岩石学报  2017, Vol. 33 Issue (8): 2395-2411   PDF    
藏南拿日雍错片麻岩穹窿中新世淡色花岗岩的形成过程:变泥质岩部分熔融与分离结晶作用
高利娥1, 高家昊1, 赵令浩1, 侯可军2, 唐索寒1     
1. 中国地质科学院地质研究所, 北京 100037;
2. 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所, 北京 100037
摘要: 拿日雍错片麻岩穹窿位于特提斯喜马拉雅带的东部,穹窿边部淡色花岗岩脉形成于21.8±0.3Ma,穹窿核部主体淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄为20.1±0.1Ma,其中1件样品记录了~17.3Ma热液蚀变事件。大部分淡色花岗岩具有以下特征:(1)较高的SiO2(>72.9%),Al2O3(>14.7%)和A/CNK(>1.1),较低的FeO、MgO、MnO和TiO2;(2)高度变化的大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Sr、Ba)和高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Hf、Th)和Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf比值;(3)富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,Eu和Nd都显示负异常(Eu/Eu*<0.7,Nd/Nd*=0.5~0.8);(4)Sr同位素比值变化范围较大(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7132~0.7330),但Nd同位素比值一致(εNdt)=-12.4~-10.9)。这些特征表明:拿日雍错淡色花岗岩形成于20Ma,是变泥质岩部分熔融作用的产物,经历了不同程度的斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石、富Ti矿物等的分离结晶作用。
关键词: 藏南     特提斯喜马拉雅     拿日雍错片麻岩穹窿     淡色花岗岩     分离结晶作用    
The Miocene leucogranite in the Nariyongcuo Gneiss Dome, southern Tibet:Products from melting metapelite and fractional crystallization
GAO LiE1, GAO JiaHao1, ZHAO LingHao1, HOU KeJun2, TANG SuoHan1     
1. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China;
2. Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Abstract: The Nariyongcuo Gneiss Dome is located to eastern Tethyan Himalaya. New zircon U-Pb data show that the main leucogranite pluton in the core formed at 20.0±0.1Ma, whereas the leucogranitic dike in the margin at 21.8±0.3Ma, respectively. Some zircon grains also record a hydrothermal event at~17.3Ma. The Nariyongcuo leucogranites are characterized by:(1) high SiO2 ( > 72.9%), Al2O3 ( > 14.7%) and A/CNK ( > 1.1), but low FeO, MgO, MnO and TiO2; (2) large variations in concentrations of large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Sr, Ba) and high field strength element (e.g., Nb, Ta, Hf, Th), as well as ratios of Rb/Sr, Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf; (3) enrichment in LREE, depletion in HREE, and negative Eu and Nd anomalies (Eu/Eu* < 0.7, Nd/Nd*=0.5~0.8); (4) large variations in initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7132~0.7330) but relatively uniform unradiogenic Nd isotope compositions (εNd(t)=-12.4~-10.9). These data indicate that the Nariyongcuo leucogranite was derived from partial melting of metapelite at 20Ma and experienced various degrees of fractional crystallization of plagioclase, zircon, monazite, apatite and Ti-rich mineral phases.
Key words: Southern Tibet     Tethyan Himalaya     Nariyongcuo Gneiss Dome     Leuocogranite     Fractional crystallization    

喜马拉雅造山带内,沿着特提斯喜马拉雅带和高喜马拉雅带平行分布着两条带状新生代花岗岩,以透镜体、岩脉或大型岩体的形式产出。早期研究认为这些花岗岩主要形成于23~10Ma(Schärer et al., 1986; Harris and Massey, 1994; Harrison et al., 1997; Simpson et al., 2000; Daeniel et al., 2003; Searle et al., 2003),是高喜马拉雅结晶岩系变泥质岩白云母脱水部分熔融作用的产物(Le Fort, 1981; Harrison et al., 1997),并被实验岩石学证实(Patiño Douce and Harris, 1998; Knesel and Davidson, 2002)。随着研究的深入,喜马拉雅造山带内深熔作用越来越复杂,主要表现在:(1) 源区多样化,除了传统的变泥质岩外,还包括角闪岩(Zeng et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014)和花岗片麻岩(于俊杰等, 2011; 胡古月等, 2016);(2) 部分熔融作用类型多样化,如角闪岩部分熔融作用(Zeng et al., 2009; 高利娥等, 2009; Liu et al., 2014),变泥质岩的水致白云母部分熔融作用(Prince et al., 2001; Guo and Wilson, 2012; Zeng et al., 2012; Gao and Zeng, 2014; Gao et al., 2017),黑云母含水部分熔融作用(Zhang et al., 2004; King et al., 2011)和黑云母脱水熔融作用(李旺超等, 2015);(3) 部分熔融作用时代分布范围更宽,可追溯到始新世(~46Ma)(Aikman et al., 2008; Hou et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2014; Zeng et al., 2015; 戚学祥等, 2008; 谢克家等, 2010; 胡古月等, 2011; 张进江等, 2011);和(4) 淡色花岗岩的成因多样化,除了代表部分熔融熔体的较原始花岗岩外,部分经历了围岩混染作用(Liu et al., 2014)和结晶分异作用(吴福元等, 2015; Liu et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2016a),甚至形成高分异花岗岩和伟晶岩。

