岩石学报  2013, Vol. 29 Issue (6): 1962-1976   PDF    
拉萨地体东南缘始新世早期变质作用及其构造意义
林彦蒿1, 张泽明2, 董昕2     
1. 中国地质大学地球科学学院,武汉 430074;
2. 大陆构造与动力学国家重点实验室,中国地质科学院地质研究所,北京 100037
摘要: 本文对位于青藏高原拉萨地体东南缘林芝杂岩中的片麻岩进行了岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。所研究的样品包括正片麻岩和副片麻岩,它们经历了中压角闪岩相变质作用。岩石地球化学分析结果表明,所研究的正片麻岩的原岩具有钙碱性岛弧岩浆岩的特征。锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果表明,副片麻岩中的碎屑锆石核部为岩浆成因,它们给出的206Pb/238U年龄范围为3012~522Ma,其锆石的增生边给出了~51Ma的变质年龄。在正片麻岩中,黑云母片麻岩给出了~67Ma的原岩结晶年龄和~55Ma的变质年龄;石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩给出了~58Ma的原岩结晶年龄和~54Ma的变质年龄。因此,所研究的林芝杂岩并不能代表拉萨地体中的前寒武纪变质基底,而是古生代的沉积岩和晚白垩纪至早新生代的岩浆岩在始新世早期变质而成。这一时期,表壳岩和侵入岩一起经历的中压角闪岩相变质作用很可能跟新特提斯洋俯冲导致的地壳增生、加厚有关。
关键词: 锆石U-Pb年代学     林芝杂岩     变质作用     拉萨地体     青藏高原    
The Paleocene metamorphism of the southeastern margin of Lhasa terrane and its tectonic significance
LIN YanHao1, ZHANG ZeMing2, DONG Xin2     
1. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosicences, Wuhan 430074, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Abstract: The Nyingchi Complex is located in the southeastern margin of Lhasa terrane, Tibetan Plateau. Its petrology and geochronology are reported in this paper. The studied samples consist of orthogneiss and paragneiss, which were metamorphosed under a medium-pressure amphibolite-facies condition. Petrogeochemistry studies show that the protoliths of orthogneisses have the characteristic of calc-alkaline island-arc volcanic rocks. Detrital zircons from the paragneiss are typical of magmatic origin, which give a 206Pb/238U age range of 3012~522Ma. The overgrowth rims of the detrital zircons yielded metamorphic ages of~51Ma. For the orthogneisses, magmatic cores and metamorphic rims of zircons from biotite gneiss and garnet-hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss yield protolith ages of~67Ma and~58Ma, and metamorphic ages of~55Ma and~54Ma, respectively. The studied Nyingchi Complex does not represent Precambrian basement of the Lhasa terrane, but it is composed of Paleozoic sedimentary and Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic Gangdese igneous rocks. The ca. 55~50Ma medium-pressure amphibolite-facies metamorphisms of these supracrustal rock and intrusive rocks would be related to the crustal accretion and thickening resulted from the subduction of the Neo-Tethys.
Key words: Zircon U-Pb geochronology     Nyingchi Complex     Metamorphism     Lhasa terrane     Tibetan Plateau    
1 引言

自古生代以来,青藏高原经历了特提斯洋多次开启和消亡,并由多块体、多岛弧经历多期离散聚合和碰撞拼贴,最后在中-新生代由于新特提斯洋俯冲闭合,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,形成了巨型复合碰撞造山拼合体(许志琴等, 2007, 2011)。位于青藏高原南部的拉萨地体,夹持于班公-怒江蛇绿岩带和雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩带之间,是一条巨型的构造-岩浆岩带(Chang and Zheng, 1973; Dewey et al., 1988)。一般认为,班公-怒江洋(中特提斯洋) 在中生代向南俯冲,导致拉萨地体北部经历了安第斯型造山作用(Chung et al., 2003; Hou et al., 2004; Chu et al., 2006; Ji et al., 2009);印度-雅鲁藏布江洋(新特提斯洋) 在晚中生代向北俯冲导致拉萨地体南部经历了安第斯型造山作用(Guo et al., 2007, 2011; He et al., 2007; Liao et al., 2007; 莫宣学等, 2007; Mo et al., 2008; Wen et al., 2008a, b; 朱弟成等, 2008a, b; Zhu et al., 2009a, b, 2011);而印度与欧亚大陆在新生代早期的碰撞,导致拉萨地体南部叠加了新生代的碰撞造山作用(Yin and Harrison, 2000; 丁林和来庆洲, 2003; 潘桂棠等, 2006; 许志琴等, 2006; Searle et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2013)。由于经历了上述多期造山作用,整个拉萨地体广泛发育中、新生代的岩浆岩,并在拉萨地体南部形成了巨型的冈底斯岩基(如Chung et al., 2005; Nomade et al., 2004; Qu et al., 2004, 2007; Kapp et al., 2005; Zhao et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010b; Xia et al., 2011; Zeng et al., 2012)。作为青藏高原重要组成部分,并位于重要构造部位的拉萨地体是揭示青藏高原形成与演化过程的关键地区之一。

