岩石学报  2015, Vol. 31 Issue (7): 2053-2062   PDF    
西藏冈底斯南缘雄村铜金矿床成矿斑岩厘定及其锆石U-Pb和黑云母Ar-Ar年龄分析
邹银桥1,2, 黄文婷1, 梁华英1 , 伍静3, 林书平1,2, 王秀璋1    
1. 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所, 中国科学院矿物学与成矿学重点实验室, 广州 510640;
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
3. 广西大学资源与冶金学院, 南宁 530004
摘要:雄村特大型斑岩铜金矿床主要以细脉浸染状产于强烈蚀变岩石中,赋矿岩石原岩成因类型存在争议。本文对多个赋矿蚀变岩石作了系统光薄片显微鉴定,在多个蚀变较弱的矿化样品中发现赋矿岩石具斑状结构,其基质主要为钾长石,斑晶主要为斜长石、钾长石及少量石英,显示石英正长斑岩及二长斑岩(少量)矿物组成特征。结合前人工作,可以认为雄村铜金矿床赋矿岩石为正长斑岩、火山岩及少量二长斑岩。正长斑岩发育斑岩铜金矿床成矿早期常见的钾硅化蚀变及磁铁矿化蚀变,锆石具高的Ce4+/Ce3+比值(334~3084,平均值为1169),显示高氧逸度岩浆特征,和世界斑岩铜金矿床成矿岩体一致;这表明石英正长斑岩为雄村铜金矿床成矿岩体。石英正长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为173.7±2.1Ma(MSWD=0.23),石英正长斑岩钾化阶段形成的黑云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为48.3±0.9Ma(MSWD=1.58),远小于锆石U-Pb年龄却与矿区东北部始新世花岗岩基的年龄一致,显示Ar-Ar年龄受后期地质事件影响而发生重置。通过上述研究,可以认为雄村铜金矿床为与石英正长斑岩有关的斑岩型矿床,形成时代约173Ma,和新特提斯洋洋壳向北俯冲诱发的岩浆事件有关,矿区内云母受后期地质事件影响重置,不能记录其形成时代。
关键词雄村     锆石U-Pb年龄     斑岩型铜金矿床     新特提斯     冈底斯南缘    
Identification of porphyry genetically associated with mineralization and its zircon U-Pb and biotite Ar-Ar age of the Xiongcun Cu-Au deposit, southern Gangdese, Tibet.
ZOU YinQiao1,2, HUANG WenTing1, LIANG HuaYing1 , WU Jing3, LIN ShuPing1,2, WANG XiuZhang1    
1. CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. College of Resources and Metallurgy of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Abstract: The Xiongcun super-large Cu-Au porphyry deposit occurs as veinlet and disseminated mineralization in strongly altered rocks. There are different opinions on the type of ore bearing rock due to that the rocks underwent strongly alteration and therefore, protolith could not easily be recognized. The mineral assemblage and structure of the ore-hosted rocks are systematically studied through thin section identification at the relatively weakly altered domains. It is found at the weakly domain of the thin section that the protolith was characterized by porphyritic texture. The phenocrysts are dominantly plagioclase, K-feldspars, and minor quarts, while matrix is consist of K-feldspar and plagioclase. The petrology features indicate they are mainly of quartz syenite porphyry and a small amount of monzonite porphyry. Based on our work, together with previous work, it is concluded that the strongly altered ore bearing rocks include mainly quartz syenite porphyry, volcanic rocks and some monzonite porphyry. The Xiongcun quartz syenite porphyry underwent potassic alteration, silication, and magnetic alteration, which is common in the early stage alteration of Cu-Au porphyry deposits all over the world. The Xiongcun quartz has high zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios, with an average of 1169, suggesting that the magma of the Xiongcun syenite porphyry was formed under high oxygen fugacity, which was the same as those found in most of the porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the world. The alteration assemblage in the quartz syenite porphyry and the high oxygen fugacity of the magma of syenite porphyry suggest that the quartz syenite porphyry is genetically related to the Xiongcun Cu-Au mineralizatoin. Quartz syenite porphyry has zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of 173.7±2.1Ma, with MSWD=0.23 and Ar-Ar age of biotite formed by potassic alteration in the quartz syenite porphyry is 48.3±0.9Ma, with MSWD=1.58. The biotite Ar-Ar age is much younger than the zircon U-Pb age and on the other hand, is coeval with the age of granitic batholith located in northeastern Xiongcun Cu-Au ore field, suggesting that biotite 40Ar-39Ar isotope system was reset by subsequent magma event. It is concluded that the quartz syenite porphyry is genetically related to Xiongcun Cu-Au mineralization and that the Xiongcun porphyry deposit was formed by the northward subduction of Neo-Tethys. The Ar-Ar age of biotite formed by potassic alteration can't record the mineralization age of the porphyry deposit due to its Ar-Ar isotope system was reset by later thermal events.
Key words: Xiongcun     Zircon U-Pb dating     Porphyry Cu-Au deposit     Neo-Tethys     Southern Gangdese    