地壳深熔作用是造山带构造演化的重要深部过程,是高级变质作用、岩浆作用与构造变形之间高度耦合的重要体现(曾令森等, 2008),可以通过厘定地壳物质部分熔融体的形成年代和形成机制来限定造山带的构造演化过程(Aoya et al., 2005; Lee and Whitehouse, 2007; Hou et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2017)。喜马拉雅造山带是世界上碰撞造山带的典例,是研究大陆地壳中低温部分熔融作用的重要野外实验室(Gao et al., 2017)。虽然喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩的研究程度越来越高,但由于分布区域非常广阔,还存在大量的空白区,为了完善喜马拉雅造山带新生代深熔作用体系,还需要对空白区的淡色花岗岩进行系统研究,识别地壳深熔作用新类型和岩浆作用过程。最近我们在雅拉香波穹窿南部,错那北部厘定出一个新穹窿——拿日雍错穹窿(图 1a)。为确定该穹隆核部淡色花岗岩的源岩,探讨淡色花岗岩的形成机制及构造动力学意义。我们进行了系统采样,进行了锆石U-Pb定年,测试了全岩元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成。为喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩补充了新的数据,有助于进一步检验和完善喜马拉雅造山带深熔作用和岩浆作用模型。

图 1 藏南喜马拉雅造山带地质简图(a, 据Zeng et al., 2009)和拿日雍错穹隆地质简图(b) YTS-雅鲁藏布江缝合带;STDS-藏南拆离系;MCT-主中央逆冲推覆带;MBT-主边界逆冲推覆带;LH-低喜马拉雅岩系 Fig. 1 Simplified geologic map of the Himalayan orogenic belt, southern Tibet (a, after Zeng et al., 2009) and simplified geological map of the Nariyongcuo Gneiss Dome (b) YTS-Yarlung-Tsangpo suture; STDS-Southern Tibet Detachment System; MCT-Main Center Thrust; MBT-Main Boundary Thrust; LH-Lower Himalayan Crystalline Sequence
1 地质背景与样品

在喜马拉雅造山带中,北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆(NHGD)位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带(YTS)和藏南拆离系(STDS)之间(图 1a),由一系列断续分布的串珠状穹窿体组成。自核部向边部,由高级变质岩、低级变质或未变质的特提斯沉积岩系以及侵入其中的花岗岩组成。花岗岩是其中重要组成部分,是中下地壳岩石随着喜马拉雅造山带构造演化发生部分熔融作用的产物(Debon et al., 1986; Harris and Massey, 1994; Harrison et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2004; Aoya et al., 2005; Aikman et al., 2008; King et al., 2011; Zeng et al., 2011)。拿日雍错穹窿位于北喜马拉雅穹窿的东部,雅拉香波穹窿南部65km处,紧邻拿日雍错。核部由淡色花岗岩体组成,幔部为中-高级含石榴石和十字石片岩,边部为侏罗纪-白垩纪的特提斯沉积岩系,边部与幔部之间为韧性伸展拆离断层接触。脉状淡色花岗岩侵入到中级变质岩中(图 1b)。该岩体的显著特征是,自西向东,淡色花岗岩的分异程度增高,从中细粒二云母花岗岩向粗粒花岗岩,最后向伟晶岩演化。在矿物组成上,从不含石榴子石和电气石的花岗岩向含石榴子石,最后向含电气石或绿柱石粗粒花岗岩演化,呈现出向东岩浆演化程度逐渐增高的趋势。该穹窿总体上呈现向西倾斜构造,可能与后期沿雅拉香波-错那的南北向伸展构造的影响相关。在岩体西侧,由北向南,对淡色花岗岩进行了系统的采样(T0388-G、T0388-1到T0388-10)。T0388-G到T0388-8为新鲜的样品,对其代表性样品(T0388-G)进行了锆石U-Pb定年。T0388-9和T0388-10遭受了微弱的热液蚀变,对T0388-9进行U-Pb定年。在穹窿北侧,发育一条侵入到黑云母十字石片岩的淡色花岗岩脉(T0701系列样品),选取了其中代表性样品T0701-6,开展了U-Pb定年。新鲜淡色花岗岩在矿物组成上相似,都由石英、钾长石、斜长石、白云母和少量黑云母组成,副矿物包括石榴石、锆石、磷灰石和独居石(图 2a)。石榴石较自形,不含包裹体,粒度为600μm(图 2b)。靠近韧性剪切带和侵入到泥质片岩的淡色花岗岩样品都具有石英细粒化构造,经历了韧性剪切变形(图 2c)。遭受热液蚀变的淡色花岗岩在矿物组成上稍有不同,主要由石英、钾长石、斜长石、白云母和石榴石组成(图 2d)。矿物定向排列,石榴石结构复杂,粒度为200~400μm,核部含有包裹体,边部干净(图 2d)。

