岩石学报  2013, Vol. 29 Issue (5): 1594-1606   PDF    
苏鲁超高压地体部分熔融时间的厘定:荣成花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带的锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素证据
续海金1, 宋衍茹2, 叶凯3     
1. 中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室 地球科学学院, 武汉 430074;
2. 中国地质大学《地球科学》编辑部, 武汉 430074;
3. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 岩石圈演化国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
摘要: 威海-荣成地区混合岩化花岗质片麻岩为研究超高压地体折返过程中的部分熔融提供了理想的窗口。本文通过对荣成地区鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带野外观察、岩相学以及锆石的CL图像、U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素的系统研究表明,鲍村花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带为部分熔融的产物,其主要矿物组成为石英+斜长石+钾长石+黑云母。锆石CL图像显示清楚的核-边结构:继承岩浆核和新生岩浆边。继承核的206Pb/238U协和年龄为620±8~784±7Ma (Mean=701±33Ma);具有典型的岩浆锆石的微量元素特征,如重稀土(HREE) 和Y富集,强烈的正Ce异常和负Eu异常,以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N和Hf/Y比值;εHf(t=700Ma) 值为-13.0~-8.0 (Mean=-10.9±0.8),相应的tDM2为2120~2429Ma (Mean=2303±51Ma)。新生边的206Pb/238U协和年龄为211±6~244±5Ma (226±10Ma);虽然微量元素的整体含量低于继承核,但也具有岩浆锆石的微量元素特征,如稀土元素配分模式显示HREE明显上翘的特征,正Ce异常和负Eu异常,以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N比值;εHf(t=225Ma) 值为-17.3~-14.2 (Mean=-15.2±0.6),相应的tDM2为2152~2347Ma (Mean=2214±33Ma)。上述特征表明,部分熔融的原岩是由古元古代(2.2~2.3Ga) 的地壳物质在新元古代(701±33Ma) 重熔而成,部分熔融可能发生在超高压地体折返早期的热折返阶段(榴辉岩相-高压麻粒岩相条件下),时代应为226±10Ma。威海-荣成混合岩化片麻岩内广泛发育的富含钾长石和石英的酸性岩脉(约220~210Ma),可能为折返晚期的角闪岩相冷凝阶段,部分熔融形成的熔体经历了结晶分异作用的产物。
关键词: 部分熔融     花岗质片麻岩     荣成     苏鲁超高压地体    
Partial melting time of the Sulu UHP terrane: Constraints from zircon U-Pb age, trace element and Lu-Hf isotope composition of leucosome in Rongcheng granitic gneiss
XU HaiJin1, SONG YanRu2, YE Kai3     
1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
2. Editorial Office of Journal, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
3. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Abstract: In order to decipher the partial melting time of the Sulu ultrahigh pressure (UHP) terrane during exhumation, we carried out a combined study of zircon internal structure, U-Pb age, trace element and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions coupled with fieldwork on leucosome of the Baocun grantic gneiss in Rongcheng region. Our works suggest that the leucosome, mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite, was the product of partial melting. Zircon from the leucosome display core-rim structure in cathodoluminescence (CL) images: inherited magmatic core and new growth magmatic rim. Most age data of the inherited cores are concordant with apparent 206Pb/238U ages ranging from 620±8Ma to 784±7Ma with a weighted mean age of 701±33Ma. The inherited cores have the characteristics of typical magmatic zircons, e.g., high HREE and Y contents, strong HREE enrichment on chondrite-normalized REE plot, very large positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, and very low (Gd/Lu)N and Hf/Y ratios. The inherited cores have εHf(t=700Ma) values of -13.0 to -8.0 (mean=-10.9±0.8) and tDM2 of 2120Ma to 2429Ma (mean=2303±51Ma). The new growth rims have concordant 206Pb/238U ages ranging from 211±6Ma to 244±5Ma with a weighted mean age of 226±10Ma. Although the new growth rims are greatly different from the inherited cores in trace element compositions, they still display features of the magmatic zircon, e.g., strong HREE enrichment on chondrite-normalized REE plot, large positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, and very low (Gd/Lu)N and Hf/Y ratios. The new growth rims have εHf(t=225Ma) values of -17.3 to -14.2 (mean=-15.2±0.6) and tDM2 between 2152Ma and 2347Ma (mean=2214±33Ma). These results suggest that protolith of the leucosome are Mid-Neoproterozoic (701±33Ma) magmatic rocks which were from Paleoproterozoic (2.2~2.3Ga) continental crust. The partial melting is expected under eclogite-facies to granulite-facies conditions during the early stage hot exhumation of the Rongcheng UHP felsic gneisses, and the partial melting time might be 226±10Ma. The K-feldspar-and quartz-rich pegmatitic veins (ca. 220~210Ma) in the Weihai-Rongcheng region might be from fractional crystallization of the partial melts during late stage cool exhumation under amphibolite facies conditions
Key words: Partial melting     Granitic gneiss     Rongcheng     Sulu UHP terrane    
1 引言

