，面理围绕构造透镜体弯曲，角闪岩透镜体面理不发育，这种显著差异源于二者能干性的明显不同，也表明二者构造混杂过程中强烈的剪切变形。此外，还可见变质沉积岩中包裹大理岩构造透镜体。部分露头可见发育不完整鲍马序列的浊积岩(图 3d)，可能指示了深水重力流沉积的存在。以上岩石-构造组合特征显示了“基质夹岩块”的组构，且基质中包含浊积岩和大量火山碎屑岩，与弧前增生杂岩十分类似。中酸性侵入岩与变质杂岩(增生杂岩)呈侵入接触关系，以岩株和岩脉的形式产出，切穿强烈变形的变质沉积岩(图 3e)，花岗岩中发育顶垂体构造，顶垂体为变质沉积岩(图 3f)、角闪岩(原岩为MORB和IAB；Zhao et al., 2016)。火山碎屑岩不整合覆盖于变质杂岩(增生杂岩)之上(Shi et al., 2020)。此外，不同类型的岩脉或岩墙，如花岗质岩脉、英安玢岩岩脉广泛侵入于岩浆-变质杂岩中(赵燕等, 2015b; Zhao et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2020; Gan et al., 2021)。这些不同岩性的岩脉可能反映了区域岩浆活动的演化或岩浆源区的差异，是增生弧岩浆作用的典型特征。同时我们注意到，一些花岗质岩体/岩脉经历复杂构造变形(图 3g)，或被剪切成断块(图 3h)，反映岩浆侵入过程或就位之后，增生杂岩的持续发育-变形过程，这与赣南混杂带-增生弧联合体十分类似(李继亮等, 1993)。
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图 3 岩浆-变质杂岩野外产状 (a)变形强烈的变质火山碎屑岩(绿片岩相变质)；(b、c)变质沉积岩中包裹角闪岩透镜体；(d)发育不完整鲍马序列的浊积岩；(e)花岗岩切穿变形强烈的变质沉积岩；(f)花岗岩中变质沉积岩顶垂体；(g)侵入变质沉积岩中的花岗岩脉发生褶皱；(h)侵入变质沉积岩中的花岗岩脉被剪切断裂 Fig. 3 Field geological occurrences of the magmatic-metamorphic complex (a) strongly deformed metamorphic pyroclastic rocks (greenschist facies); (b, c) metamorphic sedimentary rocks enclosing amphibolite lens; (d) turbidites with incomplete Baoma sequence; (e) granites crosscutting through strongly deformed metasedimentary rocks; (f) metamorphic sedimentary rock roof-pendant in granite; (g) the granitic dikes intruded metamorphic sedimentary rocks are folded; (h) the granitic dikes intruded metamorphic sedimentary rocks are shear fractured |
受限于增生弧概念的普及，增生弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征目前鲜有专门讨论，但发育在增生杂岩中的弧岩浆作用，近年来受到了地质学家的广泛关注。例如，日本岛弧西南部南开(Nankai)增生楔中的花岗岩类侵入体及相关火山岩(Taira, 2001; Shinjoe, 1997)，中国阿尔泰造山带奥陶纪哈巴河增生杂岩(Habahe Group)中的花岗质岩浆岩(Jiang et al., 2016)，中亚造山带伊和-蒙古弧坎塔希尔(Khantaishir)岩浆杂岩(Janoušek et al., 2018)，新疆西准噶尔北缘塔尔巴哈台增生杂岩之上的萨吾尔增生弧(Saur arc)(Chen et al., 2017a, b)和乌拉斯台增生杂岩之上的成吉思增生弧(Chingiz arc)(Chen et al., 2020)等。