图 2 淡色花岗岩T0388-1 (a、b)、T0388-4 (c)和T0388-9 (d)的显微照片 图中标尺长度为500μm.矿物代号:Gt-石榴石;Mus-白云母;Pl-斜长石;Qtz-石英 Fig. 2 Photomicrographs showing the texture and mineral assemblage of leucogranites T0388-1 (a, b), T0388-4 (c) and T0388-9 (d) The scale bars in all photomicrographs are 500μm. Gt-garnet; Mus-muscovite; Pl-plagioclase; Qtz-quartz
2 分析方法 2.1 锆石U/Pb定年

为了准确厘定淡色花岗岩的形成年代,在拿日雍错穹窿核部采集了代表性样品T0388-G、T0388-9和T0701-6(图 1b),从中挑选锆石,经过手工挑选、制靶和抛光,然后进行阴极发光(CL)和扫描电镜背散射(BSE)成像观察,揭示锆石的内部结构。阴极发光成像在中国地质科学院地质研究所北京离子探针中心进行。在中国地质科学院地质研究所大陆构造与动力学重点实验室进行了BSE图像和锆石内部包裹体的成分测试。通过对照阴极发光和BSE图像,鉴别锆石不同生长域差异特征,选取锆石U/Pb测试点。样品T0388-G和T0388-9的锆石U/Pb同位素定年测试在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室进行。所用仪器为德国Finnigan公司生产的Neptune型激光多接收等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS),并结合美国New Wave公司生产的UP213nm激光剥蚀系统,激光剥蚀所用斑束直径为25μm,频率为10Hz,能量密度约为2.5J/cm2,以He为载气。U和Th含量以锆石标样M 127(U: 923×10-6; Th: 439×10-6; Th/U: 0.475) 为外标进行校正。在测试过程中,每测定10个样品点前后重复测量两次锆石标样GJ-1和一次锆石标样Plesovice。分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正、元素含量及U-Th-Pb同位素比值和年龄计算)采用软件ICPMSDataCal完成(Liu et al., 2010),锆石年龄谐和图用Isoplot 3.0程序获得。测试结果见表 1。样品T0701-6采用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,SHRIMP锆石U-Pb同位素定年测试在北京离子探针中心进行,所用仪器为高分辨率高灵敏度离子探针SHRIMP Ⅱ,分析时所用标样为TEMORA锆石,每测定3个未知点,插入1次标样,以便及时校正,保障测试精度。U和Th含量以锆石标样M257为外标进行校正。测试结果见表 2

表 1 淡色花岗岩(T0388-G和T0388-9) 的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年数据 Table 1 LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic data for the leucogranite (T0388-G and T0388-9)

表 2 淡色花岗岩(T0701-6) 锆石U-Pb定年数据 Table 2 SHRIMP zircon U-Pb isotopic data for the leucogranites (T0701-6)
2.2 元素地球化学测试

主量及微量元素的测试在国土资源部国家地质实验测试中心进行。主量元素通过XRF(X荧光光谱仪3080E)方法测试,分析精度为5%。微量元素和稀土元素(REE)通过等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS-Excell)分析,含量大于10×10-6的元素的测试精度为5%,而小于10×10-6的元素精度为10%。个别在样品中含量低的元素,测试误差大于10%。分析结果列在表 3中。

表 3 淡色花岗岩(T0388系列和T0701系列)的主量元素(wt%)、微量元素(×10-6)和Sr-Nd同位素组成 Table 3 Major element (wt%), trace element (×10-6), and Sr and Nd isotope compositions for the leucogranite (T0388 series and T0701 series)
2.3 全岩Sr-Nd同位素测试

Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd同位素分析在中国地质科学院地质研究所同位素实验室进行。通过同位素稀释法,利用Finnigan MAT-262质谱仪测试Sr同位素组成。利用Nu Plasam HR MC-ICP-MS多接收等离子质谱仪(Nu Instruments)进行Nd同位素分析。Nd和Sr分析结果分别按146Nd/142Nd=0.7219和86Sr/88Sr=0.1194标准化,进行质量分馏校正。在分析样品期间,Sr同位素测试标准为NBS987,测试值为0.710247±12(2σ)。Nd同位素标准为JMC Nd,测试值为0.511127±12(2σ)。Sr和Nd同位素的测试精度分别为±0.000010(n=18) 和±0.000011(n=18)。所有淡色花岗岩的Sr和Nd同位素的初始值分别按t=20Ma计算。分析结果列在表 3中。

