2. 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点开放实验室,北京 100037
3. 国土资源部科技与国际合作司,北京 100812
4. 广东省地质建设工程集团公司,广州 510080
2. Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Ministry of Land and Resources, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3. Technology and International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100812, China
4. Geological Construction Engineering Group Corporation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510080, China
钦杭成矿带在大地构造位置属于华夏与扬子两个古陆块在新元古代碰撞拼接所形成的板块缝合带(图 1)。该成矿带南西自广西钦洲湾,经湘东和赣中,往北东延伸至浙江杭州湾,总体呈NE向反S状弧形展布,全长约2000km,宽100~300km(杨明桂和梅勇文,1997)。随着研究工作的不断深入,人们逐渐认识到钦杭成矿带不仅是扬子与华夏陆块的碰撞拼接带,而且也是华南地区一条独具特色的铜金和钨锡多金属成矿带,尤其对于金铜铅锌铁等紧缺矿产资源找矿前景良好(蒋少涌等,2008;杨明桂等,2009;毛景文等,2011;周永章等,2012;徐德明等,2012;郭春丽等,2013)。周永章等(2012)根据内部结构的不均一性又将钦杭成矿带细分为北、中、南 3 段,北段指南岭以北地区,即绍兴-江山-萍乡一带,以铜、铁和贵金属等为主;中段与南岭带大体一致,主要分布在北纬24°~27°之间,是世界著名的花岗岩省和重要的钨锡多金属矿产地;南段位于南岭以南区域,大致与云开-十万大山带相当,优势矿种包括金、银多金属等,主要分布在云开、大瑶山和十万大山地区。毛景文等(2011)将钦杭成矿带矿床类型划分为两个成矿系列和三个成矿亚系列,主要包括海底喷流沉积型铜锌矿、斑岩型铜钼矿、浅成低温热液型铅锌银金矿、矽卡岩型钨锡矿、石英脉型钨锡矿以及剪切带型金矿等。矿床的成矿时代主要可以分成4个时期:(1)新元古代(黄有年,1992;贺菊瑞等,2008);(2)中晚侏罗世(175~160Ma)(雷泽恒等,2010;王永磊等,2009;王登红等,2009;钟立峰等,2010;李晓峰等,2006;姚军明等,2007);(3)晚侏罗世(160~150Ma)(李红艳等,1996;毛景文等,2007;Yuan et al., 2007,2008,2011; 刘晓菲等,2012;袁顺达,2012a,b);(4)白垩纪(135~80Ma)(张家菁等,2009;孙晓明等,2003;赵海杰等,2012;余长发等,2012;郑伟,2013a,b)。尽管华南地区研究程度较高,大规模岩浆活动和成矿作用一直是研究热点,但是对于区内的构造演化仍然存在争议:(1)活动大陆边缘构造-岩浆作用模式(Jahn,1974;Jahn et al., 1976;Xu et al., 1987;Charvet et al., 1994;Lapierre et al., 1997;Zhou and Li, 2000,2006;Su et al., 2013);(2)阿尔卑斯型大陆碰撞模式(Hsü et al., 1988,1990);(3)大陆拉张-裂解模式(Gilder et al., 1991,1996;Li and Li, 2007);(4)地幔柱成因模式(毛景文等,1998;谢桂青等,2001)。之所以存在以上的争议,表明还有较多科学问题研究的不太全面和深入,甚至许多矿床还缺少精确的成矿时代数据以及地球化学研究等。