冈底斯带记录了特提斯洋的打开消亡及欧亚大陆碰撞的重要地质事件(Chung et al., 20052009; Mo et al., 20052007; Royden et al., 2008; Zhu et al., 2013),同时是我国重要的斑岩铜矿产出地带(侯增谦等, 20012004; Yang et al., 2009)。因此,冈底斯带南缘岩浆及矿床形成引起地质学家的重视。现有研究表明,冈底斯带南缘斑岩铜钼矿床主要形成于碰撞后(<65Ma)的造山环境。雄村铜金矿床位于日喀则地区谢通门县,探明铜储量大于100万吨,金大于100吨(郎兴海等,2012),是冈底斯南缘发现的首个俯冲期与中酸性岩浆作用有关的矿床。雄村铜金矿床的发现引起了人们广泛关注,开展了大量工作(Qin et al., 2005; Tafti,2006; Tafti et al., 2009; 徐文艺等, 2006ab; 郎兴海等, 2010b20112013; 应丽娟等,2012; 曲晓明等,2007a; 唐菊兴等, 2009ab2010; Lang et al., 2014)。郎兴海等(2012)获得矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄在160~163Ma,提出矿床形成于俯冲构造环境;郎兴海等(2011)应立娟等(2012)分析了矿床蚀变-物化探元素分布地质特征,此外对矿区内各地质体的年代学及地球化学特征(曲晓明等,2007a; 唐菊兴等, 2009ab2010; Tafti,2006; Tafti et al., 2009; 郎兴海等, 2010b2013)及成矿流体特征也开展了较多的研究工作(徐文艺等,2006b)。雄村铜金矿床主要为浸染状产于强硅化蚀变中酸性火成岩中,矿体为厚板状,具有斑岩型矿床的矿化特征,又和典型斑岩矿床的不同。由于赋矿岩石发生强烈蚀变,原岩特征及成因类型不易识别,因而对赋矿岩石类型及矿床成因类型有不同看法。主要有赋矿岩石为白垩纪海底火山碎屑岩,矿床为火山块状硫化物矿床(Qin et al., 2005);赋矿岩石为新生代火山岩,矿床为新生代未发育成熟的斑岩矿化与浅成低温热液矿床(徐文艺等,2006a);破碎带蚀变岩型铜金矿床(曲晓明等,2007b);赋矿岩石为侏罗纪闪长玢岩,矿床为斑岩型矿床(Lang et al., 2014; 唐菊兴等,2010)等。因此,分析蚀变赋矿岩石成因类型,对了解本矿床形成过程及成因类型有着重要的意义。本文在详细观察分析雄村矿区赋矿岩石显微特征的基础上,分析赋矿岩石成因类型、岩浆特征、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及蚀变黑云母Ar-Ar年龄,借此讨论矿床的成因类型及形成背景。

1 矿区地质概况及矿床地质特征

雄村斑岩铜金矿床位于西藏日喀则地区谢通门县荣玛乡雄村,大地构造位置为西藏冈底斯成矿带中段南缘,南侧紧邻日喀则弧前盆地(图 1)(徐文艺等,2006b; 唐菊兴等,2009b)。