3 数据及结果 3.1 淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄

样品T0388-G由石英、钾长石、斜长石、白云母和少量副矿物(如锆石、磷灰石和独居石)组成。在此样品中,大部分锆石为自形-半自形,长柱状,棱角清晰,粒度在100~200μm之间,长宽比一般为2:1。大部分锆石显示相似的核-边结构,核部为均一化的灰白区域,边部显示典型的韵律生长环带,为岩浆锆石(图 3a)。个别锆石边部的局部区域显示泡沫状结构,表明此锆石受到后期热液作用交代。为精确确定淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄,我们重点对韵律生长环带的边部进行U-Pb测试。在边部锆石域中,U和Th含量较高,分别在2117×10-6~9420×10-6和75×10-6~648×10-6之间,Th/U比值较低,为0.03~0.07。206Pb/238U年龄分布于19.4~20.3Ma之间,在谐和图上,相对集中分布于一致线的20.1Ma附近区域(图 4a),14个样品点的加权平均年龄为20.1±0.1Ma(MSWD=1.4,图 4b),清晰的韵律振荡环带表明这组年龄为岩浆锆石的结晶年龄。另外,样品点T0388-G-17和T0388-G-20给出的206Pb/238U年龄为30.0Ma和43.5Ma,与北侧雅嘉花岗闪长岩和雅拉香波二云母花岗岩的结晶年龄一致(Harrison et al., 2000; Zeng et al., 2015),可能为岩浆侵位过程中捕获而来。两颗锆石核部区域的206Pb/238U年龄为358Ma和483Ma(表 1),分别对应于东冈瓦纳大陆北缘的陆内裂解事件(Veevers and Tewari, 1995; Ji et al., 2012; 董昕等, 2010; 王莉等, 2013)和安第斯型造山作用(Kusky et al., 2003; Cawood et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013; 张泽明等, 2008; 蔡志慧等, 2013)。

图 3 淡色花岗岩T0388-G (a)、T0388-9 (b)和T0701-6 (c)中锆石的阴极发光照片 Fig. 3 Cathodoluminescence (CL) showing the texture, spot, and respective age of zircon U/Pb dating for the leuocogranite T0388-G (a), T0388-9 (b) and T0701-6 (c)

图 4 淡色花岗岩T0388-G (a、b)、T0388-9 (c、d)和T0701-6 (e、f)中锆石的U/Pb定年谐和图 Fig. 4 U/Pb concordia diagram for the leuocogranite T0388-G (a, b), T0388-9 (c, d) and T0701-6 (e, f)

与样品T0388-G不同,T0388-9中锆石显示核-幔-边结构,核部为均一化的白色区域,幔部显示典型的韵律生长环带,边部为泡沫状结构或均一化的灰白色,表明受到后期热液作用交代或高U锆石域的退火重结晶作用(图 3b)。个别锆石结构不完整,只显示幔-边结构,或者核-幔结构。我们分别对核部,幔部和边部进行了U-Pb测试。具有典型韵律生长环带幔部锆石域中,U和Th含量较高,分别在2285×10-6~9133×10-6和78×10-6~517×10-6之间,Th/U比值也较低,为0.03~0.06。206Pb/238U年龄较集中,分布于19.8~20.5Ma之间,在谐和图上,相对集中分布于一致线的20.0Ma附近区域(图 4c),23个样品点的加权平均年龄为20.0±0.1Ma(MSWD=1.4,图 4d),与样品T0388-G中岩浆锆石的结晶年龄相似。在具有泡沫状结构的边部锆石域,大部分样品点谐和度较低(<95%),U和Th含量异常高,U高达37404×10-6,Th高达18760×10-6。其中2个边部样品点谐和度大于95%,给出的206Pb/238U年龄为17.2Ma和17.3Ma,可能表明花岗岩形成之后经历了17.3Ma的热液事件。锆石核部206Pb/238U年龄为455~468Ma和2198Ma(表 1),指示淡色花岗岩的源岩包含加里东期构造事件的产物(高利娥等, 2015; Gao et al., 2016b)。

样品T0701-6显示核-边结构,核部为白色均一化区域,边部为典型的韵律生长环带(图 3c)。为精确确定淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄,我们重点对韵律生长环带的边部进行SHRIMP锆石U/Pb测试。在边部锆石域中,U和Th含量较高,分别在1811×10-6~6078×10-6和39×10-6~370×10-6之间,Th/U较低,为0.01~0.08。206Pb/238U年龄分布于20.7~22.2Ma之间,在谐和图上,相对集中分布于一致线的21.8Ma附近区域(图 4e),8个样品点的加权平均年龄为21.8±0.3Ma(MSWD=1.7,图 4f),清晰的振荡环带表明这组年龄为岩浆锆石的结晶年龄。样品点T0701-6-6.1位于核幔交界处,给出了较高的206Pb/238U年龄24.0Ma。一个核部样品点的206Pb/238U年龄为560.3Ma。上述数据表明,幔部淡色花岗岩脉的形成时间要比主体淡色花岗岩早1~2Myr。