众所周知,大别-苏鲁超高压地体是世界上规模最大的超高压变质带。自20世纪80年代末在大别山-苏鲁地区发现含柯石英榴辉岩以来(如, Wang et al., 1989),国内外许多学者对大别-苏鲁超高压岩石进行了系统而深入的科学研究,在岩石学、变质演化、成因矿物学、地球化学以及同位素年代学等研究领域,取得了一系列重要的科研成果和进展(详见Cong and Wang, 1999; Zheng et al., 2003, 2012的评述)。Cong and Wang (1999)早在1999年就针对大别-苏鲁超高压变质带做了精辟的回顾和展望,前瞻性的指出了存在的问题和未来研究方向,例如,大陆地壳究竟能被俯冲至多大深度?超高压变质作用中有流体吗?超高压变质作用发生的构造背景?超高压变质岩的折返过程与机制?这些展望为之后的研究指明了方向。有的问题得到了很好的解答,但有些问题仍然是目前研究的热点和争论的焦点。如超高压岩石折返的过程和机制,特别是折返过程中减压部分熔融的时代(如, 刘福来等, 2009; Liu et al., 2010a, 2012; Zong et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013)、P-T条件和熔融程度,以及部分熔融产生的熔体的运移机制(Xu et al., 2012a, 2013) 等,还没有很好的解答。因此,本文以苏鲁超高压地体内荣成花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带为研究对象,在详细的野外研究和岩相学观察的基础上,以锆石CL图像为先导,系统的进行锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素分析和Lu-Hf同位素分析,阐明锆石不同微区的成因机制,准确厘定部分熔融的时代,初步讨论超高压岩石折返过程与部分熔融作用之间的关系。

2 地质背景

苏鲁高压-超高压变质带是秦岭-大别-苏鲁中央造山带的东延部分,被左型的郯庐断裂带错开,其西侧和西北侧分别以郯庐断裂和五莲-青岛-烟台断裂为界与华北克拉通相邻,东南侧以嘉山-响水断裂为界与扬子克拉通相邻(图 1)(如, Cong et al., 1994)。超高压变质带中的岩石以正片麻岩为主,夹有少量副片麻岩、大理岩、泥质片岩硬玉石英岩,并见有大量规模不等的榴辉岩和超基性岩的透镜体和团块(如, Liu et al., 2008; Zong et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013)。超高压变质的证据在这些岩石中被广泛发现。例如,柯世英及其假象以包裹体的形式存在于榴辉岩的石榴石、绿辉石、蓝晶石、绿帘石和锆石中(如, Yang et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2008);花岗质片麻岩中虽然超高压变质的证据很少被保留,但柯世英包裹体幸存于其锆石中(如, Ye et al., 2000b; Liu et al., 2004a, b, 2010a)。

图 1 苏鲁地区地质简图(据Ye et al., 2000b资料修改) JXF-嘉山-响水断裂; WQF-五莲-青岛断裂; QYF-青岛-烟台断裂 Fig. 1 Geological sketch map of Sulu ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane in eastern China (modified after Ye et al., 2000b) JXF=Jiashan-Xiangshui Fault; WQF=Wulian-Qingdao Fault; QYF=Qingdao-Yantai Fault