图 1 雄村斑岩铜金矿床矿区地质图(据郎兴海等,2010a修编) Fig. 1 Geological map of Xiongcun porphyry Cu-Au deposit(modified after Lang et al., 2010a)

矿区出露的地层主要为一套酸性-安山质凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩及泥页岩和全新统崩积物-冲积物(唐菊兴等,2009a; 应立娟等,2012)。过去认为其为白垩纪海相火山岩(Qin et al., 2005),近年来随着凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄(176~195Ma)测定(唐菊兴等,2010; 曲晓明等,2007a),现多认为其为中下侏罗统凝灰质火山沉积岩。

矿区岩浆活动强烈,主要有出露于矿区东部的始新世黑云母钾长花岗岩及矿区西部及南部的中晚侏罗世(角闪)石英闪长玢岩(图 1)。矿区东部黑云母钾长花岗岩为区域上的花岗岩大岩基,岩体新鲜无矿化,为白垩纪-古近纪南冈底斯岩基的组成部分,常呈岩脉状侵入其西部的侏罗纪地质体和雄村铜金矿体中(唐菊兴等,2010)。

矿区断裂构造发育,主要呈北西向、北西西向或北北西向展布,沿断层普遍分布有断层角砾岩和构造蚀变岩。次级断层呈北西或北北西走向,大多具有陡倾特点,倾向北东或东,均为成矿后断层(郎兴海等, 2010ab)。

雄村铜金矿床探明Cu储量>100Mt,平均品位为0.45%,Au >100t,平均品位0.61g/t。矿体为厚板状,长轴北西向,长约1200多米,宽约600m,平均厚度大于200m(唐菊兴等,2009b)。主要金属矿物为:黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿及自然金等。非金属矿物主要为石英、红柱石、钾长石、斜长石、绢云母、黑云母等(郎兴海,2012)。

矿体经历了很强的热液蚀变作用,主要有钾化、硅化、绢云母化、泥化、绿泥石-绿帘石化、堇青石化及红柱石化等。赋矿岩石硅化较强,多处见强硅化形成的硅化岩。

2 雄村矿化岩石特征及成因类型分析

为了分析雄村铜金矿床赋矿岩石类型,我们对雄村铜金矿床多个钻孔矿化岩体作了详细的光薄片观察鉴定。由于雄村铜金矿床赋矿岩石发生了强烈蚀变,多数原岩被蚀变破坏,因而只能通过蚀变岩石局部蚀变较弱部位矿物组成分析岩石类型。我们在雄村矿区ZK5004、ZK5040、ZK5042、ZK5044、ZK5052、ZK5055、ZK6178(图 1)7个钻孔不同深度采样,对矿化岩石作了系统的光薄片观察鉴定,多数样品已发生强烈硅化而形成硅化岩,少数局部蚀变较弱部位显微特征见图 2

图 2 雄村铜金矿床赋矿岩石显微特征图

Pl-斜长石;Kfs-钾长石;Cod-堇青石;Mt-磁铁矿;Bit-黑云母
Fig. 2 Microphotographs of ore-bearing porphyry of Xiongcun Cu-Au deposit
Pl-plagioclase; Kfs-K-feldspar; Cod-cordierite; Mt-magnetite; Bit-biotite

在ZK6178孔169.4m处,岩石具斑状结构,斑晶主要由斜长石,牌号An=12~21之间,为更长石(已绢云母化)和钾长石组成(图 2a),见浑圆状石英斑晶(图 2b),基质主要由钾长石、斜长石组成;该岩石结构及矿物组成特征表明其为二长斑岩。其余ZK5004、ZK5040、ZK5042、ZK5044、ZK5052、ZK5055 6个钻孔的赋矿蚀变岩石具斑状结构,斑晶主要由斜长石(An为2~3,为钠长石)、钾长石(图 2c,e)及较少石英组成(图 2g),基质主要为钾长石(图 2f),粒度多在2mm左右,显示石英正长斑岩的特征。上述赋矿蚀变岩石矿物组成及结构特征表明其主要为石英正长斑岩-石英二长斑岩。石英正长斑岩和石英二长斑岩矿化蚀变特征一致可能属同一岩石系列。雄村铜金矿床部分矿化还产于火山岩中,因此,雄村铜金矿床赋矿岩石主要为石英正长斑岩、二长斑岩及火山岩。