3.2 全岩元素地球化学特征

除T0388-9和T0388-10外,其它样品点显示一致的主量元素特征(图 5),具有较高的SiO2(72.9%~74.2%)、Al2O3(14.7%~15.3%)、K2O(3.9%~5.0%)和Na2O(3.8%~4.6%)(图 5c),但较低的CaO(≤1.0%)、FeO(<1.0%)、MgO、MnO和TiO2。这些花岗岩具有较高的A/CNK(>1.1) 和K2O/Na2O(≥1.0) 比值(表 3)。与这些样品相比,T0388-9和T0388-10中Al2O3(16.2%~16.3%)较高,K2O(1.0%~2.6%)和FeO(<0.5%)较低,K2O/Na2O<1.0。总体来看,大部分样品属于富钾过铝质淡色花岗岩,T0388-9和T0388-10为富钠过铝质淡色花岗岩。

图 5 淡色花岗岩T0388和T0701系列的Al2O3(a)、K2O (b)、Na2O (c)、CaO (d)、MgO*(e)和FeO*(f)与SiO2的关系图解 Fig. 5 Selected major oxides of Al2O3(a), K2O (b), Na2O (c), CaO (d), MgO*(e) and FeO*(f) plotted against SiO2 for the leucogranite T0388 and T0701 series

除T0388-9、T0388-10和T0701-9外,其它样品显示了一致的微量元素特征(图 6)。从微量元素原始地幔标准化蜘蛛网图上看,Ba和Ti为显著的负异常,Nb、Ta、Sr和P为弱负异常(图 6a)。T0388-9、T0388-10和T0701-9显示了复杂的蜘蛛网图,如T0388-10具有K和轻稀土元素(La、Ce、Nd)的负异常,Ta的正异常;T0388-9具有Ta的正异常;T0701-9具有更加显著的Ba和Sr负异常(图 6b)。与其它大多数样品相比(Rb=353×10-6~583×10-6,Sr=31×10-6~67×10-6,Rb/Sr=3.9~19.4),T0388-9和T0388-10具有较低的Rb(<219×10-6)和Rb/Sr(<3.0),较高的Sr(>74),T0701-9具有最低的Sr,最高的Rb/Sr比值,即Sr=9.6×10-6,Rb/Sr=42.6(图 7a, b)。在T0388-9和T0388-10中,Nb(>19.3×10-6)和Ta(Ta>17.4×10-6)含量较高,Nb/Ta比值较低(<1.1),其它样品中,Nb<15.5×10-6、Ta<3.8×10-6、Nb/Ta>4.1(图 7f, g)。同时,T0388-9和T0388-10具有较高的Hf(>4.0×10-6)和较低的Zr/Hf比值(<11.1),其它大多数样品中,Hf<3.6×10-6,Zr/Hf=16.4~28.4(除T0388-4,Hf=4.1×10-6图 7e, g)。

图 6 淡色花岗岩T0388和T0701系列的原始地幔标准化蜘蛛网图(a、b)和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(c、d)(标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989) Fig. 6 Primitive mantle (PM)-normalized trace element (a, b) and chondrite-normalized rare earth element (c, d) distribution patterns for the leucogranite T0388 and T0701 series (normalization values are from Sun and McDonough, 1989)

图 7 淡色花岗岩T0388和T0701系列的微量元素特征 Fig. 7 Trace elements concentrations and ratios for the leucogranite T0388 and T0701 series (a) Rb-Sr; (b) Ba-Rb/Sr; (c) Eu/Eu*-Sr; (d) Zr-A/CNK; (e) Zr-Hf; (f) Nb-Ta; (g) Zr/Hf-Nb/Ta; (h) Nd/Nd*-∑LREE and (i) Nd/Nd*-P2O5

与微量元素特征相似,除T0388-9、T0388-10和T0701-9外,其它样品显示了一致的稀土元素特征(图 6c)。在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图上,这些样品显示富集轻稀土(LREE)和中稀土(MREE),亏损重稀土(HREE),(La/Yb)N>16.3(除T0701-10外,(La/Yb)N=5.96),显著的Eu负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.11~0.65),微弱的Nd负异常(Nd/Nd*=NdN/(PrN2×SmN)1/3=0.74~0.81)。其它3个样品具有轻稀土(La、Ce、Pr和Nd)亏损,重稀土平直或亏损,更加显著的负Eu异常的特征(Eu/Eu*=0.10~0.18,图 6d)。与Eu异常相似,这3个样品具有显著的Nd负异常,Nd/Nd*=0.50~0.70。

