华北克拉通是全球最古老的克拉通之一,并残存有38亿年的古老陆壳(Liu et al., 1992,2008; 吴春明等,2008; Zhai and Santosh, 2011; Zhang et al., 2014)。该克拉通以其早前寒武纪复杂的多阶段构造演化和显生宙以来频受后期改造强烈破坏而倍受国内外众多学者广泛关注。对华北克拉通早前寒武纪地质演化,目前主要的共识是其前寒武基底是由一些古老的微陆块拼合而成,广泛发育有岩浆活动与变质作用,紧接着克拉通化后,进入了相对稳定的盖层形成阶段(Zhao et al., 1999a,b,2000a,b,2005; Zhai et al., 2000; Kusky and Li, 2003)。关于华北克拉通基底的微陆块划分、聚合机制还存在不同的观点:(1)根据岩性、地球化学和地质年代学等差异,划分为东部陆块、西部陆块和中部造山带(如图 1a),中部造山带为1.95~1.85Ga东西部陆块陆-陆碰撞拼合而成(Zhao et al., 2000,2001,2002a,b,2010; Wilde et al., 2002; Kröner et al., 2005a,b; Liu et al., 2006);(2)一些学者认同上述碰撞模型,但他们认为碰撞事件可能更早,约2.5Ga(Kusky et al., 2007);(3)而另一些学者认为太古代时期经历过一系列的裂解、俯冲、增厚及碰撞,紧接着2.0~1.82Ga发生麻粒岩相变质和花岗质岩浆作用最终形成了中部造山带(Zhai and Santosh, 2011);(4)还有人认为五台弧和东部陆块在2.1Ga拼合,紧接着于1.85Ga二者一起与西部陆块碰撞拼合(Faure et al., 2007; Trap et al., 2007,2009a,b)。为了进一步探讨上述科学问题,我们选择了华北南缘前寒武纪变质基性岩墙进行研究。这些基性岩墙侵入到早期地壳中,并可能代表了前寒武纪的重要地质事件,为研究前寒武时期构造环境和微陆块的划分有重要意义。
![]() | 图 1 华北克拉通构造格架(东部陆块、西部陆块及中部造山带)及出露的太古代-古元古代基底(a,据Zhao et al., 2005)和华北南缘鲁山地区太华群变质杂岩的地质简图(b,据河南省地质矿产局,1965①修改) 图中采样位置用空心圆圈表示Fig. 1 Tectonic framework of the North China Craton(NCC)with an emphasis on the three tectonic subdivisions of the Eastern Block,Western Block,Trans-North China Orogen and the exposed Archean to Paleoproterozoic basements(a,after Zhao et al., 2005) and geological sketch of the metamorphic complexes of the Taihua Group in the Lushan region,southern NCC(b) Sample locations are marked with open circles |
①河南省地质矿产局. 1965. 河南省地质图. 图I-49-XXIII(1:200000鲁山幅)
锆石具有富U、Th放射性元素、普通Pb含量低、离子扩散速度低以及较高的封闭温度(高达900℃)等特点(Lee et al., 1997; Cherniak and Watson, 2001; 吴元保和郑永飞,2004),因此可以通过测定U-Th-Pb含量并结合放射性元素衰变规律进行U-Pb定年。而锆石中相对高的Hf和低的Lu含量,表明锆石自形成后具有极低含量放射成因Hf积累,使得通过测定176Hf/177Hf比值便可得到形成时体系中的Hf同位素组成,且Lu-Hf体系具有较Sm-Nd高的封闭温度和强的抗后期流体活动干扰能力,因而Lu-Hf成为了研究太古代地壳的理想对象。高温条件锆石和岩浆的同位素分馏很小,锆石中的O同位素组成基本反映了锆石形成时的氧同位素特征,鉴于地壳与地幔物质明显的O同位素差异,因此O同位素的测定有助于示踪壳幔的相互作用(钟玉芳等,2006)。此外锆石内部会保留有结晶、变质、热液蚀变等地质过程的环带(吴元保和郑永飞,2004; 李长民,2009)。本次研究选取与下太华群早期TTG/斜长角闪岩呈侵入关系的太古代基性岩墙,采用二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICPMS)原位微区分析不同类型锆石的O同位素、U-Th-Pb以及Hf同位素组成,来研究该太古代脉体的形成时代、岩浆来源及后期的改造,从而揭示华北中部造山带南缘地壳的构造演化过程和可能的抬升历史。 1 地质背景