石英正长斑岩中普遍见斑岩型铜金矿床成矿早期常见的钾硅化及磁铁矿化蚀变,局部见钾化形成的细粒状黑云母(图 2d,e)和浸染状铜矿化共生及浸染状磁铁矿(图 3h)。雄村铜金矿床正长斑岩中见堇青石(图 2f,g)。正长斑岩中堇青石应该是岩浆上升至浅部地壳过程中捕获的铝质泥岩(围岩)形成的。

图 3 雄村斑岩矿床赋矿石英正长斑岩锆石CL图 Fig. 3 CL images of the analyzed zircon grains from the ore-bearing quartz syenite porphyry,Xiongcun porphyry deposit
3 分析方法 3.1 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素组成及微量元素分析

样品采自ZK5005孔312m处,矿化石英正长斑岩(XC7-12)用常规方法粉碎至60目,用水初步淘选之后经过磁选精选,在双目镜下手工挑选出自形的晶型较好的锆石。将待测锆石置于环氧树脂中制成靶、磨至约一半使锆石中心部位暴露并抛光,然后进行反射光、透射光照相。利用阴极发光(CL)扫描电镜进行图像分析确定单颗粒锆石的形态、结构,以选择颗粒大、较自形清晰无包体的锆石进行分析。

阴极发光(CL)图像在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室拍摄完成。锆石原位微区LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 定年及锆石微量元素分析在广州地球化学研究所同位素地球化学国家重点实验室进行。分析使用Resolution M-50 激光剥蚀系统和Agilent 7500a 型的ICP-MS 联机的LA-ICP-MS。使用标准锆石TEMORA及微量元素标样 NIST 610。微量元素含量计算以Si为内标、NIST610为外标。具体仪器组成和实验参数参考文献(Li et al., 2012; Ding et al., 2013)。对分析数据的离线处理,包括对样品的信号选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正、元素含量及U-Th-Pb同位素比值和年龄计算采用 ICPMSDataCal 7.2 软件(Liu et al., 2010),锆石样品的U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制和年龄加权平均年龄计算采用ISOPLOT(Ludwig,2003)。

锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值通过测定锆石及岩石稀土元素含量计算(Ballard et al., 2002)。为了排除锆石中磷灰石包体及其它地质事件对锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值影响,只计算具有效锆石年龄的Ce4+/Ce3+比值。

3.2 黑云母Ar-Ar同位素分析

在详细光薄片观察的基础上,选取Xc7-09(石英正长斑岩)样品黑云母作Ar-Ar年龄分析。黑云母与磁铁矿共生(图 2d),偶见星点黄铜矿,表明其为斑岩矿床成矿早期钾硅化及磁铁矿化阶段形成的。样品经破碎至20目,在双目显微镜下挑选0.2g左右的云母,挑纯至99%。用纯铝铂纸将样品包裹成直径约6mm的球形,与标样ZBH-25一同封闭于玻璃瓶中,送至中国原子能科学研究院49-2反应堆B4孔道进行中子照射,照射时间为24h,中子通量为(6.0~6.5)×1012/cm2·s。用于中子通量监测的样品是我国周口店K-Ar标准黑云母(ZBH-25,年龄为132.7Ma)。照射后的样品冷置后,装入圣诞树状的样品架中,密封去气之后,装入系统。

样品测试40Ar/39Ar同位素年代分析在中国科学院广州地球化学研究所同位素地球化学国家重点实验室进行,具体的分析技术规格见(Qiu et al., 2010; Yun et al., 2010)。40Ar/39Ar定年结果的计算和投点采用ArArCALC计算软件(Koppers,2002; 张凡等,2009)。