为探讨拿日雍错穹窿内淡色花岗岩的源岩,对10件T0388系列中的淡色花岗岩进行了Sr和Nd同位素分析。分析结果列在表 3中,Sr-Nd的同位素系统关系显示在图 8中,图中投影点的大小要大于分析误差。Sr同位素比值变化范围较大,Nd同位素比值较一致。样品T0388-9和T0388-10的Sr同位素比值(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7132~0.7210) 较低,其它7件样品的Sr同位素组成(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7257~0.7330) 都大于0.7257,但Nd同位素比值没有显著差异,εNd(t)在-12.4和-10.9之间变化。

图 8 淡色花岗岩T0388系列和其它喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩的87Sr/86Sr(t)-εNd(t)系统关系 其它淡色花岗岩的数据来源于Vidal et al., 1982; Debon et al., 1986; Deniel et al., 1987; Inger and Harris, 1993; Harrison et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2004; Aoya et al., 2005; Richards et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2009, 2011, 2015; King et al., 2011; Hou et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2013, 2017; Gao and Zeng, 2014; Liu et al., 2014; 高利娥等, 2009; 于俊杰等, 2011; 王晓先等, 2015 Fig. 8 Sr-Nd isotope systematics of leucogranite T0388 series, as well as the other Cenozoic leucogranites in the Himalayan orogen Error ellipses are shown for 1-sigmal level of uncertainty. Data are from Vidal et al., 1982; Debon et al., 1986; Deniel et al., 1987; Inger and Harris, 1993; Harrison et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2004; Aoya et al., 2005; Richards et al., 2006; Zeng et al., 2009, 2011, 2015; King et al., 2011; Hou et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2013, 2017; Gao and Zeng, 2014; Liu et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015
4 讨论

从上面地球化学数据可以看出,锆石U-Pb年代学显示淡色花岗岩脉形成于21.8Ma,比主体淡色花岗岩的结晶年龄(20.0Ma)早1~2Myr。拿日雍错淡色花岗岩具有以下特征:(1) 较高的SiO2(>72.9%)、Al2O3(>14.7%)和A/CNK比值,较低的FeO、MgO、MnO和TiO2,为过铝质淡色花岗岩(图 5);(2) 显著的Ba和Ti负异常,微弱的Sr和P负异常(图 6a, b),高度变化的Rb、Sr、Nb、Ta、Hf浓度和Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf比值(图 7表 3);(3) 复杂的稀土元素配分模式,Eu和Nd都显示负异常(Eu/Eu*<0.7, Nd/Nd*=0.5~0.8)(图 6c, d);(4) Sr同位素比值(87Sr/86Sr(t)=0.7132~0.7330) 变化范围较大,但Nd同位素比值(εNd(t)=-12.4~-10.9) 较均匀(图 8)。与其它淡色花岗岩相比,T0388-9、T0388-10和T0701-9具有不一致的地球化学特征,包括(1) 较高的Al2O3,较低的K2O和FeO,K2O/Na2O<1.0;(2) 较高的Nb、Ta和Hf,较低的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值;(3) 轻稀土(La、Ce、Pr和Nd)亏损,更加显著的Eu和Nd负异常和(4) 较低的Sr同位素比值。这些地球化学特征表明:不同区域淡色花岗岩的演化程度不同。

4.1 拿日雍错淡色花岗岩的形成过程:分离结晶作用

实验岩石学和野外观察都表明,当岩浆演变成高硅体系(SiO2>72.0%)时,熔体的结构发生实质性的变化,导致矿物组成和元素地球化学行为的变异,包括:(1) 主要造岩矿物相溶解度的改变(Ren, 2004);(2) 关键微量元素分配系数的变化(如:Rb、Sr、Ba、Cs、REE, Glazner et al., 2008);(3) 副矿物溶解行为的变化(如:锆石、独居石、磷灰石、铪石, Wolf and London, 1994; Bau, 1996; Linnen and Keppler, 1997, 2002)和(4) 结晶石榴石、电气石或绿柱石(Liu et al., 2016; 高利娥等, 2012)。