现有的研究认为,拉萨地体由一套角闪岩相至麻粒岩相的变质岩系、古生代-中生代沉积岩和中、新生代岩浆岩组成(Yin and Harrison, 2000)。其中,中-新生代岩浆作用的研究取得了重要成果,为拉萨地体在中生代经历的安第斯型造山作用和在新生代经历的碰撞造山作用提供了重要证据(潘桂棠等, 2006; Chung et al., 2003, 2005; Hou et al., 2004; Nomade et al., 2004; 莫宣学等, 2005, 2007, 2009; 许志琴等, 2006; Chu et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2007; Liao et al., 2007; Mo et al., 2008; 朱弟成等, 2008a, b; Wen et al., 2008a, b; Zhu et al., 2009a, b, 2011; Zhao et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010)。尽管拉萨地体的变质作用研究还比较少, 但其成果也为拉萨地体东南缘的新生代构造演化提供了重要限定(Searle et al., 2011; 董昕等, 2012; Guo et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2010a, 2013)。

以往有关变质岩的研究认为,在拉萨地体中出露的中、高级变质岩是拉萨地体的古老变质基底,被命名为念青唐古拉岩群(李璞, 1955; Xu et al., 1985; 潘桂棠等, 2006),其原岩年龄被推测为太古代、元古代或前寒武纪等,而且认为该岩群经历了元古代的区域变质作用(胡道功等, 2003, 2005)。在拉萨地体东南部,即东喜马拉雅构造结附近,由于新生代强烈的地壳抬升和剥蚀作用,角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质岩石出露到地表。这些岩石也曾被认为是拉萨地体的前寒武纪结晶基底,被命名为林芝岩群或波密岩群(Geng et al., 2006)。但最近的研究表明,这套变质岩的原岩包括古生代至中生代的沉积岩,早古生代和中、新生代的岩浆岩,其变质作用发生在中、新生代(王金丽等, 2008, 2009; 董昕等, 2009; Dong et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010a; Guo et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013)。由于这套变质岩是由不同时代、不同类型的岩石组成,这里将其称之为林芝杂岩(张里和吴耀, 2012)。

之前对林芝杂岩的研究主要集中在林芝县-米林县附近,而对东久区的林芝杂岩变质作用的研究较少,并且它也被推测为前寒武纪的变质基底(Geng et al., 2006)。目前,据我们未发表的资料显示,东久区附近确实存在前寒武纪的变质基底,但东久区的林芝杂岩是否都代表前寒武纪的变质基底仍然是未知的。若此研究区的林芝杂岩都代表前寒武纪的变质基底,那其将为拉萨地体前寒武纪的演化历史提供重要的信息和新的视野。若不是,那它的原岩组成和变质作用时间又分别是什么?基于东久区林芝杂岩的原岩组成和变质作用时代等问题,所以此地区的林芝杂岩仍然需要进一步研究。

本文对东久区附近林芝杂岩中的片麻岩进行了岩相学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,探讨了这些岩石的原岩与形成时间,变质作用类型与变质作用时代,分析了它们形成的构造背景和构造意义。