华北克拉通太华群分布于其南缘三大地块:华熊地块、嵩箕地块和中条地块中的华熊地块中。华熊地块由太华麻粒岩地体和崤山花岗岩-绿岩地体构成(陈衍景,1996)。其中鲁山地体是出露最好且保存最完整的太古代太华群地体(如图 1b),是研究太古代地壳演化的最理想地区。太华群由一系列早前寒武纪变质岩且变质级别从角闪岩相、高角闪岩相至麻粒岩相的变质杂岩构成(Zhang et al., 1985; Sun et al., 1994; Wilde et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2002a,b; 卢俊生,2014)。总体呈北西-南东向展布,其西南被未变质的中元古熊耳火山岩不整合覆盖,东北与中元古代汝阳群相毗邻,且都被震旦-寒武纪沉积盖层覆盖。
根据太华群构造特征和岩石组合,前人以荡泽河出露的大理岩为界将其划分为上太华和下太华两个亚群(Zhang et al., 1985; 薛良伟等,1995; 涂绍雄,1996; Wan et al., 2006)。上太华主要由含石墨片麻岩、黑云母片麻岩、大理岩、条带状含铁建造(BIF)和斜长角闪岩组成,已有的研究表明这组表壳岩的形成于21~23亿年,紧接着18.4~20亿年发生了变质作用(Wan et al., 2006; 林慈銮,2006; 杨长秀,2008; 第五春荣等,2010)。下太华被上太华不整合覆盖,由TTG片麻岩和透镜状斜长角闪岩构成。大量锆石年代学和Hf同位素地球化学研究表明下太华群原岩形成于27~30亿年(薛良伟等,1995; 林慈銮,2006; Liu et al., 2009; 第五春荣等,2010; Huang et al., 2010),同样经历了古元古代变质作用。
本次采集到的麻粒岩样品不仅纪录了新太古代基性岩浆侵入作用、古元古代变质作用、而且还纪录了华北克拉通最年轻的渐新世岩浆事件。 2 岩相学特征
样品采自河南鲁山地区下太华群,为与花岗质片麻岩呈侵入接触关系的变质基性岩脉(THQ13-05)(图 1、图 2)。岩石具中粗粒不等粒变晶结构和块状构造,主要组成矿物为斜长石(40%)、角闪石(40%)、石榴子石(10%)、石英(5%)、单斜辉石(4%)以及少量的副矿物榍石(<1%)。结合后续的变质年代学工作,这种矿物组合Pl+Grt+Cpx+Amp+Q应该为典型的高压麻粒岩相矿物组合,因此该样品为石榴石麻粒岩。其中长石呈长板状半自形,聚片双晶发育,主要为中长石(An=42~50),粒度变化于0.2~1.6mm,且部分大颗粒的斜长石有明显的增生边结构(图 2d,e)。石榴石主要是铁铝榴石,呈粒状(粒径约为0.2~0.8mm),且裂纹发育,内部常因含石英包裹体而呈筛状变晶结构。值得注意的是在镜下还观察到粉红色的石榴石+石英以冠状环围绕着早期浅色矿物相如斜长石、石英等生长(图 2b,c),类似的反应结构在华北古老的变质地体中也很常见,并被形象的称作“红眼圈”结构(马军和王仁民,1994),这种结构代表了一种未达到平衡的进变质反应;而角闪石颗粒普遍较小,其间存在有不规则的单斜辉石残留(图 2b,c),二者具有明显的反应边结构,即反映单斜辉石不同程度地被退变质矿物(角闪石)所替代。上述这些矿物组成和结构特征说明该样品最初为基性脉岩,并经历过麻粒岩相变质作用形成石榴石麻粒岩,后期又发生过角闪岩相退变质作用,单斜辉石退变为角闪石,斜长石出现增生边。
![]() | 图 2 侵入于太华群片麻岩的基性脉野外照片(a)和石榴子石麻粒岩脉的显微镜下照片(b-e) (b、d)为单偏光下,(c、e)为正交偏光下.文中所用矿物代号,除角闪石采用Amp外,其它矿物代号引自Kretz(1983)Fig. 2 Field photographs showing mafic dyke occurrences,which intruded into the gneisses of Taihua Group(a) and microphotographs of the garnet granulites dyke(b-e) (b,d)are taken by microscope with plane polarized light while(c,e)with cross polarized light. Mineral abbreviations quotations from Kretz(1983)except Amp-amphibole: Pl-plagioclase; Px-pyroxene; Opx-orthopyroxene; Cpx-clinopyxene; Grt-garnet; Qtz-quartz; Ttn-titanite |