威海-荣成地区位于苏鲁超高压地体的东北部(图 1b)。区内出露的主体岩性为超高压正片麻岩,夹有规模不一的副片麻岩、大理岩和榴辉岩透镜体和团块,超高压岩石普遍经历了麻粒岩相和后期角闪岩相退变质作用的改造(如, Wang et al., 1993; Banno et al., 2000; Nakamura and Hirajima, 2000; Yao et al., 2000)。其中超高压片麻岩为新元古代(700~800Ma) TTG到花岗质成分的岩石,被认为是扬子板块基地的一部分(如, Ames et al., 1996; Zheng et al., 2004; 李向辉等, 2007; Tang et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2013);在超高压折返过程中发生十分强烈的部分熔融作用或深熔作用,形成大面积的混合岩(图 2),并广泛发育宽宽窄不一的伟晶岩脉(如, Wallis et al., 2005; 刘福来等, 2009; Liu et al., 2010a, 2012; Xu et al., 2012a, 2013)。威海-荣成超高压地体内部还发育大量的中生代不同成因类型的岩浆岩侵入体,形成时代大致为215~110Ma之间,记录了与碰撞相关的和碰撞后岩浆作用(如, Chen et al., 2003; 郭敬辉等, 2005; Yang et al., 2005; Zhao et al., 2012)。

图 2 混合岩化花岗质片麻岩的野外照片 (a)-宏观照片,条带状片麻岩,强烈的混合岩化,暗色条带和浅色条带互层产出,其中浅色条带局部强烈变形,并标出研究样品的采样位置; (b) 为(a) 图的局部放大.荣成市大疃镇鲍村采石场 Fig. 2 Field photographs of migmatitic gneisses (a)-macrophotograph, strongly migmatitic gneiss with melanosome and leucosome with local deformation; (b)-partial enlarged view of (a). Location: Baocun quarry in Rongcheng region

荣成南部的大疃镇鲍村花岗质片麻岩(GPS: 37°07.970′N, 122°21.736′E),具明显的混合岩化特征,片麻状构造,厚层的深色成分条带和浅色成分条带互层,局部显示较强的变形(图 2a)。暗色成分条带主要由富含暗色残余矿物(黑云母、角闪石和石榴石) 和斜长石的毫米级的成分层组成;浅色成分条带主要由富含酸性熔体矿物(石英、钾长石和斜长石) 和黑云母的毫米级的成分层组成(图 2b)。

3 分析方法

荣成花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带(05BC) 采自鲍村采石场,具体位置如图 2a所示。采集很大的片麻岩样品,在碎样的过程中,非常小心地将浅色条带分离出来,从中分选出锆石。锆石的分选工作在河北省廊坊区调院矿物分离实验室进行。首先将样品进行破碎至适当粒级,经清洗、烘干和筛选后,采用磁选和重液分选出不同粒级的锆石晶体,然后在双目镜下挑选出颗粒相对完整的锆石晶体,制成符合阴极发光图像照相、LA-(MC)-ICP-MS的U-Pb定年、微量-稀土元素分析和Lu-Hf同位素分析的标准锆石靶。

3.1 锆石阴极发光(CL) 图像分析

将挑选好的锆石与一片RSES参考样SL13及数粒Temrra置于环氧树脂中,然后磨至约一半,使锆石内部暴露,用于阴极发光(CL) 图像分析。CL图象在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所电子探针实验室完成。采用JEOL JXA-8900RL电子探针分析CL图像,电子加速电压为15kV。详细的仪器操作条件和数据处理方法同Xu et al. (2012b)。获得的CL图像用于指导LA-(MC)-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析。部分锆石的CL图像和相关的原位微区U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素结果见图 3

图 3 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 锆石的阴极发光图像(CL) 和部分锆石相应的LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年和Hf同位素结果 黄色的点线为继承核和新生边的大概界线,继承核和新生边均具岩浆锆石的韵律环带特征; 黄色的虚线圆圈(~32μm) 为LA-ICPMS U-Pb分析的区域; 黄色实线圆圈(~44μm) 为LA-ICPMS Hf同位素分析后的剥蚀(束斑) 区域; (Age (Ma), εHf(t)) Fig. 3 Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircon grains with 206Pb/238U age (Ma) and εHf(t) values for the leucosome of the Baocun grantic gneiss The yellow dotted line outlines boundary between the inherited core and new growth rim of zircon. The CL images display that both them have characteristics of magmatic zircon, e.g., oscillatory zoning structure. The yellow dashed (~32μm) and solid (~44μm) circles show the erased areas by LA-ICPMS U-Pb and Hf isotopic analyses, respectively. (Age (Ma), εHf(t))
3.2 锆石U-Pb同位素定年和微量元素含量分析