![]() | 图 1 钦杭结合带及邻区构造分区略图(据杨明桂和梅勇文,1997) 1-古板块结合带(断线为推测部分);2-断层及构造分区界线;3-过渡性构造带边界;4-蛇绿岩体;Ⅰ1-扬子陆块;Ⅰ11-江南地块;Ⅰ12-下扬子坳陷;Ⅰ2-湘桂陆缘造山带;Ⅰ21-湘中坳陷;Ⅰ22-右江裂谷带;Ⅱ1-浙粤陆缘造山带;Ⅱ10-罗-仙霞前缘褶冲带;Ⅱ11-罗仙褶皱带;Ⅱ12-武夷褶皱带;Ⅱ13-东南沿海火山断裂带;Ⅱ14-云开褶皱带;Ⅱ15-粤东褶皱带;Ⅱ16-海南褶皱带;Ⅱ2-华夏陆块-琼南残留地块;Ⅰ-Ⅱ1-浙西地体;Ⅰ-Ⅱ2-万年地体;Ⅰ-Ⅱ3-萍-乐坳陷;Ⅰ-Ⅱ4-湘东南坳陷;Ⅰ-Ⅱ5-南岭复合带;Ⅰ-Ⅱ6-钦洲坳陷 Fig.1 Sketch map of Qing-Hang conbined belt and adjacent regions (after Yang and Mei, 1997) 1-ancient combining belt (the dotted lines are inferred parts); 2-faults and boundaries of tectonic units; 3-boundaries of transitional tectonic belts; 4-ophiolite; Ⅰ1-Yangtze block;Ⅰ11-Jiangnan Massif;Ⅰ12-Lower Yangtze depression;Ⅰ2-continental orogenic belt in Hunan-Guangxi;Ⅰ21-depression in central Hunan;Ⅰ22-Youjiang rift;Ⅱ1-continental orogenic zone in Zhejiang;Ⅱ10-Luo-Xian fore folded punch belt;Ⅱ11-Luo-Xian fold belt; Ⅱ12-Wuyi fold belt; Ⅱ13-volcanic fault belt in Southeast coast; Ⅱ14-Yunkai fold belt; Ⅱ15-eastern Guangdong fold belt;Ⅱ16-Hainan fold belt; Ⅱ2-Cathaysian Block-South Hainan residual block; Ⅰ-Ⅱ1-West Zhejiang Terrane; Ⅰ-Ⅱ2-Wannian Terrane; Ⅰ-Ⅱ3-Ping-Le depression; Ⅰ-Ⅱ4-Southeast depression;Ⅰ-Ⅱ5-Nanling compound zone; Ⅰ-Ⅱ6-Qinzhou depression |
粤西地区是钦杭成矿带内重要的金、银、锡、铜、钨多金属成矿区之一,大地构造上属于华南加里东褶皱系,东界为吴川-四会断裂带附近,北至佛岗-丰良构造岩浆岩带,西至粤、桂两省交界,南界以湛江-遂溪断裂为界,面积大约占4万平方千米。区内分布有多个较大的中-新生代盆地,例如罗定盆地、高明三洲盆地、怀集盆地、茂名盆地以及琼雷盆地等。盆地周缘矿床分布比较多。区内地层比较齐全,包括元古界、古生界、中生界和新生界地层。其中震旦系大绀山组和寒武系的高滩组是主要的Au赋矿层位,而泥盆系的碳酸盐岩建造是粤西地区Pb、Zn、Ag、Cu等的最重要的赋矿层位,沉积型油页岩、高岭土矿主要产于第三系地层中。
粤西地区的构造比较复杂,形成多组不同方向的构造带,但以北东向和北北东向构造为主,主要受吴川-四会断裂带和罗定-广宁构造带控制。许多的大型、中型金银矿沿广宁-罗定及吴川-四会断裂带呈带状分布,构成连山-怀集-德庆-信宜-廉江金银成矿密集带。彭少梅等(1995)将区内的构造演化阶段划分为5个:前晋宁期的陆核和古陆壳生长、晋宁期的张裂拉伸、加里东期的水平韧性剪切及褶皱隆起、海西-印支期的碰撞造山和逆冲推覆以及燕山-喜马拉雅期的陆内伸展。
区内岩浆活动强烈,种类多样。成岩时代大致可分为加里东期、印支期和燕山期三期(Zhou et al., 2006)。显生宙三期强烈的岩浆活动以燕山期的岩浆活动最为强烈,众多的金属和非金属矿床的形成均与该期岩浆作用有密切关系。李献华等(2001)在粤西的阳春地区发现一些钾玄质侵入岩,如马山二长岩、岗尾-轮水石英二长岩和花岗闪长岩和石菉花岗闪长岩体,随着它们的成岩年龄逐渐从164Ma→154Ma→126Ma变年轻,岩浆成分也从钾玄质系列过渡到钙碱性系列。耿红燕等(2006)通过对马鞍山流纹英安岩和周公顶流纹英安岩、德庆二长花岗岩、杏花花岗闪长岩以及调村花岗闪长岩等一系列的火山岩-侵入岩进行成岩年龄的确定以及地球化学特征的研究,发现这些岩浆活动均发生在100Ma左右,从而表明粤西地区甚至中国东南部广大地区在白垩纪时期曾发生过一次重要的岩石圈拉张伸展事件。茂名地区火山岩更为发育,包含有中性、中酸性火山岩岩被、酸性火山岩熔岩流、火山碎屑锥以及火山颈等(吴茂富等,2004)。