图 6显示了拿日雍错淡色花岗岩中重要微量元素的变化趋势和相互关系,除T0388-9、T0388-10和T0701-9外,其它样品中微量元素表现出高度一致的相关性,因此,我们先来探讨这些地球化学特征一致样品所经历的岩浆演化过程。在球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图上,淡色花岗岩显示出显著的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*≤0.7, 图 6),并且,Eu/Eu*与Sr含量呈正相关关系(图 7c),表明拿日雍错淡色花岗岩并不是原始熔体,经历了斜长石分离结晶作用。Zr和Hf具有相同的电价和相似的离子半径,在正常的岩浆演化过程中,Zr和Hf不会发生分离,Zr/Hf比值应保持一致。但是,如果岩浆发生锆石的分离结晶作用(Dostal and Chatterjee, 2000; Linnen and Keppler, 2002; Claiborne et al., 2006),或者古老继承性锆石发生差异性溶解(Tang et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2017),或者外来流体发生交代作用(Bau, 1996),岩浆中的Zr/Hf比值会被改变。郭春丽等(2017)通过分析对比正常花岗岩和矿化花岗岩的Zr,Hf含量和Zr/Hf比值,提出随着锆石分异作用的不断增强,花岗质岩浆的结构将逐渐发生变化,在达到熔体-流体相互作用阶段时,锆石(ZrSiO4)和铪石(HfSiO4)的溶解行为随之也会发生变化,虽然Zr和Hf在高分异花岗质岩浆中的溶解度都升高,但Hf的溶解度将明显高于Zr的溶解度(Linnen and Keppler, 2002),导致熔体的Zr/Hf比值逐渐变低。在拿日雍错淡色花岗岩中,Zr浓度与铝饱和指数A/CNK呈负相关关系(图 7d),锆饱和温度计计算得到的岩浆温度(TZr)和CaO含量呈正相关关系,Zr和Hf总体上呈正相关关系(图 7e),但是,Zr/Hf比值从24.7降低到16.4(图 7g),表明随着花岗质岩浆向高硅演化过程中,Zr和Hf在岩浆中的溶解度不同,Hf的溶解度要高于Zr的溶解度,导致Zr/Hf比值下降。与Zr-Hf元素对相似,Nb和Ta也具有相同的电价和相似的离子半径。但是,Nb和Ta易溶于富Ti矿物相和云母中(Stepanov and Hermann, 2013; Gao et al., 2017),所以过铝质花岗岩发生富Ti矿物相分离结晶作用(Stepanov et al., 2012)或者经历后期热液的交代作用(Ballouard et al., 2016)都会改变淡色花岗岩的Nb/Ta比值。拿日雍错淡色花岗岩中,Nb和Ta总体上呈正相关关系(图 7f),但Nb/Ta比值高度变化,从13.4下降到4.1(图 7g)。与Zr-Hf类似,随着花岗质岩浆向高硅演化过程中,富Ti矿物相的分异作用不断增强,Nb和Ta在岩浆中的溶解度不同,Ta的溶解度要高于Nb的溶解度,导致Nb/Ta比值下降。另外,独居石是Th和轻稀土元素(LREE)的主要赋存矿物(Zeng et al., 2005a; Stepanov et al., 2012),磷灰石是P元素和亲稀土元素(LREE)的主要赋存矿物(Zeng et al., 2005a)。拿日雍错淡色花岗岩中,∑LREE和Nd异常(Nd/Nd*)呈正相关关系(图 7h),P2O5和Nd/Nd*(图 7i)也呈正相关关系,表明熔体经历了独居石和磷灰石的分离结晶作用,引起了Nd的负异常。实验岩石学证明,可以使用锆石在岩浆中的饱和浓度温度计(TZr)和稀土元素在岩浆中的饱和浓度温度计(TLREE)限定地壳深熔成因花岗岩的岩浆结晶温度(Watson and Harrison, 1983; Montel, 1993; Boehnke et al., 2013)。但由于拿日雍错淡色花岗岩经历了锆石、独居石和磷灰石的分离结晶作用,Zr浓度和LREE浓度发生改变,因此,拿日雍错淡色花岗岩具有不一致的TZrTLREE(表 3)。从上面分析可以看到,拿日雍错新生代淡色花岗岩具有高度变化的微量元素含量,如Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、LREE等,是由于熔体经历了斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石、富Ti矿物等的分离结晶作用。