锆石U-Pb同位素定年和微量元素含量在中国地质大学(武汉) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室利用LA-ICP-MS同时分析完成。激光剥蚀系统为GeoLas 2005,ICP-MS为Agilent 7500a。激光剥蚀过程中采用氦气作载气、氩气为补偿气以调节灵敏度,二者在进入ICP之前通过一个T型接头混合。在等离子体中心气流(Ar+He) 中加入了少量氮气,以提高仪器灵敏度、降低检出限和改善分析精密度(Hu et al., 2008)。另外,激光剥蚀系统配置了一个信号平滑装置,即使激光脉冲频率低达1Hz,采用该装置后也能获得光滑的分析信号(Hu et al., 2012)。每个时间分辨分析数据包括大约20~30s的空白信号和50s的样品信号。对分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、仪器灵敏度漂移校正、元素含量及U-Th-Pb同位素比值和年龄计算) 采用软件ICPMSDataCal (Liu et al., 2010b) 完成。详细的仪器操作条件和数据处理方法同Liu et al. (2010b)。锆石微量元素含量利用多个USGS参考玻璃(BCR-2G, BIR-1G) 作为多外标、Si作内标的方法进行定量计算(Liu et al., 2010b).这些USGS玻璃中元素含量的推荐值据GeoReM数据库(http://georem.mpch-mainz.gwdg.de/)。U-Pb同位素定年中采用锆石标准91500作外标进行同位素分馏校正,每分析5个样品点,分析2次91500。对于与分析时间有关的U-Th-Pb同位素比值漂移,利用91500的变化采用线性内插的方式进行了校正(Liu et al., 2010b).锆石标准91500的U-Th-Pb同位素比值推荐值据Wiedenbeck et al. (1995)。锆石样品的U-Pb年龄谐和图绘制和年龄权重平均计算均采用Isoplot/Ex_ver3 (Ludwig, 2003) 完成。锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果见表 1,误差为2σ (95%置信度);锆石微量元素含量的结果见表 2

表 1 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素数据 Table 1 LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb isotope data for leucosome (05BC) in Baocun granitic gneiss

表 2 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 锆石微量和稀土元素成分(×10-6) Table 2 LA-ICP-MS trace element compositions of zircons from the leucosome (005BC) in the Baocun ganitic gneiss (×10-6)
3.3 原位微区锆石Hf同位素分析

锆石U-Pb定年之后,进行原位的微区锆石Hf同位素分析。锆石原位微区Hf同位素比值测试也在中国地质大学(武汉) 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室利用激光剥蚀多接收杯等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS) 完成。激光剥蚀系统为GeoLas 2005 (Lambda Physik,德国), MC-ICP-MS为Neptune Plus (Thermo Fisher Scientific,德国)。该系统配备了该实验室自主研发的信号平滑装置。采用该装置即使激光脉冲频率降到1Hz,还可以获得平稳的信号(Hu et al., 2012)。相对于Neptune Plus的标准锥组合,新设计的X截取锥和Jet采样锥组合在少量氮气加入的条件下能分别提高Hf、Yb和Lu的灵敏度5.3倍、4.0倍和2.4倍。激光输出能量可以调节,实际输出能量密度为5.3J/cm2。采用单点剥蚀模式,斑束固定为44μm。详细仪器操作条件和分析方法可参照Hu et al. (2012)。测试时将实时获取锆石样品自身的βYb用于176Yb对176Hf的干扰校正。179Hf/177Hf=0.7325和173Yb/171Yb=1.13017 (Segal et al., 2003) 被用于计算Hf和Yb的质量分馏系数βHf和βYb179Hf/177Hf和173Yb/171Yb的比值被用于计算Hf (βHf) and Yb (βYb) 的质量偏差。使用176Yb/173Yb=0.79381 (Segal et al., 2003) 来扣除176Yb对176Hf的同量异位干扰。使用176Lu/175Lu=0.02656 (Blichert-Toft et al., 1997) 来扣除干扰程度相对较小的176Lu对176Hf的同量异位干扰。由于Yb和Lu具有相似的物理化学属性,因此在本实验中采用Yb的质量分馏系数βYb来校正Lu的质量分馏行为。分析数据的离线处理(包括对样品和空白信号的选择、同位素质量分馏校正) 采用软件ICPMSDataCal (Liu et al., 2010b) 完成。锆石Lu-Hf同位素分析结果见表 3,误差为2σ

表 3 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石微区Lu-Hf同位素数据 Table 3 LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb isotope data for the leucosome (05BC) in Baocun ganitic gneiss
4 分析结果 4.1 锆石阴极发光(CL) 图像