鹦鹉岭矿区位于阳春盆地南西端,根据矿床成矿地质条件、矿化特征、矿体赋存状态和矿化类型等因素分析,认为其矿床类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钨钼多金属矿床(图 2)。矿区出露地层主要为泥盆系,石炭系和第四系。矿区处于一NWW向背斜构造内,背斜轴部为上泥盆统天子岭组,向外依次为上泥盆统帽子峰组、下石炭统孟公坳组、测水组。矿区东部由于受英武岭岩体侵入隆起形成一个穹窿,其处在吴川-四会断裂与信宜-阳江断裂交汇部位南侧,阳春-岗美-潭水-永宁环状断裂西侧。矿区主体岩性为黑云母花岗岩,其与天子岭组呈正常侵入接触,局部接触界线呈锯齿状,局部还可见规模不大的超覆接触(如大冲坑一带),岩体东及北东部倾斜较陡,南及西北部倾斜较缓。沿次级断裂发育多种酸性岩脉,包括有花岗斑岩脉、伟晶岩脉和花岗岩脉等。矿区矿体主要赋存于斑状黑云母花岗岩、矽卡岩、角岩和矽卡岩化大理岩中,受内外接触带附近的网状裂隙和围岩层间裂隙控制,外接触带矿体形态多呈似层状、长透镜状、脉状或扁豆状等平行接触面产出,内接触带矿体形态多呈团块状、囊状及边缘不规则的筒状产出。
![]() | 图 2 鹦鹉岭铜多金属矿床地质图(据广东省地质建设工程勘察院,2008) 1-第四系砾石、砂和砂质粘土;2-孟公坳组粉砂岩及砂岩;3-帽子峰组石英粉砂岩、泥质页岩和板岩;4-泥质条带灰岩、泥质粉砂岩夹粉砂质石英砂岩;5-泥质条带灰岩夹泥质粉砂岩;6-矽卡岩;7-云英岩;8-云英岩化花岗岩;9-细粒黑云母花岗岩;10-斑状黑云母花岗岩;11-花岗斑岩;12-细粒花岗岩脉;13-花岗斑岩脉;14-钼矿体;15-钨锡矿体;16-铜矿体;17-铜铅矿体;18-钨锡铜矿体;19-铁矿体;20-锡矿体;21-铅矿体;22-砷矿体;23-断层;24-钻孔及采样位置 Fig.2 Geological sketch of the Yingwuling copper polymetallic deposit 1-Quaternary Formation of gravel, sandstone and sandy clay; 2-Menggongao Formation of siltstone, sandstone; 3-Maozifeng Formation of quartzsiltite, argillaceous shale, slate; 4-shaly and braid limestone, pelitic siltstone and silty quartz sandstone; 5-shaly and braid limestone and argillaceous siltstone; 6-skarn; 7-greisen; 8-greisenization of granite; 9-fine biotite granite; 10-phyric biotite granite; 11-granite porphyry; 12-fine vein of granite; 13-granite-porphyry vein; 14-molybdenum orebody; 15-tungsten-tin orebody; 16-copper orebody; 17-copper-lead orebody; 18-tungsten-tin-copper orebody; 19-iron orebody; 20-tin orebody; 21-lead orebody; 22-arsenium orebody; 23-fault; 24-holes and sampling location |
![]() | 图 3 大坪矿段28号勘探线地质剖面图(据广东省地质建设工程勘察院,2008) Fig.3 Geological cross section along No.28 exploration line of the Daping ore block |