4 分析结果 实验分析了石英正长斑岩的锆石U-Pb同位素组成、锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值以及黑云母的Ar-Ar同位素组成(表 1表 2)。含矿石英正长斑岩LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄在157~198Ma之间,4个分析点谐和度< 90%,锆石Th/U比值在0.49~1.10之间。黑云母主要加热阶段的Ar-Ar表观年龄为38.9~48.8Ma之间。
表 1 含矿石英正长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS分析结果 Table 1 Zircon LA-ICP-MS data of ore-bearing quartz syenite porphyry

表 2 雄村斑岩矿床石英正长斑岩黑云母40Ar/39Ar测年结果 Table 2 40Ar/39Ar isotopic age analyses of biotite from Xiongcun ore bearing quartz syenite porphyry
5 讨论 5.1 石英正长斑岩岩浆高氧逸度特征及成矿岩体分析

与斑岩铜金矿化有关的岩浆多具有较高的氧逸度。高氧逸度岩浆中的硫为氧化硫,而氧化态硫在岩浆中的溶解度较大,使岩浆中的硫在岩浆形成演化过程中处于不饱和状态,有利于亲铜元素在岩浆形成演化过程中富集形成矿床(Sillitoe,1997; Mungall,2002; Ballard et al., 2002; Sun et al., 2004201020132014; Liang et al., 20062009)。锆石Ce4+/Ce3+比值可反映成矿岩浆氧逸度相对高低,斑岩铜金矿床的成矿岩体锆石多具较高的Ce4+/Ce3+比值(Ballard et al., 2002; Liang et al., 2006)。西藏玉龙铜矿的成矿岩体锆石的Ce4+/Ce3+一般大于200,而非成矿岩体则一般小于120,智利斑岩铜金矿床成矿岩体锆石Ce4+/Ce3+值大于300。雄村赋矿石英正长斑岩的锆石Ce4+/Ce3+值大,变化大,在334至3084之间(表 1),平均1169,显示石英正长斑岩具高氧逸度特征,和世界斑岩铜金矿床成矿岩体的值相似。这初步显示石英正长斑岩和矿化有内在成因联系。

斑岩矿床成矿岩体多发育成矿早期钾硅化及磁铁矿化(Liang et al., 2009),雄村铜金矿床赋矿石英正长斑岩发育斑岩铜(金)矿床早期常见的钾硅化(图 2d,e)及磁铁矿化-硅化(图 2h)等蚀变。这也表明石英正长斑岩与铜金矿化有成因联系。

雄村赋矿石英正长斑岩高氧逸度岩浆特征及蚀变特征表明石英正长斑岩与铜金矿化具有内在成因关系,雄村铜金矿床为与石英正长斑岩有关的斑岩型矿床。

5.2 石英正长斑岩形成时代

锆石阴极发光图像(图 3)显示,测试样品锆石多为自形-半自形柱状,晶体为无色-淡褐色,长轴方向200~300μm,长宽比在1~3之间,振荡环带发育,锆石Th/U值大于0.5(表 1),表明测定的锆石为岩浆结晶成因锆石(Hoskin and Black, 2000)。

本次实验共测定20颗锆石样品的T-U-Pb同位素组成,其中4个点谐和度在90%以下,不参与计算。其余16颗锆石238U/206Pb年龄在157~198Ma之间。为减少继承铅、铅丢失对年龄的影响,我们用累计概率统计图处理锆石206Pb/238U年龄数据(图 4内插图)。在累积概率统计图上,岩体主群锆石多为直线分布,直线上方分布点视作继承Pb,直线下方分布点视作Pb丢失(Harris et al., 2004)。雄村斑岩铜金矿床石英正长斑岩锆石16个分析点中,3个较大年龄点和1个较小年龄点明显不在直线上,分别视作继承铅和铅丢失,其余12个点获得主群锆石加权平均年龄为173.7±2.1Ma,MSWD=0.23。锆石U-Pb同位素封闭温度较高,主群锆石年龄代表岩体的结晶年龄(Harris et al., 2004)。因此,雄村石英正长斑岩形成时代为173.7±2.1Ma。

图 4 雄村斑岩矿床赋矿石英正长斑岩锆石206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U年龄谐和图(内插图为累计概率统计图) Fig. 4 Concordia plot showing the zircon U-Pb analyses of the ore-bearing quartz-syenite porphyry of the Xiongcun porphyry deposit(the insert is probability plot)
5.3 黑云母Ar-Ar年龄及后期热事件的影响分析