鲍村混合岩化片麻岩中的浅色条带(05BC),颗粒较自形,长柱状,粒径主要在150~250μm之间,长宽比一般为1.5~3,无色透明,具明显的核-边结构,很少量颗粒显示核-幔-边结构(图 3)。继承核,形态呈浑圆状,熔蚀结构明显,发光强度弱,为暗灰色,且具有典型的岩浆结晶所形成的韵律环带结构。新生边,自形的外部轮廓,发光强度强,为灰白色,具有弱的岩浆结晶所形成的韵律环带结构,表明其也为岩浆结晶锆石。

4.2 锆石U-Pb年龄

表 1列出了鲍村混合岩化片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果。所有点形成的上下交点年龄分别为834±66Ma和172±86Ma (图 4)。核部继承性岩浆结晶锆石的206Pb/238U协和年龄介于620±8~784±7Ma之间,加权平均为701±33Ma (图 4),与苏鲁超高压变质地体广泛出露的片麻岩原岩年龄相一致(如, 徐惠芬等, 2001; Liu et al., 2004a, b, 2008; 刘福来等, 2009; Huang et al., 2006; 李向辉等, 2007; Zhang et al., 2009)。新生边的206Pb/238U协和年龄介于211±6Ma~244±5Ma之间,加权平均为226±10Ma (图 4),与前人所发表的超高压变质地体折返初期榴辉岩-麻粒岩相变质年龄(~230Ma) 相一致,而明显大于角闪岩相退变质年龄(约220~210Ma)(Liu et al., 2004a, b, 2008; Huang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2009);该年龄与威海混合演化片麻岩中的浅色条带所记录的岩浆边的年龄(228±2Ma) 一致(Xu et al., 2013),而明显大于威海-荣成地区的伟晶岩脉的年龄(约220~210Ma) (如, 刘福来等, 2009; Liu et al., 2010a, 2012; Zong et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013)。

图 4 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 锆石的206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U年龄关系图解及206Pb/238U年龄加权平均结果 Fig. 4 Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams for the leucosome layer of the Baocun grantic gneiss The level of uncertainty plotted is 2σ
4.3 锆石微量和稀土元素

表 2列出了鲍村混合岩化片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石微量和稀土元素含量结果。锆石的继承核,轻稀土(LREE) 明显亏损,重稀土(HREE) 明显富集,相应的稀土元素配分模式显示重稀土明显陡倾,强烈的正Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=40~7154) 和负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.13~0.45)(图 5图 6);高的HREE和Y (243×10-6~4367×10-6) 的含量,导致极低的(Gd/Lu)N(0.003~0.06) 和Hf/Y (2.0~67.1) 比值(图 6)。上述特征进一步证明继承核为岩浆结晶锆石(如, Rubatto, 2002; Liu et al., 2008)。与继承核相比较,锆石的新生边整体具有低的微量和稀土元素含量(图 5),但高的Hf含量(14847×10-6~15417×10-6),因此比继承核具有高的Hf/Y比值(77.3~117.4)。新生边也具有LREE亏损和HREE富集,以及稀土元素配分模式显示HREE明显上翘的特征(图 5);也具有正Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=20~47) 和负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.29~0.51),以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N比值(0.001~0.003) (图 6);虽然比继承核低的HREE和Y (126×10-6~199×10-6) 含量和高的Hf/Y比值,但在(Gd/Lu)N-Eu/Eu* (图 6a)、Y-Eu/Eu* (图 6b) 和Y-Hf/Y (图 6c) 的图解中,仍然落在典型岩浆锆石的区域。锆石新生边的上述特征明显不同于典型变质锆石的特点,而与典型岩浆锆石的特点相似。

图 5 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带的锆石REE球粒陨石标准化图解 Fig. 5 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of zircon from the leucosome in Baocun ganitic gneiss

图 6 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石微区(Gd/Lu)N-Eu/Eu* (a)、Y-Eu/Eu* (b) 和Y-Hf/Y (c) 图解 Fig. 6 Selected trace element plots of zircons from the leucosome (005BC) in Baocun ganitic gneiss (a)-(Gd/Lu)N versus Eu/Eu* ratio; (b)-Y content versus Eu/Eu* ratio; (c)-Y content versus Hf/Y ratio
4.4 锆石Lu-Hf同位素