将采自华北南缘下太华群耐庄村附近的基性麻粒岩一分为二,小份磨成光薄片便于开展岩相学工作;另一份进行常规的重力、磁分选,最终在双目镜下挑选出锆石颗粒。为了进行锆石微区原位的年代学和同位素测试,需将样品锆石与标准锆石 Penglai(Li et al., 2010a)和内标Qinghu(李献华等,2013)一起嵌入环氧树脂样品座中,然后打磨抛光直至露出锆石颗粒的核心部分而制成样品靶。除CL图像在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室完成外,其余测试均在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所离子探针实验室(U-Pb定年和O同位素)和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱实验室(Lu-Hf同位素)完成。 3.1 锆石CL图像
为了便于观察锆石内部结构以及选出目标点,因而在进行氧同位素、U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素测试之前,先将锆石靶镀碳,用装载有Gatan CL3+检测器和Oxford能量色散光谱系统的FEI Quanta 400 FEG型扫描电镜拍摄阴极发光(CL)图像。 3.2 锆石O同位素
样品重新抛光,并镀高纯金膜,然后使用Cameca IMS-1280进行氧同位素测定。详细分析步骤见Li et al.(2010a,b)。实验工作条件:用强度为~2nA的133Cs+离子源,通过10kV的加速电压轰击样品,离子束束斑直径约20μm,氧同位素采用两个法拉第杯接受16O和18O,标样Penglai(δ18O=5.31,Li et al., 2010a)用来标定仪器的质量分馏,本次研究通过重复测量标样Penglai的外精度为0.34(2SE,n=16)。每十个测试样品加一个标样Qinghu来监测样品数据的可靠性,四组Qinghu标样的δ18O加权平均值为5.35±0.39,与李献华等(2013)报道的Qinghu的δ18O(5.41±0.44)在误差范围内相一致。 3.3 锆石U-Pb年代学
锆石的U、Th、Pb同位素也是在同一台Cameca IMS-1280上测试的。详细分析方法参见Li et al.(2009)和李献华等(2009)。与测试氧同位素不同的是离子源为O2-,用强度为~10nA的一次离子源通过13kV的加速电压轰击样品,离子束为20μm×30μm大小的椭圆形束斑,二次离子束采用60eV的能量窗和~5400的质量分辨率将Pb+分离出来而不受谱峰干扰,用单接受器电子倍增器记录二次离子束峰的强度,每次测量扫描7次,分析用时12min。每10个样品加入内标Qinghu来监测U-Pb测试的稳定性,本次实验的Qinghu谐和年龄为159.9±2.5Ma(n=4),这与李献华等(2013)报道的值相一致。普通Pb选用现代地壳的平均Pb同位素组成(Stacey and Kramers, 1975)进行校正。数据处理采用Isoplot/Ex rev. 2.49软件(Ludwig,2003)。 3.4 锆石Lu-Hf同位素
在相应的测年点位置上进行锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析,采用Neptune型MC-ICPMS与Geolas-193型紫外激光剥蚀系统联用测试。实验工作条件:激光剥蚀的脉冲速率为8Hz,束斑直径为40μm,能量密度为10J/cm2,剥蚀时间约为40s,详细的分析过程见Wu et al.(2006)。测定的176Hf/177Hf比值用179Hf/177Hf=0.7325校正,用标准锆石GJ-1(176Hf/177Hf=0.282020±0.000030)、Mud Tank(176Hf/177Hf=0.282500±0.000030)与样品交叉分析对仪器进行外部监控,实验过程中这些标样与Woodhead and Hergt(2005)报道值相一致。 4 分析结果
鲁山太华群基性麻粒岩中锆石的CL图像见图 3,锆石的O同位素和U-Pb年代学数据列于表 1,而LA-ICPMS Hf同位素数据见表 2。