斑岩-矽卡岩型多金属矿床是阳春地区比较重要的矿床类型,目前鹦鹉岭钨多金属矿床仍处于普查阶段,故对于所有岩性的侵入体样品进行系统采集具有一定的困难。本文首次对该矿床的含矿岩体斑状黑云母花岗岩进行锆石U-Pb年龄的厘定以及相应Hf同位素特征的分析。本次研究的样品采自矿区钻孔ZK2805的234m处。手标本岩石(图 4)新鲜面灰白色,似斑状结构,块状构造,斑晶主要为长石和石英。主要矿物成分:石英(25%~30%)、碱性长石(30%~40%)、斜长石(20%~25%)、黑云母(10%~15%),副矿物主要为锆石和磷灰石等。其中,石英为他形粒状晶体,粒径大小不一,从0.01~5mm均有,集中分布在0.2~2mm,具裂纹;碱性长石包括钾长石、微斜长石和条纹长石,半自形和自形板状,钾长石卡式双晶比较发育,粒径约为0.2~1.5mm,且表面常发生粘土化;条纹长石具典型的条纹结构,粒径约为1~2mm;微斜长石格子双晶发育,常发生绢云母化,粒径约为0.5~2mm;斜长石呈半自形、他形,粒径从小到大不等,集中分布在0.5~2.5mm之间,发育聚片双晶,平行于c 轴的板状晶体可见一组完全解理。可见部分斜长石被石英和碱性长石交代,局部颗粒粘土化和绢云母化严重,蚀变多开始于斜长石晶体的核部,边部残留的可见典型聚片双晶的斜长石;黑云母多呈中细粒鳞片状集合体出现,部分板状,他形,粒径大约0.1~1.2mm,单偏光镜下呈黄色-红褐色,具多色性,部分蚀变为绿泥石,部分蚀变黑云母析出金属矿物;副矿物以磷灰石、铌铁矿、独居石、磷钇矿、锆石为主。
![]() | 图 4 鹦鹉岭黑云母花岗岩样品及显微镜照片(正交偏光) Bi-黑云母;Pl-斜长石;Q-石英;Chl-绿泥石;Se-绢云母;Kf-钾长石;Mi-微斜长石 Fig.4 Photos of hand specimens and microphotographs of the Yingwuling biotite granite (crossed polarized light) Bi-biotite; Pl-plagioclase; Q-quartz; Chl-chlorite; Se-sericite; Kf-K-feldspar; Mi-microcline |
用于锆石 U-Pb 年代学测试的样品,经人工破碎后按照常规方法分选锆石,在双目镜下挑选透明、晶形完好的锆石颗粒,粘于环氧树脂表面,固化后打磨抛光至露出一个光洁平面,不镀金(宋彪等,2002)。然后进行透、反射照相和阴极发光(CL)成像,结合这些图像选择最佳锆石进行定年测试。样品测试之前用酒精轻微擦拭表面,以除去可能的污染。LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb定年测试分析在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室完成,锆石定年分析所用仪器为 Finnigan Neptune 型 MC-ICP-MS 及与之配套的 Newwave UP213激光剥蚀系统。激光剥蚀所用斑束直径为25μm,频率为10Hz,能量密度约为2.5J/cm2,以He为载气。激光剥蚀采样采用单点剥蚀的方式,数据分析前用锆石 GJ-1 进行仪器调试,使之达到最优状态,锆石 U-Pb 定年以锆石 GJ-1 为外标,U、Th 含量以锆石 M127 为外标进行校正。测试过程中在每测定5~7个样品前后重复测定两个锆石 GJ1 对样品进行校正,并测量一个锆石 Plesovice,观察仪器的状态以保证测试的精确度。详细实验测试过程可参见侯可军等(2009) 。数据处理采用 ICPMSDataCal 程序(Liu et al., 2010),锆石年龄谐和图用 Isoplot 3. 0 程序获得。
Hf同位素测试分析在在中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所MC-ICP-MS实验室完成,所用仪器为Finnigan Neptune型MC-ICP-MS及与之配套的Newwave UP 213激光剥蚀系统。激光剥蚀直径根据锆石大小不同,采用55μm或40μm,测定时使用锆石国际标样GJ1和Plesovice作为参考物质,分析点与U-Pb定年分析点为同一位置。相关仪器运行条件及详细分析流程见侯可军等(2007)。分析过程中锆石标准GJ1的176Hf/177Hf 测试加权平均值分别为0.282007±0.000007(2σ,n=36),与文献报道值(Morel et al., 2008;侯可军等,2007)在误差范围内完全一致。