锆石U-Pb定年后,在原位进行Lu-Hf同位素分析。表 3列出了鲍村混合岩化片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石样品不同微区LA-MC-ICP-MS Lu-Hf同位素测试结果。在进行初始176Hf/177Hf比值和εHf(t) 计算时,继承核为t=700Ma,新生边为t=225Ma (图 4)。锆石继承核,176Yb/177Hf比值为0.030296~0.064665,176Lu/177Hf比值为0.001239~0.002334,初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.281969~0.282110,εHf(t) 值为-13.0~-8.0 (Mean=-10.9±0.8) (图 7a),相应的tDM2为2120~2429Ma (Mean=2303±51Ma) (图 7b)。上述Lu-Hf同位素特征与威海-荣成地区正片麻岩同类锆石的Lu-Hf同位素特征一致(如, 李向辉等, 2007; 刘福来等, 2009)。锆石新生边,176Yb/177Hf比值为0.003822~0.015402,176Lu/177Hf比值为0.000144~0.000699,初始176Hf/177Hf比值为0.282143~0.282231,εHf(t) 值为-17.3~-14.2 (Mean=-15.2±0.6) (图 7c),相应的tDM2为2152~2347Ma (Mean=22214±33Ma) (图 7d)。

图 7 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石微区εHf(t) (a、c) 和tDM2(Ma) (b、d) 新生边: t=225Ma; 继承核: t=700Ma Fig. 7 Integration of the εHf(t) value (a, c) and tDM2 age (Ma) (b, d) of zircon from the leucosome in Baocun ganitic gneiss t=225Ma and 700Ma for the new growth rim and the inherited core of zircons, respectively
5 讨论 5.1 原岩性质

苏鲁超高压变质带中,其岩性主体为经历了角闪岩相退变质的片麻岩(面积>80%),超高压岩石(如榴辉岩和硬玉石英岩等) 出露的面积不及20%(如, Liou et al., 2009)。片麻岩的锆石中柯世英等超高压矿物及其组合的发现(如, Wang and Liou, 1991; Ye et al., 2000a, b; Zhang et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2010a),表明和超高压岩石作为一个整体一同经历了超高压变质作用,随后折返到浅部地壳。片麻岩原岩在俯冲和折返过程中,其地球化学性质,特别是活动性较强的组分(如大离子亲石元素) 极易收到改造,而锆石却是极难熔、抗风化的矿物。因此,锆石是研究经历了高级变质的岩石的原岩的理想矿物。锆石CL图像(图 3) 和锆石微量元素特征(图 5图 6) 表明,残留的继承核具有典型的岩浆锆石的特征。锆石U-Pb年龄表明,绝大部分的分析点给出较协和的U-Pb表面年龄,获得206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为701±33Ma (图 4)。这一年龄结果与前人在大别-苏鲁超高压变质带获得的高压/超高压变质岩和片麻岩的新元古代年龄信息相吻合(如, Ames et al., 1996; Hacker et al., 1998; 徐惠芬等, 2001; Zheng et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2004a, b, 2008; Huang et al., 2006; 李向辉等, 2007; 刘福来等, 2009; Zhang et al., 2009)。因此,荣成花岗质片麻岩应该是扬子板块新元古代岩浆活动的产物。图 7显示,继承岩浆核和新生岩浆边虽然具有不同的εHf(t) 值,但具有相同的两阶段锆石Hf模式年龄(tDM2=2.2~2.3Ga)。图 8显示,继承岩浆核和新生岩浆边落在单一源区地壳演化线上,进一步证明荣成超高压地体内经历晚三叠纪超高压俯冲-折返的正片麻岩,是由古元古代的地壳物质在新元古代的重熔而成。

图 8 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石微区Lu-Hf同位素组成演化图 亏损地幔的演化曲线据Vervoort and Blichert-Toft (1999) Fig. 8 Schematic giagram for zircon Lu-Hf isotopic evolution of the leucosome in Baocun ganitic gneiss The growth curve fro depleted mantle is after Vervoort and Blichert-Toft (1999)
5.2 部分熔融的时代