矿区东部大面积出露新生代钾长花岗岩,而矿区钻孔中也见大量晚期脉岩。前人据绢云母Ar-Ar年龄约为38Ma左右,提出矿床是新生代形成的浅成低温矿床(徐文艺等, 2006ab)。为了分析后期岩浆热事件对该区成矿的影响,我们分析了斑岩铜金矿床钾化阶段形成的黑云母(图 2d)Ar-Ar年龄(表 2)。黑云母样品共进行了16个阶段的激光加热阶段,年龄谱及坪年龄见图 5a,所有数据点对应的正反等时线年龄图见图 5b,c。分析结果显示,表观年龄呈阶梯状递增,变化范围从8.4~48.8Ma,总气体年龄36.2±1.6Ma。在激光加热前6个阶段表面年龄由8.4Ma增至33.7Ma(图 5a),39Ar仅为析出量的28%,后十个加热阶段表观年龄在38.9~48.8Ma,并在激光加热第13~16阶段取得了似坪年龄为48.3±0.9Ma(图 5a)。所有数据点对应的正反等时线年龄分别为51.4±11.7Ma,51.2±11.6Ma(图 5b,c),其初始40Ar/36Ar为247.4±177(图 5b),略小于大气40Ar/36Ar(295.5)。在本文中用坪年龄代表黑云母Ar-Ar同位素记录的时代。

图 5 正长斑岩中蚀变黑云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄和等时线年龄 Fig. 5 The 40Ar-39Ar age plateaus and isochrones for biotite from ore-bearing rock of Xiongcun porphyry deposit

本文获得的斑岩矿床钾化阶段黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄(48.3±0.9Ma)远远小于石英正长斑岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄(173.7±2.1Ma),而和矿区东部始新世花岗岩大岩基(46.5±1.1Ma)、穿插矿体黑云母花岗闪长岩岩脉(46.9±0.4Ma)及云煌岩脉(49.6± 0.6Ma)(唐菊兴等, 2009a2010)等一致。这表明雄村斑岩型铜金矿床受后期强烈地质热事件的干扰,斑岩矿床钾化阶段形成黑云母Ar-Ar同位素体系由于受到后期地质热事件的影响而发生重置,仅记录后期地质热事件而不能反映其形成时代。

现有研究成果表明,斑岩铜矿床成岩成矿系统时间跨度约1Myr左右(Cathles et al., 1997;梁华英等, 20082009)。雄村斑岩型矿床成矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄(173.7±2.1Ma)和郎兴海等(2012)辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄(161.5±2.7Ma)存在较大的差异,相差约12Ma。石英正长斑岩蚀变特征及高氧逸度岩浆特征表明其为成矿岩体,那么为什么辉钼矿模式年龄和岩体存在约12Ma时差?我们认为雄村斑岩铜金矿床两种同位素体系年龄差异较大,可能主要是下列两个原因所致:

其一是辉钼矿后受到后期地质热事件的影响,导致Re-Os年龄变小。前人研究表明辉钼矿中的Re在中低温流体或表生条件下易发生迁移丢失或在辉钼矿中微粒K-Si矿物如伊利石中富集,导致辉钼矿Re-Os年龄异常大或变小,前者如美国内华达州Gold Acres 矽卡岩型Cu-Mo矿床,后者如纳米比亚Lorelei斑岩Cu-Mo矿床(McCandless et al., 1993)。雄村斑岩矿床受后期地质事件强烈影响,发生强烈硅化及泥化蚀变,斑岩矿床钾化阶段黑云母Ar-Ar同位素体系也由于受后期地质事件扰动而发生重置;Os一般比较稳定(McCandless et al., 1993),因此,雄村斑岩型铜金矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄远小于成矿岩体锆石U-Pb年龄可能是辉钼矿在后期蚀变作用下,辉钼矿中微粒粘土矿物获得外来Re所致。其二可能是辉钼矿分析点较少,4个点在等时线上主要集于2区域(朗兴海等,2012),等时线年龄误差较大。