4.2 拿日雍错淡色花岗岩的源岩

目前为止,已发现的喜马拉雅造山带内深熔作用包括角闪岩部分熔融作用(Zeng et al., 2015),变泥质岩的白云母脱水部分熔融作用(Harrison et al., 1997; Zhang et al., 2004; King et al., 2011)和水致白云母部分熔融作用(Prince et al., 2001; Guo and Wilson, 2012; Zeng et al., 2012; Gao and Zeng, 2014; Gao et al., 2017)以及黑云母含水部分熔融作用(King et al., 2011)和黑云母脱水部分熔融作用(李旺超等, 2015)。实验岩石学(Patiño Douce and Harris, 1998; Knesel and Davidson, 2002)和理论分析(Harris and Inger, 1992; Inger and Harris, 1993; Gao and Zeng, 2014)表明判断部分熔融反应类型的依据有:(1) An-Ab-Or图解;(2) Rb-Sr-Ba含量;(3) Ba-Rb/Sr比值的相关性;(4) Sr-87Sr/86Sr同位素比值图解。拿日雍错新生代淡色花岗岩具有高的Rb(>353×10-6)和Ba(>105×10-6),低的Sr(<67×10-6),Rb/Sr比值与Ba含量呈正相关关系(图 7a, b)与白云母脱水部分熔融作用形成熔体的地球化学特征相似(Gao et al., 2017)。但是,由于此淡色花岗岩体不是原始熔体,经历了斜长石分离结晶作用,因此,不能使用Rb、Sr和Ba的含量来判断淡色花岗岩的形成机制。图 8显示了喜马拉雅新生代淡色花岗岩的Sr-Nd同位素特征。与角闪岩部分熔融作用(Zeng et al., 2009, 2011, 2015; Hou et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2014; 高利娥等, 2009)、变泥质岩部分熔融作用(Vidal et al., 1982; Debon et al., 1986; Deniel et al., 1987; Inger and Harris, 1993; Harrison et al., 1999; Zhang et al., 2004; Aoya et al., 2005; Richards et al., 2006; King et al., 2011; Gao et al., 2013, 2017; Gao and Zeng, 2014; 于俊杰等, 2011)以及经历了围岩混染作用(Liu et al., 2014)的淡色花岗岩相比,拿日雍错淡色花岗岩(除T0388-9和T0388-10外)具有与变泥质岩部分熔融作用形成的淡色花岗岩一致的Sr同位素组成,但Nd同位素比值较高。野外观测(Barbero et al., 1995; Ayres and Harris, 1997; Whittington and Treloar, 2002; Zeng et al., 2005a; Gao et al., 2016a)和理论计算(Zeng et al., 2005b)都揭示了地壳岩石深熔作用可以产生Nd同位素不平衡的熔体。独居石和磷灰石是Sm和Nd的主要赋存矿物(Zeng et al., 2005a; Stepanov et al., 2012),部分熔融过程中这些矿物的差异性溶解(Zeng et al., 2005a)可以导致熔体Nd同位素与源岩Nd同位素不一致。此淡色花岗岩(除T0388-9和T0388-10) 具有高度一致的Sr-Nd同位素组成,可以排除围岩混染作用的影响。因此,我们可以推断变泥质岩的部分熔融作用可以产生拿日雍错淡色花岗岩。

4.3 热液交代作用

主量元素、微量元素和同位素数据都显示,T0388-9、T03888-10和T0701-9具有与其它淡色花岗岩不一致的地球化学特征(图 5~图 8)。具有表现在:(1) Ba和LREE降低;(2) Nb、Ta和Hf升高;(3) Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值显著降低;(4) Eu和Nd负异常更加明显;(5) Sr同位素比值降低。已有的研究表明,热液或流体的交代作用可以同时改变岩石的Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf比值(Bau, 1996; Ballouard et al., 2016)。同时,流体交代作用改变了熔体中微量元素的含量,如Ba、LREE、Na、Ta、Hf等。锆石U/Pb年代学(图 4)和锆石CL图像显示(图 3),淡色花岗岩T0388-9中岩浆结晶年龄为20.0±0.1Ma,并且受到17.3Ma的热液事件的交代作用,使得岩浆结晶作用形成的锆石震荡环带外侧增生了具有泡沫状结构的边部。在错那地区,出露于STDS附近的淡色花岗岩体形成于17.7±0.3Ma(王晓先等, 2016),相似地,吉隆地区侵入到STDS内的淡色花岗岩也形成于17.7Ma(高利娥等, 2016)。另外,在高喜马拉雅带的塔什干(Daniel et al., 2003),木古(Harrison et al., 1997),希夏邦马(Searle et al., 1997),玛那斯鲁(Harrison et al., 1999)和特提斯喜马拉雅带的马拉山穹窿(Gao and Zeng, 2014)都存在17~18Ma的岩浆-热液事件。这表明ca.17~18Ma热液事件在特提斯喜马拉雅和高喜马拉雅带广泛存在。因此,该期岩浆-热液作用可能导致花岗岩T0388-9、T03888-10和T0701-9形成之后被热液交代,表现出不一致地球化学特征。

5 结论

(1) 拿日雍错片麻岩穹窿幔部淡色花岗岩脉形成于21.8±0.3Ma,核部2件淡色花岗岩体的结晶年龄分别为20.0±0.1Ma和20.1±0.1Ma,其中1件样品记录了17.3Ma的变质年龄。

(2) 全岩主量元素和微量元素地球化学分析表明,拿日雍错淡色花岗岩形成之后经历了斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石、富Ti矿物等的分离结晶作用。

(3) Sr-Nd同位素地球化学分析表明,拿日雍错淡色花岗岩是变泥质岩部分熔融作用的产物。

(4) 部分拿日雍错淡色花岗岩具有不一致的地球化学特征,记录了后期的热液交代作用。

致谢 感谢赵志丹教授和张泽明研究员仔细审阅稿件,提出众多建设性修改意见。
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