2 区域地质背景

本文研究区位于拉萨地体东南缘,喜马拉雅造山带东构造结附近,这里由三个构造单元组成:拉萨地体、印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带和喜马拉雅带(图 1)。印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带呈向北凸出的马蹄状分布于北部的拉萨地体和南部的喜马拉雅带(印度大陆) 之间。印度-雅鲁藏布江缝合带为蛇绿混杂岩带,主要由低角闪岩相变质的超镁铁岩、镁铁岩、石英岩、白云母石英片岩和大理岩组成,局部混合有来自缝合带两侧地块的变质岩(Geng et al., 2006)。喜马拉雅带为印度大陆北缘,又分为高喜马拉雅结晶岩系和特提斯-喜马拉雅岩系。高喜马拉雅结晶岩系,又称南迦巴瓦岩群,分布于东喜马拉雅构造结的核部,主要由花岗质片麻岩和泥质片岩组成,并以出现含石榴石蓝晶石高压麻粒岩为特征,经历了早期的高压麻粒岩相变质和晚期的低压麻粒岩相、角闪岩相退变质作用,混合岩化作用强烈(Liu and Zhong, 1997; Ding et al., 2001; 张泽明等, 2007Zhang et al., 2012)。研究区的特提斯-喜马拉雅岩系分布于雅鲁藏布江缝合带与高喜马拉雅结晶岩系之间,经历了绿片岩相至角闪岩相低、中级变质作用。研究区的拉萨地体由林芝变质杂岩、古生代到中生代的沉积地层和中、新生代岩浆岩组成(图 1)。林芝变质杂岩主要由片麻岩、片岩、大理岩和斜长角闪岩组成,经历了角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质作用(王金丽等, 2008, 2009; 董昕等, 2009, 2012; Dong et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010a, 2013; Guo et al., 2012; 张里和吴耀, 2012)。本文所研究的样品采自东久区附近的林芝杂岩(图 1),其主要岩石类型为片麻岩。

图 1 青藏高原拉萨地体东南部地质简图(据Zhang et al., 2012修改) Fig. 1 Geological map of southeastern Lhasa terrane, Tibetan Plateau (modified after Zhang et al., 2012)
3 分析方法

全岩化学成分分析在国家地质实验测试中心完成,主量元素采用Rigaku-3080型XRF (X-ray fluorescence) 方法进行测定,精度优于5%,微量元素采用ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) 方法进行测定,精度优于10%。

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素和微量元素原位分析在中国地质大学(武汉) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室完成。所使用的ICP-MS仪器型号为Elan6100DRC,激光剥蚀系统为德国Lamda Physik公司的Geolas200M深紫外(DUV)193nm ArF准分子(excimer) 激光剥蚀系统。激光束斑直径采约32μm。实验中采用He作为剥蚀物质的载气,哈佛大学标准锆石91500作为外标,29Si作为内标。采用ICPMSDataCal (V3.7) 软件对同位素比值数据进行处理,详细的仪器操作条件和数据处理方法见Liu et al.(2008, 2010a, b)。本文不考虑谐和度小于10%的测点,同时对大于1000Ma的锆石,采用207Pb/206Pb年龄,对小于1000Ma的锆石,采用206Pb/238U年龄。用ISOPLOT程序(Ludwig, 2003) 进行锆石谐和图绘制和加权平均年龄计算。

4 岩石学

本文所研究的片麻岩为夕线石石榴石黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云母片麻岩和石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩。夕线石石榴石黑云斜长片麻岩具有鳞片粒状变晶结构和片麻状构造,其矿物组合为夕线石+石榴石+黑云母+斜长石+石英(图 2a),夕线石呈柱状或针状,云母呈定向排列。黑云母片麻岩具有鳞片粒状变晶结构和片麻状构造,其矿物组合为黑云母+白云母+斜长石+钾长石+石英(图 2b)。石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩具有斑状变晶结构和片麻状构造,其矿物组合为石榴石+角闪石+黑云母+斜长石+石英(图 2c)。上述共生矿物组合指示这些片麻岩经历了中压角闪岩相变质作用。