这些增生弧岩浆岩的岩性组合既有钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩-花岗闪长岩，也有钙碱性基性火山熔岩和侵入体，与正常岛弧岩浆具有类似的主微量元素特征，亏损高场强元素(HFSE)而富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE)。其同位素组成具有独特之处。例如，日本岛弧不同地区的弧岩浆岩同位素组成差异很大(Nohda and Wasserburg, 1981)，总体显示随时间推移趋于亏损的特征(Terakado et al., 1997; Hanyu et al., 2006)。这可能指示随着海沟后撤，新生弧岩浆侵位于先期增生杂岩之上，而不是初始的陆壳之上，造成陆壳来源的古老同位素贡献被隔绝，源自亏损地幔的贡献显著增加，从而导致弧岩浆的同位素特征越来越亏损(Şengör et al., 1993; Şengör and Natal’in, 1996)。在西准噶尔北缘萨吾尔增生弧中，花岗岩-花岗闪长岩具有高的εNd(t)值和高的初始87Sr/86Sr比值，而基性熔岩具有亏损地幔特征的高的εNd(t)值和低的初始87Sr/86Sr比值(Chen et al., 2017a)。作者解释为二者来源于不同的岩浆源区，花岗岩-花岗闪长岩源自增生杂岩重熔和混染，代表富Sr而亏损Nd的洋内弧增生楔部分熔融，而基性熔岩则源自俯冲大洋岩石圈圈闭形成的地幔楔重熔。花岗岩Sr-Nd同位素解耦脱离亏损地幔线，以及同时代基性、酸性岩浆同位素特征出现差异，也是增生弧的重要特征(Chen et al., 2017a)。
三危山地区中酸性岩浆岩，在地球化学上属于中钾-高钾钙碱性系列(图 4a)，富集LILE和LREE，亏损HFSE，与典型的弧岩浆岩类似。在Rb-Y+Nb构造环境判别图中(图 4b)，侵入岩都落在弧花岗岩(volcanic arc granite：VAG)区域，表明它们可能是弧岩浆作用的产物。在Th/Ce-Sr/Th图解中(图 4c)，中酸性岩浆岩落在俯冲沉积物(GLOSS)附近，显示“熔体演化趋势(melt array)”，说明俯冲沉积物部分熔融产生的熔体可能是中酸性岩浆的主要来源。Nb/U比值和Ce/Pb比值也显示俯冲沉积物和弧火山碎屑物质的部分熔融对岩浆的贡献(图 4d)。这些地球化学上的关联性表明，三危山地区中酸性岩浆岩的形成与增生杂岩自身的部分熔融有关。目前，三危山地区古生代岩浆岩同位素地球化学资料有限，进一步的研究将为探索岩浆岩成因提供重要依据。
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图 4 三危山地区岩浆岩地球化学特征 (a)三危山地区古生代岩浆岩主量元素组成(底图据Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976)；(b)三危山地区古生代岩浆岩构造环境判别图(底图据Pearce et al., 1984)；(c)Th/Ce-Sr/Th图解(底图据Leng et al., 2014)；(d)Nb/U-Ce/Pb图解(底图据Kelin and Karsten, 1995). 数据来自张志诚等(2009)；王楠等(2016a)；Zhao et al. (2017)；Gan et al.(2020b, 2021)；Shi et al. (2020) Fig. 4 Geochemistry of the magmatic rocks in the Sanweishan area (a) major element compositions of the Paleozoic magmatic rocks in Sanweishan area (after Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976); (b) tectonic setting discrimination diagrams for the magmatic rocks in Sanweishan area (after Pearce et al., 1984); (c) Th/Ce vs. Sr/Th diagram (after Leng et al., 2014); (d) Nb/U vs. Ce/Pb diagram (after Kelin and Karsten, 1995). Data from Zhang et al. (2009); Wang et al. (2016a); Zhao et al. (2017); Gan et al.(2020b, 2021); Shi et al. (2020) |
增生弧在年代学上的一个重要特征是弧岩浆作用的持续性，这也是“增生”一词的一层含义。例如，Parada (1990)在讨论南美洲安第斯的深成作用时，描绘出从早古生代持续增生到新生代的弧岩浆作用；日本岛弧岩浆作用也具有很长的时间跨度，从二叠纪持续到现代(Taira, 2001)。此外，由于增生弧岩浆的形成与增生杂岩有着密切的关系(受到增生杂岩的混染或者直接由增生杂岩部分熔融而形成)，增生杂岩中的年龄信息在增生弧岩浆岩中通常会有体现。比如，弧岩浆岩捕获增生杂岩中的锆石(可能包含与岩浆岩结晶年龄相差很远的古老锆石)，或者继承增生杂岩中同位素组成信息，如岩浆结晶锆石继承了非常富集的Hf同位素组成，通常反映岩浆源区有古老地壳物质的重融(吴福元等, 2007)。