![]() | 图 3 鲁山太华群基性脉中代表性锆石的阴极发光(CL)图像 图中颗粒G的序号与表 1、表 2相对应,实线圈代表了利用Cameca ims-1280测试U-Pb和O同位素组成的位置,而虚线圈指示了用LA-MC-ICPMS测试Hf同位素的分析点,以及该基性脉的锆石U-Pb定年的207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U谐和图,图中分析点的误差椭圆表示1σFig. 3 Cathodoluminescence(CL)images of representative zircons for the Taihua Group mafic dyke in the Lushan area Grain(G)numbers correspond to those in supplementary Table 1 and Table 2. The solid circle shows the location of the Cameca ims-1280 U-Pb age and oxygen isotope. The dashed circle indicates the location of LA-MC-ICPMS Hf isotopic analysis spot. The 207Pb/235U-206Pb/238U concordia diagrams of zircon U-Pb dating for the mafic dyke from the Taihua Group,data point error ellipses are 1σ |
| 表 1 锆石U-Pb年龄和O同位素组成 Table 1 Zircon U-Pb age and O isotopic data |
| 表 2 激光多接收ICPMS获得的Lu-Hf同位素组成 Table 2 Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic data determined by laser MC-ICPMS |
CL图像显示该麻粒岩中锆石成因复杂,按锆石的内部结构可将其分为三类:①第一类锆石形态多为卵圆形,粒径变化于60~100μm之间,阴极发光性较弱,具有不太清楚的振荡环带(图 3G10和G13),部分锆石有核边结构,其核部有明显的岩浆锆石特征的振荡环带,而边部出现较窄(<20μm)的灰白色亮边;②第二类锆石形态很不规则,阴极发光性很差,呈黑色且看不出任何环带(如图 3G16),颗粒大小为50~80μm;③第三类锆石具有特征的振荡环带(图 3G1、G6、G7、G11、G12和G22),且自形程度较好,晶形以短柱状(长宽比<3)为主,粒径60~130μm。针对上述锆石的不同CL图像,我们对不同类型的锆石颗粒进行了SIMS U-Pb年代学测定。
样品中第一类5颗锆石的7个点测试,除G13-r具有很高的U含量(1225×10-6)和较低Th/U比(0.22)外,其余测试点的Th、U含量均较低,分别介于97×10-6~478×10-6和118×10-6~710×10-6之间,其Th/U比值为0.45~1.50(表 1),为典型的岩浆锆石(图 4a)(Belousova et al., 2002; Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003)。多数数据点沿不一致曲线分布(图 3),表明锆石经历了后期变质作用的扰动,造成放射成因Pb不同程度丢失,而上交点年龄为2523±8Ma(MSWD=1.5)。因此,我们认为2523±8Ma的上交点年龄代表了基性岩脉的侵位年龄。
![]() | 图 4 锆石U-Pb年龄与U/Th比关系图(a)和U-Pb年龄与εHf(t)关系图(b)
亏损地幔的演化线是依据现今地幔176Hf/177Hf=0.28325和176Lu/177Hf=0.0384(Griffin et al., 2000)绘制的,而球粒陨石Lu/Hf均一的岩浆库(CHUR)代表原始地幔岩浆库,其演化线是根据现今176Hf/177Hf=0.282772和176Lu/177Hf=0.0332(Blichert-Toft and Albarède,1997)绘制的,其衰变常数λ=1.865×10-11/y(Söderlund et al., 2004)Fig. 4 Plot of zircon U-Pb ages vs. U/Th ratios(a) and plot of zircon 207Pb/206Pb ages vs. εHf(t)(b) The evolution of depleted mantle(DM)is drawn by using a present-day 176Hf/177Hf=0.28325 and 176Lu/177Hf=0.0384(Griffin et al., 2000), and the evolution of chondritic uniform reservoir(CHUR)is drawn by using a present-day 176Hf/177Hf=0.282772 and 176Lu/177Hf=0.0332(Blichert-Toft and Albarède,1997). The value of λ=1.865×10-11/y(Söderlund et al., 2004)was used in calculations |