5.4 矿床形成的构造背景及过程分析

冈底斯带为班-怒缝合带与雅江缝合带之间的巨型构造岩浆岩带,记录了新特提斯洋的打开与消亡的构造演化(Chung et al., 2005; Zhu et al., 2013; Royden et al., 2008)以及陆陆碰撞造山作用等主要地质事件(Mo et al., 20052007; Chung et al., 2009)。已有资料表明,新特提斯洋打开时间不晚于晚三叠世(Mo et al., 20072008),现已发现的冈底斯南缘桑日群火山岩年龄最老为195Ma,显示典型的岛弧火山岩的地球化学特征(Kang et al., 2014),表明新特提斯洋开始俯冲的时间不晚于早侏罗世。目前在冈底斯南缘发现了一系列形成于早中侏罗世,与洋壳俯冲有关的火成岩(Harrison et al., 1992; Chu et al., 2006; Ji et al., 2009; 董彦辉等,2006; 张宏飞等,2007; Tafti et al., 2009; 唐菊兴等,2010; 曲晓明等,2007a),表明新特提斯洋壳至少在早侏罗世开始向北俯冲,在冈底斯南缘引发了强烈的火山岩浆活动,形成冈底斯岩浆弧及日喀则弧前盆地。一般认为,特提斯洋于65Ma闭合,两个大陆开始碰撞(Mo et al., 20072008; Ding et al., 2005)。因此,冈底斯南缘形成时代大于65Ma小于195Ma的岩浆岩及有关矿床多与新特提斯洋壳俯冲背景有关。雄村斑岩铜金矿床位于冈底斯南缘日喀则弧前盆地,成矿岩体石英正长斑岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为173.7±2.1Ma,MSWD=0.23,因此,雄村斑岩型铜金矿床的形成与新特提斯洋向北俯冲有关。锆石Hf同位素组成表明(将在另文中发表),石英正长斑岩εHf(t)在11~15之间,显新生地壳特征。据冈底斯南缘中生代构造背景,初步认为雄村斑岩铜金矿床形成过程可概括为,新特提斯洋壳在晚三叠纪或早中侏罗纪向北俯冲,俯冲洋壳脱水,交代上覆地幔楔,诱发其部分熔融形成富水高氧逸度钾质岩浆,富水高氧化岩浆分解地幔源区中硫化物,形成富铜金富水高氧化岩浆。成矿岩浆在173Ma左右发生侵入岩浆活动,成矿岩浆在上升过程中出溶挥发相,成矿元素Cu、Au等由于在流体和熔体中之间分配系数较大,进入岩浆出溶挥发相中;当岩浆上升定位到地壳浅部时,岩浆热液在斑岩体顶部及其围岩接触带附近交代岩体及围岩形成斑岩矿床(Sillitoe,1972)。

斑岩矿床形成深度一般较浅,多在1~3km左右(Cooke et al., 2004),冈底斯带由于后期碰撞引起的地壳加厚、抬升剥蚀等,较先形成的斑岩型矿床遭受破坏而不利于保存。冈底斯南缘大面积出露白垩纪以后岩基,多数斑岩已被剥蚀破坏,因此,冈底斯南缘俯冲型斑岩铜金矿床重点找矿靶区应集中在冈底斯南缘中生代以后凹陷盆地如侏罗纪火山岩分布区。

6 结论

(1)雄村铜金矿床强蚀变赋矿岩石为正长斑岩、火山岩及少量二长斑岩;

(2)石英正长斑岩发育典型的钾化及磁铁矿化蚀变,且具高氧逸度岩浆特征,为成矿岩体;雄村铜金矿床为与石英正长斑岩有关斑岩型矿床;

(3)石英正长斑岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为173.7±2.1Ma,MSWD=0.23,斑岩矿床钾硅化蚀变黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄年龄为48.3±0.9Ma;雄村斑岩矿床形成与早中侏罗世新特提斯洋北向俯冲诱发岩浆活动有关,云母Ar-Ar年龄受后期热事件影响,不能记录矿床形成时代。

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