前人研究揭示三危山地区出露的中酸性侵入岩、火山碎屑岩及英安玢岩，大致归为510Ma、460~410Ma和370~360Ma三期岩浆作用的产物(张志诚等, 2009; 赵燕等, 2015b; 王楠等, 2016a; Zhao et al., 2017; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021; Shi et al., 2020)。此外，对中酸性侵入岩的围岩(变质沉积岩)进行了碎屑锆石定年，结果显示很宽的年龄组成(2500~364Ma)(孟繁聪等, 2011; Zhao et al., 2017)，其中晚古生代锆石具有岩浆锆石的特征，表明部分变质沉积岩原岩时代在晚古生代之后。侵入岩和火山碎屑岩中捕获有前寒武纪锆石(王楠等, 2016a; Zhao et al., 2017; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021; Shi et al., 2020)，可能是弧岩浆穿过增生杂岩时捕获锆石，或者是增生杂岩部分熔融过程未被重置的继承锆石。同时，中酸性侵入岩中的古生代锆石的εHf(t)值既有正值，也有负值(王楠等, 2016a; Zhao et al., 2017; Gan et al., 2020b, 2021)，说明中酸性侵入岩的岩浆源区既有古老地壳物质的加入，也有新生地壳物质的形成，显示增生弧岩浆岩的重要特征。
增生弧在年代学上的另一个特征是弧岩浆作用的发生伴随着同时期的新增生杂岩的形成，因为增生弧是由于海沟不断后撤，导致增生杂岩不断加宽，岩浆弧直接生长在老的增生杂岩之上而形成的，也就是说增生弧岩浆岩必然形成于大洋岩石圈俯冲期间。在敦煌造山带这一关系即表现为弧岩浆作用与俯冲变质作用时代上的对应。在三危山地区的变质杂岩中发现有440Ma、410Ma和370Ma变质的角闪岩(孟繁聪等, 2011; Zhao et al., 2016)和390~370Ma退变质的石榴单斜辉石岩(Li et al., 2021)，而在其南侧的红柳峡增生杂岩中(Shi et al., 2021)，广泛发育430~360Ma变质的的高压麻粒岩和角闪岩等俯冲相关的变质岩，特别是411Ma变质的榴辉岩(Wang et al., 2017a)。它们普遍记录了“顺时针型”变质作用P-T-t演化轨迹，反映了该地区古生代期间经历大洋岩石圈俯冲过程。
三危山地区岩浆-变质杂岩在野外产状、岩性组合、地球化学、年代学等方面都非常类似于增生弧。虽然其岩石组合与陆缘弧有相似之处，但整体上与陆缘弧仍存在巨大差异。首先，增生弧与陆缘弧的最重要区别在于岩浆弧的基底——是增生杂岩还是大陆地壳，目前尚无证据表明三危山地区有古老大陆基底的存在。尽管有学者报道了在党河水库和火焰山附近，出露有古元古代花岗片麻岩和角闪岩(He et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2014; 赵燕和孙勇, 2018)，但它们并不代表古老大陆基底。这些古元古代岩石规模有限，且边界发生糜棱岩化(He et al., 2013)，与变质沉积岩呈构造接触关系，更可能属于构造就位于弧前增生杂岩中的“外来岩块”。此外，增生弧岩浆岩的岩石地球化学方面，较陆缘弧岩浆岩会出现年轻化的Nd、Hf同位素组成，若发育同时代花岗岩和基性岩，则显示不同的Sr同位素组成(酸性岩源自增生楔重熔，具有富集的Sr同位素比值；基性岩源自新生增生弧下方地幔楔部分熔融，具有亏损的Sr同位素比值)。并且，增生弧花岗岩普遍具有Sr-Nd同位素解耦现象，表现为Nd同位素亏损，Sr同位素富集，这可能与增生弧花岗岩的岩浆主要来自增生杂岩中俯冲沉积物的部分熔融有关。因此，认为敦煌北部三危山地区的岩浆-变质杂岩的属性很可能是增生弧。
3 中亚造山带南缘向南扩展方式思考 3.1 敦煌造山带基本构造格架敦煌构造带作为北山造山带南侧的关键构造单元，其大地构造属性长期备受关注且颇有争议，目前有前寒武纪“敦煌地块”(黄汲清等, 1980; 李志琛, 1994; 梅华林等, 1997)、古生代造山带(Zhao et al., 2016; 石梦岩等, 2017; Wang et al., 2017a)、“复合造山带”(赵燕和孙勇, 2018)等多种观点。近年来，越来越多的证据表明，敦煌地区出露的一系列岩浆-变质杂岩可能是古生代期间俯冲-增生造山过程的产物，代表中亚造山带南缘的增生系统。