9颗第三类锆石的11个测试点皆具有很高的Th和U含量,分别为454×10-6~1910×10-6和484×10-6~2697×10-6,Th/U比值也很高为0.50~0.90,属于典型的岩浆成因锆石(图 4a),所有的数据点皆落在谐和曲线上(图 3),且206Pb/238U年龄分布在30.3~32.7Ma,谐和年龄为31.38±0.15Ma(MSWD=4.9)。这些岩浆锆石纪录了渐新世时期的岩浆事件。 4.2 O和Hf同位素地球化学
三类锆石点Hf同位素分析结果显示所有锆石的176Lu/177Hf比值均小于0.0014,表明这些锆石在形成后具有极低量的放射成因Hf的积累,因而测定的176Hf/177Hf比值是可以代表形成时体系的Hf同位素组成(Patchett et al., 1982; Knudsen et al., 2001; Kinny and Mass, 2003)。
新太古代锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值变化范围是0.281260~0.281402(表 2),明显低于球粒陨石的176Hf/177Hf比值(0.282772)(Blichert-Toft and Albarède,1997),以单个分析点的207Pb/206Pb年龄计算相应的εHf(t)值,其εHf(t)值均为正值,为2.88~7.16(表 2、图 4),相应的单阶段模式年龄tDM变化范围为2.56~2.72Ga和二阶段模式年龄tDM2变化范围为2.88~2.95Ga,锆石正的εHf(t)值表明形成该基性岩脉的岩浆来自于亏损地幔。同时,这些新太古代锆石具有较高的δ18O值,为6.12‰~7.47‰,明显高于原始地幔的δ18O(5.3±0.6‰)(Taylor,1980; Valley et al., 2005),但仍然属于基性岩δ18O范围(5.3‰~7.4‰),也就是说侵位过程中遭受到的地壳混染作用不强。
古元古代锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值为0.281614~0.281725(表 2),基本上与新太古代锆石的176Hf/177Hf值接近,其对应的εHf(t)值均为正值(1.61~5.52),但略低于新太古代锆石的εHf(t),模式年龄tDM为2.10~2.25Ga和模式年龄tDM2为2.46~2.47Ga。这一类锆石的δ18O值为4.85‰~5.76‰,与原始地幔值一致。
形成于渐新世的锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值明显高于前两类锆石,为0.282667~0.282801(表 2),与球粒陨石的176Hf/177Hf比值(0.282772)接近,其εHf(t)值变化于-3.03~1.69之间,接近于原始地幔均一岩浆库(图 4),模式年龄tDM为640~820Ma和模式年龄tDM2为920Ma。其δ18O值为5.78‰~6.62‰。 5 讨论 5.1 锆石纪录的多期构造-岩浆-变质事件
锆石的U-Pb年代学显示该岩石含有三类锆石:第一类具有新太古-古元古代207Pb/206Pb年龄(2448~2525Ma),并给出很好的上交点年龄为2523±8Ma(图 3)。CL图像和较高的Th/U比值说明这些锆石为岩浆锆石,是从基性岩浆中结晶出来的。该年龄与华北克拉通太古代广泛分布的TTG片麻岩、超基性-基性火山岩以及花岗岩等岩浆锆石的峰值一致(2.60~2.45Ga,彭澎和翟明国,2002; Zhai et al., 2005; 耿元生等,2010; Wan et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2012; Zhao and Cawood, 2012; Zhao and Zhai, 2013)。
第二类7颗锆石均落于谐和曲线附近(图 3),并给出很好的加权平均年龄为1922±6Ma。类似的年龄在太华群中已被识别出来(时毓等,2011)。该年龄与华北南缘TTG片麻岩所反映的华北中部带的俯冲碰撞作用时限接近(1.95~1.75Ga,Guo and Zhai, 2001; Zhao et al., 2002a; Kröner et al., 2005a,b; Wan et al., 2006; Faure et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2010; Trap et al., 2011,2012)。
第三类9颗锆石的11个点皆具有很高的U和Th含量和Th/U比值,属于典型的岩浆成因锆石(图 4a),所有的数据点皆落在谐和曲线上(图 3),其谐和年龄为31.38±0.15Ma。该年龄为华北克拉通太古代最年轻的岩浆事件纪录,如此年轻的年龄尚未见报道。