图 2 林芝杂岩中片麻岩的显微照片 (a)-石榴石黑云斜长片麻岩(TM07-13-2), 单偏光; (b)-黑云母片麻岩(T10-71-17), 正交偏光; (c)-石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩(TM07-14-2), 单偏光.图中矿物代号:Amp-角闪石; Bt-黑云母; Grt-石榴石; Kfs-钾长石; Pl-斜长石; Ms-白云母; Sil-夕线石; Qz-石英 Fig. 2 Microphotographs of gneisses from the Nyingchi Complex (a)-garnet-biotite-plagioclase gneiss (TM07-13-2), plane-polarized light; (b)-biotite gneiss (T10-71-17), cross-polarized light; (c)-garnet-hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss (TM07-14-2), plane-polarized light. Mineral symbols: Amp-amphibole; Bt-biotite; Grt-garnet; Kfs-K-feldspar; Ms-muscovite; Pl-plagioclase; Sil-sillimanite; Qz-quartz

岩石化学结果显示(表 1),正片麻岩中的石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩(TM07-14-2) 具有较低的SiO2 (55.67%) 含量和较高的Al2O3 (17.52%)、FeO (8.82%)、MgO (3.14%) 和CaO (7.13%) 含量, 其原岩相当于闪长岩。正片麻岩中的黑云母片麻岩(T10-71-17) 具有较高的SiO2(70.70%) 含量和较低的Al2O3 (14.58%)、FeO (1.72%)、MgO (0.84%) 和CaO (2.55%) 含量,其原岩相当于花岗岩。两个正片麻岩的铝饱和指数A/CNK值为1.02和1.07,其表现为弱过铝质特征;其里特曼指数为0.6和1.8,在SiO2与K2O+Na2O图中都落入钙碱性区域(图略),这表明两个正片麻岩的原岩为钙碱性岩浆岩。副片麻岩(TM07-13-2) 中SiO2和Al2O3含量分别为70.47%和13.43%,并具有中等的FeO (2.71%) 和MgO (1.56%) 含量,和较高的K2O (7.37%) 含量,其原岩相当于杂砂岩。

表 1 全岩地球化学分析数据(主量元素: wt%;微量和稀土元素: ×10-6) Table 1 Whole-rock geochemical data (Major elements: wt%; Trace elements: ×10-6)

在稀土元素配分图上(图 3a),正片麻岩(TM07-14-2) 表现出轻稀土元素(LREE) 相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE) 相对亏损且平坦的特点,具有较明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.56),稀土元素总量较高(∑REE=212.9×10-6表 1)。另外一个正片麻岩(T10-71-17) 和副片麻岩(TM07-13-2) 表现出相似的特征,即轻稀土元素(LREE) 相对富集,重稀土元素(HREE) 相对亏损,具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.74~0.98),稀土元素总量中等(∑REE为163.9×10-6~182.9×10-6表 1)。在原始地幔标准化的多元素图解上(图 3b),正片麻岩样品表现出大离子亲石元素(K、Rb和Ba) 富集和高场强元素(Nb和Ti) 亏损的特征,这表现出了岛弧岩浆岩的特征。

图 3 片麻岩的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化(a, 据Boynton, 1984) 和微量元素原始地幔标准化(b, 据Sun and McDonough, 1989) 图解 Fig. 3 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (Boynton, 1984) and primitive-mantle normalized trace elements patterns (Sun and McDonough, 1989) of gneisses
5 锆石U-Pb定年结果 5.1 副片麻岩

石榴石黑云斜长片麻岩(TM07-13-2) 中的锆石多为无色,呈半自形至他形,长约100~200μm。阴极发光(CL) 图像显示,锆石具有核-边结构,即由一个碎屑岩浆核和一个变质生长边组成(图 4a)。碎屑岩浆核多为椭圆形,多具有不明显的振荡环带。锆石的变质边较窄,不具环带结构。锆石核部的8个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄变化较大,从3012Ma到522Ma (图 5a表 2)。这些分析点具有变化较大的Th (83.3×10-6~322×10-6) 和U (224×10-6~747×10-6),并具有变化较大但较高的Th/U比值,从0.20到0.80(表 2)。它们具有变化较大的稀土元素含量(334×10-6~913×10-6表 3),并表现出LREE亏损、平坦的HREE和明显正Ce异常、负Eu异常的REE模式(图 6a)。除去谐和性小于90%的点,锆石边部的19个分析点给出了相对年轻且较一致的206Pb/238U年龄,除去四个年龄较离散的点,加权平均年龄为50.9±1.0Ma (MSWD=5.5) (图 5a表 2)。它们具有相对较低的Th (8.03×10-6~26.9×10-6) 和变化的U (386×10-6~679×10-6) 含量,具有较低的Th/U比值0.02~0.05 (表 2)。它们具有相对较低的稀土元素含量(254×10-6~486×10-6, 表 3),并表现出LREE亏损、HREE相对富集和负Eu异常的REE模式(图 6a)。