黑云母花岗岩样品中部分测定锆石的阴极发光(CL)图像(图 5)显示。 阴极发光图像是揭示锆石内部结构的有效手段,对锆石内部结构进行详细分析是合理并正确解释所测年龄的重要依据(Vavra et al., 1996, 1999;吴元保等,2003)。该岩体锆石透明,少量半透明,裂纹不发育,无核或核部小,为柱状、长柱状自形晶,部分锆石边缘呈港湾状,表明其形成后曾受到一定程度的溶蚀。具金刚石光泽,锆石粒度多为 0.05~0.15mm,晶体长宽比为1?1~4?1。锆石内部结构清楚,表现出典型的岩浆生长振荡环带和韵律性结构,属于岩浆结晶的产物(吴元保等,2003)。另外少数锆石含有不透明的包裹体,偶见个别锆石存在高亮度白边,这可能与后期热事件或流体作用有关(杜利林等,2005)。
![]() | 图 5 鹦鹉岭花岗岩体锆石阴极发光图像 Fig.5 Zircon CL images of the Yingwuling granitoid pluton |
测试样品的代表性LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb测年分析结果见表 1。根据这些数据所做的U-Pb谐和图以及采用206Pb/238U年龄进行加权平均值计算的年龄图均见图 6。本次研究共选择了21粒锆石,分析了24个点。从黑云母花岗岩中选取的锆石颗粒大多数晶形较好,这些分析点多位于岩浆环带明显,并且是避开裂纹和包裹体的部位,其中分析点10、14和20处于核部部位。如图 6所示21粒锆石的22个点的分析结果在谐和图上组成密集的一簇。
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表 1 鹦鹉岭花岗岩体LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果 Table 1 LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb date of the Yingwuling granitoid pluton |
![]() | 图 6 鹦鹉岭花岗岩体中黑云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb谐和图 Fig.6 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram for the biotite granite from the Yingwuling granitoid pluton |
大量研究表明,不同成因的锆石有不同的U、Th含量与 Th/U 比值。一般情况下,岩浆锆石的Th、U含量较高,Th/U比值大于0.5,且U和Th之间具有明显的正相关关系;而变质成因锆石的Th、U含量低,且Th/U比值小于<0.1(Hoskin and Black,2000)。典型的岩浆成因锆石Th/U 比值一般为0.1~1.0 (Belousova et al., 2002)。如果Th/U比值变化较大,则表明锆石形成于化学成分相对不均匀的岩浆结晶条件下。本次分析所有测点的 U 含量分布在 43.96×10-6~3702×10-6的范围内,Th 含量变化在43.61×10-6~4683×10-6之间,Pb 总含量位于0.36×10-6~741×10-6之间。Th/U比值介于0.22~2.10之间,均大于0.1,极少数有可能受到后期热液的影响使得值相对偏大。另外Th和U之间具有明显的正相关性(图 7),显示了岩浆锆石Th /U比值的典型特征(Hoskin and Black,2000)。所有测点的206Pb/238U年龄范围分布在66~83Ma之间。核部的三个分析点10、14和20的206Pb/238U 与其他处于岩浆环带的年龄几乎一致, 22个测点的206Pb/238U 表面年龄相对集中, 介于78~83Ma 之间。