由此可见,麻粒岩中锆石记录了新太古代、古元古代和渐新世三期构造-岩浆-变质事件。 5.2 新太古代基性岩浆侵入古老地壳
前寒武纪地壳演化一直是固体地球科学关注的重要课题,华北南缘是研究这一问题的理想地区之一。最近对华北南缘古元古代嵩山石英岩中碎屑锆石的U-Pb年代学和O-Hf同位素地球化学研究获得如下重要发现(Zhang et al., 2014):①华北克拉通初始陆壳很可能形成于40亿年前的冥古宙,类似于西澳的Yilgarn克拉通和加拿大Slave克拉通。该冥古宙地壳在始太古-古太古(38亿年、36亿年、34亿年)期间存在多期地壳再造事件;②中太古-新太古早期(30~26亿年,峰期为27亿年)是华北克拉通最重要的地壳增生期,类似于全球其它克拉通(Condie, 1998,2000; O’Neill et al., 2007);③新太古晚期(25亿年)是华北克拉通重要的地壳再造时期,尽管也有少量地壳增生。该地壳再造事件导致大约27亿年左右形成的年轻地壳发生大规模熔融,从而形成大量TTG;④正是从太古宙多期大规模的地壳增生和再造事件导致冥古宙地壳物质难以保存,这也许就是冥古宙地壳物质很难被发现的主要原因。
Kröner et al.(1988)和Sun et al.(1994)最早报道了英云闪长岩中单颗粒锆石蒸发法207Pb/206Pb年龄为2806~2841Ma;随后薛良伟等(1995)对斜长角闪岩用全岩Sm-Nd等时线获得的年龄为2766±29Ma;Liu et al.(2009)和Lu et al.(2013)分别对该地区的斜长角闪岩测得的207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为2845~2829Ma和2730~2712Ma;第五春荣等(2010)利用LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测得TTG质片麻岩及斜长角闪岩原岩形成于为2794~2752Ma;Huang et al.(2010)运用SHRIMP对TTG片麻岩和似TTG岩石测得U-Pb年龄分别为2723±9Ma和2765±13Ma。也就是说不论是运用何种方法,太华群鲁山地体的TTG片麻岩和透镜状的斜长角闪岩原岩主要形成于2.71~2.84Ga。结合锆石Hf同位素及全岩Nd同位素数据(εHf(t)和εNd(t)>0为主)(Liu et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2010; 第五春荣等,2010),即2.71~2.84Ga的地质事件被认为是华北南缘新太古代地壳的主要形成时期,这也与全球其他主要克拉通的地壳增生、造山带形成以及超大陆循环事件在时间上有较好的一致性(Condie and Aster, 2010)。
麻粒岩中第一类锆石获得了很好的新太古代上交点年龄(图 3),该年龄与锆石Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄tDM的最小值接近。锆石较暗的CL图像和较高的Th/U比值说明是基性岩浆结晶的产物。结合其以脉状产出的野外产状和残留有辉长/辉绿结构的岩相学特征,我们认为2523±8Ma为基性岩浆侵入到古老地壳的时间。锆石正的εHf(t)值说明形成新太古基性脉岩的岩浆来自于亏损地幔。 5.3 古元古代麻粒岩相变质作用及其意义
整个华北克拉通中部造山带从北至南皆存在前寒武结晶基底,主要由形成于晚太古代的TTG片麻岩、斜长角闪岩透镜体和麻粒岩(郭敬辉等,2005)、形成于早元古代的表壳岩以及侵位于早期形成的古老地壳岩石的TTG质(Zhao et al., 2008)和镁铁质脉体构成(彭澎和翟明国,2002; Peng et al., 2012)。尽管它们的原岩形成年龄差别很大,但多数基底岩石均经历了高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相的变质作用(Zhang et al., 1985; 卢良兆等,1996; 沈其韩和吉成林,1992; Chen et al., 2015a),且明显于1.95~1.75Ga间发生变质作用。如TTG片麻岩(Wilde et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2002a)、麻粒岩(王仁民等,1991; Zhai et al., 1993; 翟明国等,1996; 郭敬辉等, 1993,2002,2005; 李江海等, 1998,2000; 魏春景等,2001; Zhao et al., 2001; O’Brien et al., 2005)和变质基性岩脉(彭澎和翟明国,2002; Peng et al., 2012)等。