图 4 片麻岩锆石的阴极发光(CL) 图像和年龄分析点位及年龄值 Fig. 4 CL images of the analyzed zircons of gneisses showing the spots and their ages

图 5 片麻岩锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图 Fig. 5 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagram of gneisses

表 2 锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析结果 Table 2 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analytical results

表 3 锆石LA-ICP-MS稀土元素分析结果(×10-6) Table 3 Rare earth elements compositions of zircon (×10-6)

图 6 林芝杂岩片麻岩中锆石的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式(标准化值据Boynton,1984) Fig. 6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the zircons of gneisses from the Nyingchi Complex (normalization values after Boynton, 1984)
5.2 正片麻岩

黑云母片麻岩(T10-71-17) 中的锆石多为灰白色,半自形,多呈长柱状,长约150~250μm。阴极发光(CL) 图像显示,锆石多具有核-边结构,即由一个岩浆核和一个变质生长边组成(图 4b)。岩浆核具有明显的振荡环带,多为柱状。锆石的变质生长边较窄,不具环带结构。锆石核部的28个分析点给出了较一致的206Pb/238U年龄,加权平均年龄为66.6±0.8Ma (MSWD=7.3)(除去两个年龄较离散的点)(图 5b表 2)。这些分析点具有变化较大的Th (104×10-6~3195×10-6) 和U (139×10-6~4418×10-6),并具有变化较大且较高的Th/U比值,从0.20到1.22 (表 2)。它们具有变化较大的稀土元素含量(266×10-6~3617×10-6表 3),并表现出LREE亏损、HREE富集和Eu负异常的REE模式(图 6b)。锆石变质生长边部的3个分析点分别给出的206Pb/238U年龄为54.0Ma,54.8Ma和55.7Ma,加权平均年龄为54.6±1.9 Ma (MSWD=2.0) (图 5b表 2)。它们具有较低的Th (30.6×10-6~171×10-6) 和较高U (1068×10-6~1899×10-6),并具有较低的Th/U比值0.02~0.10 (表 2)。它们有相对中等的稀土元素含量(802×10-6~1140×10-6, 表 3),并表现出LREE亏损、HREE相对富集和Eu负异常不明显的REE模式(图 6b)。

石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩(TM07-14-2) 中的锆石多为无色,半自形,多为短柱状,长约200~300μm。阴极发光(CL) 图像显示,锆石具有核-边结构,即由一个岩浆核和一个变质生长边组成(图 4c);岩浆核多为短柱状,具有面形分带,部分岩浆核周围出现溶蚀结构。锆石的变质边较窄,不具环带结构。锆石核部的22个分析点给出了较一致的206Pb/238U年龄,加权平均年龄为58.0±0.4Ma (MSWD=0.77) (除去两个年龄较离散的点)(图 5c表 2)。这些分析点具有变化较大的Th (69.8×10-6~693×10-6) 和U (147×10-6~692×10-6),并具有变化较大且较高的Th/U比值,从0.27到1.25 (表 2)。它们具有变化较大的稀土元素含量(387×10-6~2987×10-6表 3),并表现出LREE亏损、HREE富集和弱的Eu负异常的REE模式(图 6c)。锆石变质生长边的28个分析点给出的206Pb/238U年龄范围为49.1~58.6Ma,其加权平均年龄为54.3±1.0Ma (MSWD=6.4)(图 5d表 2);它们有变化的Th (4.86×10-6~201×10-6) 和U (148×10-6~844×10-6),较低的Th/U比值0.01~0.25 (表 2),并具有相对较低的稀土元素含量(46.8×10-6~347×10-6, 表 3),并表现出LREE亏损、HREE相对富集和Eu负异常的REE模式(图 6c)。