![]() | 图 7 鹦鹉岭岩体锆石Th-U协变图 Fig.7 The covariant diagram of Th-U for zircons from Yingwuling intrusion |
对锆石U-Pb年龄进行测试后,在锆石年龄分析点的部位又进行了Hf同位素分析,分析结果见表 2。斑状黑云母花岗岩样品ZK2805-Y-1中所测的176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282561~0.282760,由对应的测点年龄计算得到的Hf同位素初始比值(176Hf/177Hf)i为0.282562~0.282771,Hf同位素组成变化范围宽泛,εHf(t)变化于-5.72~1.40,只有13点和22点为正值。两阶段模式年龄tDM2=1.06~1.51Ga,由两阶段Hf模式年龄(tDM2)和εHf(t)直方图(图 8a, b)可以看出,εHf(t)主体在-2~-2.5范围内,tDM2主体1.3~1.4Ga范围内。
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表 2 鹦鹉岭花岗岩体的锆石Hf同位素分析结果 Table 2 Hf isotopic data of zircon of the Yingwuling granitoid pluton |
![]() | 图 8 鹦鹉岭花岗岩体锆石εHf(t)和二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)频率分布图 Fig.8 Zircon secondary model age and Hf isotopic compositions of the granites from the Yingwuling granitoid pluton |
本文首次对鹦鹉岭钨钼多金属矿床含矿岩体开展了锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 同位素定年和Hf同位素特征研究,锆石从形态、结晶振荡环带结构及元素含量均显示出岩浆成因的特点,因此锆石U-Pb年龄可代表该岩体的岩浆结晶年龄。该锆石206Pb/238U同位素加权平均年龄为81.3±0.6Ma,故黑云母花岗岩岩浆的侵位年代可精确地限定于中生代燕山晚期,这与已获得的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄83.0±1.7Ma在误差允许的范围内保持一致,表明鹦鹉岭钨多金属矿床的成岩成矿作用同时形成于晚白垩世时期。
锆石是各种成因岩石中常见的副矿物,封闭温度高且抗 风化能力强,不但是U-Pb同位素定年的重要对象,同时也是Hf同位素分析的理想矿物。锆石Hf含量较高(通常在0.5%~2%之间),Lu/Hf比值很低(通常小于0.002),由176Lu衰变产生的176Hf极少,所以测定的176Hf/177Hf比值基本代表了其形成时体系的Hf同位素组成(Amelin et al., 1999)。样品ZK2805-Y-1除少数分析点外(点4、13、22、23),大部分分析点的176Lu/177Hf比值均低于0.002,表明绝大多数锆石形成后的放射性成因Hf积累十分有限。因此,所测定的176Lu/177Hf比值能较好地反映其形成过程中Hf同位素的组成特征,从而可以用Hf同位素示踪来有效示踪一些重要的地球化学储库的源区(杨进辉等,2007;高一鸣等,2011)。
研究发现,不同地球化学储源库的176Hf/177Hf同位素组成明显不同:球粒陨石和亏损地幔的176Hf/177Hf比值较大(≥0.282772),εHf(t)值为零或者正值;地壳及富集地幔有较小的176Hf/177Hf比值,且εHf(t)为负值(Vervoort et al., 1996;吴福元等,2007)。鹦鹉岭斑状黑云母花岗岩体的176Hf/177Hf比值都小于0.282772,平均值为0.282670,其176Hf/177Hf平均值均小于球粒陨石值(≥0.282772),表明该岩体成岩物质来自于地壳或富集地幔。εHf(t)大多数为负值,少量大于0,变化于-5.72~1.40,平均值为-2.09,表明其成岩物质主要来自于壳源。