麻粒岩中的第二类锆石给出了1922±6Ma的加权平均年龄(图 3),结合该岩脉的野外产状、镜下岩相学以及锆石年代学(较低的Th/U比)等研究,我们认为该类锆石为变质锆石,也就是说1922±6Ma代表了该基性岩脉新太古代形成后与太华群基底在早古元古代一起遭受了强烈的变质作用。那么Lu-Hf体系中锆石的Hf同位素单阶段模式年龄tDM对第二类锆石并没有任何地质意义,然而εHf(t)值与其原岩并无太大差别(均大于0),即仍然记录了来自于原岩基性脉岩的特征。此外,锆石对氧同位素组成具有较好的保存性,即便是在高温条件下甚至麻粒岩相变质条件下,锆石也能在干的岩石中保留岩浆氧同位素的初始δ18O值(King et al., 1997)。尽管早元古代经历了麻粒岩相变质,该基性脉仍应具有与其原岩一致的δ18O值,而恰恰相反的是变质锆石的δ18O值明显低于其原岩,表明在变质或随后的退变质作用过程中有贫δ18O的流体参与,这可能是由于在变质作用过程中接触到大气降水而发生了高温热液蚀变(Gilliam and Valley, 1997),从而导致变质增生锆石具有低δ18O的特征。 5.4 渐新世岩浆事件
华北克拉通基底形成后,在相当的一长段时间内处于稳定的构造环境,但这种稳定的构造环境仅仅是相对的,期间仍时有岩浆活动发生。华北克拉通中部陆续发现的2.2~2.1Ga的岩浆活动(第五春荣等,2013);翟明国和彭澎(2007)认为~1.9Ga的辉长岩墙群代表了来自地幔的岩浆上涌底侵于下地壳深度,而1.70~1.85Ga期间岩浆岩代表了华北克拉通进入伸展构造阶段,导致产生裂陷、基性岩墙群以及非造山岩浆活动;Zhang et al.(2009)发现华北于1.35Ga有一期基性岩墙群事件,这与哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解事件相对应;此后还有更多期的岩浆活动:400~360Ma的碱性岩、基性-超基性岩和碱性花岗岩;330~265Ma的闪长岩、花岗岩以及辉长岩;250~200Ma的花岗岩、基性-超基性岩及少量中酸性火山岩(张拴宏等,2007; Zhang et al., 2009; 赵越等,2010),然而目前还没有发现更年轻的新生代岩浆活动的锆石记录。
本次研究发现基性岩脉中锆石尚存在31.38±0.15Ma的谐和年龄。这些锆石的CL图像以及较高的U和Th含量和Th/U比值(图 3、图 4)说明其为岩浆锆石(吴元保和郑永飞,2004; 李长民,2009)。而锆石的Hf同位素具有非常接近0的εHf(t)值(表 2),在εHf(t)-Age图上表现为集中分布于CHUR演化线附近(图 4),反映了岩浆锆石来源于具有球粒陨石型的岩浆源。结合5.78‰~6.62‰的δ18O值(属于原始地幔的δ18O范围)(图 5),表明了此次岩浆的确来源于地幔岩浆库。综上所述,由该基性岩脉所记录的~31Ma岩浆锆石指示了渐新世发生了地幔岩浆上涌事件。
![]() | 图 5 鲁山太华群基性脉中锆石的氧同位素直方图
图中原始地幔的阴影区δ18O=5.3±0.6‰取自Taylor(1980)和Valley et al.(2005)Fig. 5 Oxygen isotope histograms of the zircons for the Taihua Group mafic dyke in the Lushan area The shaded eld in this diagram for the primitive mantle(δ18O=5.3±0.6‰)is taken from Taylor(1980) and Valley et al.(2005) |
随着国内外学者对华北南缘早前寒武纪时期的逐渐深入研究,在一定程度上为华北南缘乃至整个华北中部造山带的构造属性及演化提供了更多的依据。早先人们认为华北克拉通具有统一的结晶基底;20世纪80年代以来,人们逐渐意识到华北克拉通是由多个彼此独立的地块拼合而成(陈衍景,1996; Zhai et al., 2000),这些独立的地块为不同性质不同时代具有沟-弧-盆构造体系的构造单元(李江海等,2000),Zhao et al.(2001)将华北克拉通基底分为东部陆块、西部陆块以及中部造山带。结合变质杂岩的主、微量地球化学特征的研究,林慈銮(2006)、第五春荣等(2010)和Wang et al.