基于上述锆石U-Pb定年结果,东久区在新生代早期经历了~67Ma和~58Ma的岩浆作用和51~55Ma的变质作用。

6 讨论 6.1 拉萨地体东南缘晚白垩纪-早新生代岩浆作用

现有研究普遍认为冈底斯岩浆带新生代存在65~45Ma和26~10Ma的两期岩浆活动,前者形成在同碰撞挤压环境,后者形成在后碰撞伸展环境,而40~26Ma则是岩浆活动间歇期(Chung et al., 2003, 2005; 莫宣学等, 2005; 侯增谦等, 2006; Wen et al., 2008b)。冈底斯新生代早期的侵入岩和火山岩规模巨大,总体显示出钙碱性岛弧岩浆特征(Debon et al., 1986; 莫宣学等, 2003; Wen et al., 2008b; 纪伟强等, 2009)。本文研究的正片麻岩分别给出了~67Ma和~58Ma的原岩结晶年龄,其原岩具有钙碱性岛弧岩浆岩的特征。这表明拉萨地体东南缘发育与区域上同时代的岛弧岩浆岩。

6.2 拉萨地体东南缘始新世早期变质作用

尽管以前的研究普遍认为拉萨地体存在前寒武纪结晶基底(Xu et al., 1985; Dewey et al., 1988; Geng et al., 2006),但并没有确切的变质年龄证据。而且近年来的研究表明,在拉萨地体的东南部,原来被认为是拉萨地体前寒武纪结晶基底的林芝岩群,实际上是中、新生代变质形成的角闪岩相至麻粒岩相变质岩(王金丽等, 2009; 董昕等, 2009, 2012; Zhang et al., 2010b, 2013; 张里和吴耀, 2012; Guo et al., 2012)。因此,林芝岩群是中、新生代复合变质形成的变质杂岩。如董昕等(2009)Zhang et al. (2010b)在林芝杂岩中获得了~35Ma的角闪岩相变质年龄。王金丽等(2009)Zhang et al. (2010b)证明米林地区的林芝杂岩经历了麻粒岩相峰期和角闪岩相退变质作用,变质年龄在90~80Ma之间。Guo et al. (2012)董昕等(2012)张里和吴耀(2012) 在林芝杂岩中获得了约55~45Ma的变质年龄。而且,Guo et al. (2012)董昕等(2012)认为这期角闪岩相变质作用发生在俯冲的新特提斯洋板片回卷或深俯冲的新特提斯洋板片断离构造环境下。

本文的锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,副片麻岩(TM07-13-2) 中的碎屑锆石核给出的206Pb/238U年龄范围为3012~522Ma,并不像林芝地区的其它变质沉积岩具有泥盆纪的岩浆事件的记录(Dong et al., 2010; 张里和吴耀, 2012),这暗示了副片麻岩的原岩很可能形成于古生代早期。副片麻岩的锆石增生边给出了50.9Ma的变质年龄。两个正片麻岩中的锆石增生边分别给出了54.6Ma和54.3Ma的变质年龄。这表明,东久地区附近的古生代表壳岩和白垩纪晚期-新生代早期的岩浆岩一起经历了始新世早期(约55~50Ma) 变质作用。因此,所研究的东久地区的变质岩并不都代表拉萨地体的前寒武纪变质基底。

现有的研究表明,始新世早期是冈底斯带最强烈的岩浆活动期,形成大量的花岗岩基,是冈底斯带最重要的地壳生长期(如Chung et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009)。Garrido et al. (2006)认为大量幔源岩浆岩在岛弧中、下壳的不断侵入和增生,将导致地壳的加厚,由此造成所形成的岩浆岩及其沉积岩围岩发生中压角闪岩相变质作用。本研究为冈底斯带始新世早期岩浆作用、地壳生长和变质演化提供了新的限定。

7 结论

本文研究表明,东久地区林芝变质杂岩的原岩是古生代的沉积岩和晚白垩纪至早新生代的冈底斯岩浆岩。这些岩石经历了始新世早期(约55~50Ma) 的中压角闪岩相变质作用,为冈底斯带早新生代地壳生长和地壳加厚提供了新证据。

致谢 感谢中国地质科学院地质研究所贺振宇老师和山东省地质科学实验研究院沈昆研究员的在评审过程中提出的宝贵意见;同时感谢中国地质大学(武汉) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室宗克清老师在实验测试过程中的帮助!
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