在εHf(t)-t图解(图 9)上,εHf(t)均落在球粒陨石演化线之下,具弱亏损特点,说明地壳部分熔融所形成的岩浆可能有少量地幔物质的加入。岩体的fLu/Hf值介于-0.98~-0.78之间,平均值为-0.94,小于硅铝质地壳的fLu/Hf值-0.72(Vervoort et al.,1996)和镁铁质地壳的fLu/Hf值-0.34(Amelin et al.,2000),因此两阶段模式年龄更能反映鹦鹉岭含矿岩体-黑云母花岗岩的源区物质从亏损地幔被抽取的时间(或其源区物质在地壳的平均存留年龄)(赵海杰等,2010)。本文研究样品的两阶段Hf模式年龄为1056~1506Ma,表明其主要来源于中元古代古老地壳岩石的部分熔融。综上所述,鹦鹉岭黑云母花岗岩来自于中元古代古老地壳的部分熔融,并可能有少量地幔物质的加入,但是其εHf(t)为绝对值不大的负值,既可以是花岗岩形成时的壳幔两种岩浆混合成因,也又可能是壳幔物质混合源区(即硅铝质地壳中包含有或侵入有幔源基性岩石)部分熔融成因。野外地质观察并没有发现暗色岩浆包体等现象,故需要详细结合地球化学特征等方面的分析进行进一步的深入判断。
![]() | 图 9 鹦鹉岭花岗岩体的锆石εHf(t)对U-Pb年龄图解 Fig.9 εHf(t) vs. U-Pb ages of ziron from Yingwuling granite stock |
燕山晚期属于华南中生代大规模成矿的三个阶段之一(毛景文,2004,2007,2008,2011 ;华仁民等,2005;李晓峰等,2008),分布面积广泛,呈不连续的矿集区形式出现,成矿作用明显受断陷盆地或断陷隆起和变质核杂岩的控制,显示出区内岩石圈处于伸展的大环境下(毛景文,2007, 2008,2009;胡瑞忠等,2010)。晚中生代的花岗岩不仅与基性岩墙群、辉长岩密切共生,同时还与双峰式火山岩、A型花岗岩、碱性正长岩密切共生,同样表明区内已处于伸展应力的体制下(徐夕生,2008)。Xie et al.(2006a,b)认为武夷山以东与以西的白垩纪基性岩墙性质有所不同,分别处于活动大陆边缘和板内环境。李献华等(2001)发现粤西岗尾-轮水以及马山二长闪长岩均为钾玄质-高钾钙碱性系列,而钾玄质系列岩石主要起源于大洋岛弧、大陆弧和后碰撞环境(Morrison, 1980;Foley and Peccerillo, 1992;Müller and Groves, 1995)。不同的环境所富集的矿化也有所不同,铜金银矿化主要分布在大陆边缘及其内侧,钨锡多金属矿相对在大陆内部(毛景文等,2009)。160~150Ma作为南岭地区一次比较集中的大规模钨锡成矿阶段已被许多地质学家所认可,但是135~80Ma期间区内是否也有一次钨锡大规模成矿事件呢?
王德滋等(1994)获得与会昌盆地中的锡矿成矿有关的黄玉花岗岩和黄玉花岗斑岩的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为114.1±0.6Ma,湘南界牌岭锡矿与成矿有关的黑云母40Ar/39Ar年龄为91.1±1.1Ma(毛景文等,2007),铜坑嶂斑岩钼矿的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄为134.3±1.6Ma~133.4±1.8Ma(许建祥等,2007),香炉山钨矿的花岗岩岩体的年龄为126.2±2.6Ma(张家菁等,2008),银岩斑岩锡矿含矿岩体花岗斑岩的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为86.9±6Ma(胡祥昭,1989),都龙锡石TIMSU-Pb等时线年龄为82.0±9.6Ma,隐伏花岗岩和花岗斑岩的锆石SHRIMP法U-Pb年龄分别为92.9±1.9Ma和86.9±1.4Ma(刘玉平等,2007),个旧锡矿田的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为83.4±2.1Ma(杨宗喜等,2008),与成矿有关的等粒花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为85.0±0.9Ma(程彦博等,2008),大明山钨矿的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为95.4±1.0Ma(李水如等,2008),王社铜钨矿的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为93.8±4.6Ma(蔺志永等,2008)。以上所获得的精确年龄只是作为华南地区中生代大爆发成矿最为集中的燕山晚期所获得的年龄的少许部分,足以看出区内在燕山晚期形成的钨锡多金属矿床的数量还是非常可观的。