(2013)等人认为华北南缘晚太古代处于类似于现代大陆边缘岛弧环境,也有人提出中太古代-晚太古代处于类似于板块构造体制下的俯冲作用而发生了陆核拼贴(杨长秀,2008),到古元古代地壳抬升裂解转变为大陆伸展构造,进一步形成拉张性小洋盆,随后华北南缘同中部造山带中其他地区变质杂岩一致,普遍经历了~1.85Ga的高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质作用(李江海等,1998; 郭敬辉等, 2002,2005; Zhao et al., 2002a,2008,2010; Kröner et al., 2005a,b; O’Brien et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2006;刘树文等, 2007,2009,2011; Trap et al., 2007,2008,2009a,b; Wang,2009; Zhang et al., 2009; 肖玲玲和王国栋,2011; 肖玲玲等,2011),这可能是较小的块体拼贴使洋盆闭合而发生了类似碰撞挤压的强烈变形变质。通过对华北南缘中条(梅华林,1994)、鲁山(吴春明等,2008; Lu et al., 2015)以及洛宁(蒋宗胜等,2011; Chen et al., 2015b)等地区矿物温压估算并结合年代学反演了变质杂岩在古元古代经历了升温升压、峰期变质、快速降压的变质过程,具有近等温降压ITD型顺 时针演化特征的P-T-t轨迹,这与华北克拉通造山带中段和北段的P-T-t轨迹类型相似(郭敬辉等, 1998,1999; 刘福来和沈其韩,1999; Zhao et al., 1999b,2001; Xiao et al., 2011;肖玲玲等,2011; Kröner et al., 2005a,b),赵国春(2009)认为这是华北克拉通东部、西部陆块俯冲-碰撞-快速隆升造山的结果。自华北克拉通各块体碰撞拼合发生古元古代的构造-变质事件之后,便结束了华北早前寒武纪基底的地壳演化,形成统一的华北克拉通结晶基底。
本文对太华群中呈脉状产出的麻粒岩中锆石U-Pb年代学和O、Hf同位素地球化学特征的研究结果说明该脉体由幔源岩浆上侵并于新太古代晚期就位形成。结合其野外与花岗片麻岩的侵入接触关系以及镜下变余辉长/辉绿结构的观察证明该脉体为侵位于太古代基底的基性岩脉,且并未遭受到太古代地壳物质的明显混染。另外该脉体还记录了古元古代末期的变质事件,结合镜下岩石学矿物组合、“红眼圈”结构和前人对华北中部造山带1.95~1.75Ga期间变质作用的研究(Zhang et al., 1985; 沈其韩和吉成林,1992; Zhai et al., 1993; 翟明国等,1996; 郭敬辉等, 1993,2002,2005; 卢良兆等,1996; 李江海等, 1998,2000; Wilde et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2001,2002a; 魏春景等,2001; 彭澎和翟明国,2002; O’Brien et al., 2005; Peng et al., 2012),我们认为该脉体侵位后随同古老基底一起俯冲至下地壳深度并发生了麻粒岩相的变质作用,锆石记录的1.92Ga为其峰期变质年龄。 6 结论
通过上述分析可以得出以下结论:
(1)华北克拉通南缘太华群鲁山地区基性麻粒岩脉中存在有三类锆石,至少记录了三期地质事件:2523±8Ma、1922±6Ma以及31.38±0.15Ma,说明华北南缘存在有多期的构造-岩浆-变质事件。
(2)基性岩脉于2523±8Ma侵位,随后于1922±6Ma发生峰期变质,同时记录了31.38±0.15Ma的岩浆事件。
(3)基性脉研究进一步证实了华北南缘经历了俯冲-碰撞-多阶段隆升的过程,且在古元古代时期华北克拉通中部造山带普遍存在一次复杂的构造-变质演化过程。
致谢 野外工作得到了西北大学周鼎武教授和张娟老师的指导和帮助,锆石的U-Pb年代学和O同位素分析得到了中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所离子探针实验室唐国强工程师和凌潇潇博士的帮助,锆石的Hf同位素分析得到了中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱实验室杨岳衡研究员的帮助,在此一并表示感谢。同时,感谢吴春明副主编和评审人王伟博士、肖玲玲博士、卢俊生博士对本文进行的认真和富有建设性的评审。| [1] | Belousova EA, Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY and Fisher NI. 2002. Igneous zircon:Trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 143(5):602-622 |
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