本文对敦煌北部三危山地区岩浆-变质杂岩构造环境的初步探讨，认为其属性为古生代期间长期活动(510~360Ma)的增生弧。最近关于敦煌南部红柳峡杂岩中变质基性岩原岩属性的研究表明，该杂岩中变质基性岩的原岩主要来自于俯冲大洋板片，红柳峡杂岩是古生代期间形成的俯冲增生杂岩，形成时间至少在440~310Ma之间(Shi et al., 2021)。并且，红柳峡俯冲增生杂岩中残存的海沟浊积岩记录了来自三危山地区弧花岗岩的物源信息(石梦岩等, 2018)。由此，基于造山带大地构造相剖面模式(李继亮, 1992, 2009)，敦煌北侧增生弧(三危山岩浆-变质杂岩)和南侧俯冲-增生杂岩(红柳峡杂岩)的时空配置关系，勾勒出敦煌造山带基本构造格架。
3.2 中亚造山带向南扩展方式作为焊接北侧西伯利亚-东欧克拉通与南侧塔里木-华北克拉通的巨型增生型造山带，中亚造山带南缘如何向南扩展或延伸至何处，一直是地质学界的研究热点。传统观点认为古亚洲洋最终自西向东沿南天山-北山-索伦一线闭合，而塔里木克拉通、敦煌-阿拉善地块和华北克拉通，分别作为古亚洲洋南侧的大陆参与洋盆的最终闭合(左国朝等, 2003; 李锦轶等, 2006; Xiao et al., 2010)。在中亚造山带中段南缘，北山南部的石板山弧被认为是发育在“敦煌地块”(黄汲清等, 1980; 李志琛, 1994; 梅华林等, 1997)或“敦煌微陆块”(姜洪颖等, 2013; 贺振宇等, 2014, 2015; He et al., 2018)北缘的古生代大陆边缘弧(Xiao et al., 2010; Tian and Xiao, 2020)，代表中亚造山带南向扩展的最终边界。
近年来的研究表明，古生代期间敦煌地区经历晚奥陶世-晚泥盆世高压变质作用，发育一系列高压变质岩(包括榴辉岩、高压麻粒岩和角闪岩等)。同时还发育大量古生代-早中生代(510Ma、460~410Ma、370~340Ma和249~201Ma)钙碱性系列中酸性岩浆岩。此外，敦煌地区经历了晚古生代-早中生代构造变形作用(Feng et al., 2018)，发育大量冲断层-褶皱和叠瓦状构造(石梦岩等, 2017)。而北山南部也发育同时代的岩浆-变质-构造事件，例如发育古堡泉地区465Ma变质的榴辉岩(Liu et al., 2011; Qu et al., 2011)、古生代(460~260Ma)至早中生代(250~200Ma)岩浆岩(赵泽辉等, 2007; 李舢等, 2009, 2011; 毛启贵等, 2010; Mao et al., 2012; Li et al., 2013; 贺振宇等, 2014)，以及323~210Ma期间的韧性剪切变形作用(宋东方等, 2018)。这些地质事实说明，敦煌地区可能与北山地区共同经历了古生代-早中生代的构造事件，在构造演化上存在重要联系。
区域上，敦煌地区北邻北山南部的石板山弧(Xiao et al., 2010)。石板山弧南部主要由古生代侵入岩-火山岩-火山碎屑岩(左国朝等, 2003; 冯继承等, 2012; Guo et al., 2014; 许伟等, 2018, 2019)和“北山杂岩”组成。其中，“北山杂岩”包括花岗片麻岩、变质火山岩、片岩、片麻岩、大理岩和少量混合岩组成(Zuo et al., 1991; Xiao et al., 2010; 姜洪颖等, 2013; 贺振宇等, 2014, 2015)，其岩性组合及年龄与敦煌北部三危山地区的变质杂岩可对比(孟繁聪等, 2011; Zhao et al., 2019)。前已述及，三危山地区变质杂岩可能是形成于弧前的增生杂岩，如果如此，那么自石板山地区南部至三危山地区的变质杂岩可能构成了一个由北向南扩展的增生楔。由此，敦煌造山带北侧的三危山增生弧和南侧的红柳峡俯冲增生杂岩可能是古亚洲洋南缘俯冲-增生造山过程的产物。中亚造山带中段以增生杂岩-增生弧的形式向南扩展至敦煌地区，敦煌造山带属于中亚造山带中段南缘的增生系统。
4 结语基于前人对敦煌构造带内岩浆-变质杂岩的研究成果以及新的资料，本文将敦煌北部三危山地区出露的岩浆-变质杂岩的属性厘定为古生代增生弧。这一结论指示此前认为的“敦煌地块”实际上是古亚洲洋南缘增生造山作用的产物，中亚造山带中段可能向南扩展至敦煌地区，甚至与特提斯构造域存在重要联系。敦煌构造带经历了长期复杂的演化历史，其大地构造属性长期存疑，本文的初步探讨试图为解开这一疑团提供新的思路。随着研究工作的不断深入，对敦煌构造带的大地构造归属及演化定能取得更加清晰的认识。
致谢 两位审稿专家对本文进行审阅并提出宝贵意见，在此表示感谢!
谨以此文深切缅怀李继亮先生，感念先生对地质事业的卓越贡献。
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