中国东部中生代大规模成矿的启动机制是什么到目前为止仍存在较大争议。如此大规模的成岩成矿作用到底是如何被华南西缘古特提斯的闭合、华南南缘印支地块的碰撞作用以及华南东缘古太平洋板块的俯冲消减三个作用所制约?对于燕山晚期成岩成矿作用而言,研究者在如下方面已取得一些共识:日本列岛发育的侏罗纪的增生杂岩(Isozaki, 1997;Taira, 2001)暗示中国东部可能在晚中生代存在大洋板块的俯冲,全球地震层析同样也揭示出中国东部大陆下的地幔过渡带内存在一水平分布的高速体,即俯冲的太平洋板块(Fukao et al., 1992;Zhao, 2004)。Zhou and Li(2000)、Zhou et al.,(2006)和Sun et al.(2007)认为板块俯冲对中国东部的构造运动和岩浆活动起着决定性的作用。徐夕生(2008)等通过统计岩浆活动的年龄,发现燕山期岩浆活动具有从内陆向沿海方向越来越年轻的特征,展布方向以北东向为主,正好与太平洋板块向北西方向发生俯冲的事件相耦合,从而表明华南晚中生代岩浆活动确实与太平洋板块的俯冲存在一定的成因联系。尽管已经取得了很大的进步与认识,但依然存在着较多的争议和问题:孙卫东等(2008)认为125Ma太平洋板块运动方向发生转变,随后与华北克拉通及整个欧亚大陆形成安第斯式的俯冲挤压,岩石圈停止减薄和部分熔融,出现岩浆宁静期。随着俯冲的深入,到110Ma前后俯冲板块后撤,形成弧后拉张,岩浆活动又重新开始;毛景文等(2009)认为135Ma太平洋板块的俯冲方向发生改变,造成中国东部岩石圈减薄,软流圈卸载上涌,发生减压部分熔融,故太平洋板块俯冲方向何时发生改变还有待进一步深入研究;对于不同类型的花岗岩岩浆活动,成矿作用的类型不同,那么具体在花岗岩浆活动与成矿作用的整个演化过程中,导致成矿元素超常富集,进而大爆发成矿的各种耦合机制又是什么?白垩纪矿化虽然持续了54Myr,但峰期在110~80Ma,主要矿床组合为浅成低温热液型铜金银矿床和花岗岩有关的锡多金属矿床(毛景文等,2009),中间的间歇期又是受何种因素所影响?如果燕山晚期同样存在一期大规模的钨锡多金属成矿,那么与燕山早期的成矿机制等又有何异同呢?鹦鹉岭矿床正好处于燕山晚期这一成矿高峰期,位于桂东-粤西地区,构成一条北西向展布的钨、锡多金属成矿带。毋庸置疑是大陆岩石圈大面积伸展背景下的产物,但是该矿床的详细的成矿过程和成矿机制还有待进一步深入研究,以期为对华南大花岗岩省形成演化和成矿作用认识提供一定的资料。
(1)鹦鹉岭钨多金属矿床黑云母花岗岩锆石206Pb/238U同位素加权平均年龄为81.3±0.6Ma,这与已获得的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄83.0±1.7Ma在误差允许的范围内保持一致,表明的成岩成矿作用同时形成于晚白垩世时期。
(2)该矿床黑云母花岗岩的锆石εHf(t)值大多数为负值,少部分大于0,变化于-5.72~1.40,平均值为-2.09。εHf(t)-t图解上,εHf(t)均落在球粒陨石演化线之下,两阶段模式年龄tDM2=1.06~1.51Ga,指示成岩物质主要来源于中元古代古老地壳岩石的部分熔融,可能有少量地幔物质的加入。
(3)鹦鹉岭矿床正好处于粤西燕山晚期这一成矿高峰期,构成一条北西向展布的钨、锡多金属成矿带,是大陆岩石圈大面积伸展背景下的产物。
致谢
本文完成过程中得到了毛景文研究员和袁顺达副研究员、中国地质大学(北京)张东阳、余长发、杨阳、水新芳、刘明的帮助;野外地质工作期间,得到了广东省地质调查院、广东省有色金属地质局和广东省地质建设工程集团公司的大力支持和帮助;审稿专家对论文提出了许多建设性的意见;在此一并表示感谢!
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