越来越多的证据表明,苏鲁超高压地体在折返过程中发生过部分熔融作用(如, Wallis et al., 2005; 刘福来等, 2009; Liu et al., 2010a, 2012; Zong et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2012a, 2013)。但部分熔融形成的时代却一直存在争议。例如,刘福来等(2009)Liu et al.(2010a, 2012) 和Zong et al. (2010)主要对威海超高压地体片麻岩中产出的钾长伟晶岩脉、石英岩脉和花岗岩脉的研究认为,部分熔融时代为约220~210Ma;Xu et al. (2013)对威海超高压地体片麻岩中的富斜长石浅色条带(228±2Ma) 和富钾长石伟晶岩脉(219±2Ma) 的系统研究认为,部分熔融的时代应大于220Ma (即228±2Ma),而富含钾长石和石英的酸性岩脉所记录的220Ma以来的时代,应为部分熔融形成的熔融在折返晚期结晶分异的产物。本文对荣成超高压地体花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带的研究,支持Xu et al.(2012a, 2013) 的观点。具体依据如下:

折返的P-T-t轨迹。已有的岩石学研究证明,南苏鲁和北苏鲁超高压变质地体折返的P-T-t途径有很大差异。南苏鲁超高压岩石在折返过程中依次经历了柯世英榴辉岩相→高压榴辉岩相→晚期角闪岩相的近等温减压P-T-t演化轨迹;被苏鲁超高压岩石在折返过程中依次经历了柯世英榴辉岩相→高压麻粒岩相→晚期角闪岩相的增温减压再到降温降压P-T-t演化轨迹(如, Banno et al., 2000; Yao et al., 2000; Zheng et al., 2003综述)。北苏鲁这种增温降压的折返过程为部分熔融的发生提供了可能。

鲍村花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带是部分熔融的产物。(1) 锆石新生边形成的轮廓自形,无色透明,并且CL图像也具韵律环带结构(图 3),明显不同于变质成因的锆石,表明其为岩浆成因。(2) 锆石微量元素特征虽然与继承岩浆核有明显的差异,但也显示出与岩浆锆石亲和性的特征(图 5图 6),如HREE明显富集的陡倾特征,正Ce异常(Ce/Ce*=20~47) 和负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.29~0.51),以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N比值(0.001~0.003) 等。Y-Hf/Y图解(图 6C) 显示,从继承核到新生边,Y的含量和Hf/Y比值具有明显的变化规律,显示出随年龄变化的趋势和部分熔融的特征。由于参数选取的难度,本文无法模拟部分熔融的程度。(3) 新生边锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征明显不同于变质成因的锆石。例如,Zheng et al. (2005)对大别山榴辉岩和片麻岩中变质成因的锆石与源岩继承锆石对比研究发现,在误差范围内二者组成基本一致,超高压变质作用没有明显改变锆石Hf同位素组成。原因是锆石中的Lu-Hf同位素体系有着很高的封闭温度,锆石中Hf的扩散系数明显低于U和Pb (如, Cherniak and Watson, 2003),因此锆石Lu-Hf同位素体系相对于U-Pb同位素体系更不容易被后期的流体改造。而图 7a, c显示,继承核和新生边的锆石Hf同位素组成(εHf(t)) 明显不同。这与继承岩浆核与新生岩浆边在微量元素方面的明显差异(图 5图 6) 相匹配。而且,图 9显示,从继承核到新生边,176Yb/177Hf,176Lu/177Hf和176Hf/177Hf比值具有明显的线性变化特征,反映了部分熔融对锆石Lu-Hf同位素体系的改变,这也与图 6c体现出来的特征相一致。这些微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素在锆石继承核与新生边之间的明显变化特征,进一步反映部分熔融的效应。

图 9 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带(05BC) 的锆石微区176Lu/177Hf-176Yb/177Hf (a) 和176Lu/177Hf-176Hf/177Hf (b) 图解 Fig. 9 Plots of 176Lu/177Hf-176Yb/177Hf (a) and 176Lu/177Hf-176Hf/177Hf (b) for the different domains in zircon from the leucosome in Baocun ganitic gneiss

部分熔融的时代。前人对苏鲁超高压地体的超高压变质时代和晚期退变质时代进行了大量的研究。Zheng (2008)综述已有的研究成果,以及Liu et al.(2010a, 2012) 和Zong et al. (2010)的研究,大别-苏鲁超高压变质带中榴辉岩、角山岩、大理岩和正负片麻岩的锆石中的含柯世英变质域的U-Pb年龄,大概范围为242~227Ma,但主要集中在235~238Ma之间;角闪岩相退变质的时代约为220~210Ma。本文鲍村花岗质片麻岩浅色条带与部分熔融有关的年龄为226±10Ma (图 4)。这与Xu et al. (2013)对威海花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带中获得的部分熔融时代228±2Ma相一致。这组年龄明显比超高压变质年龄偏小,而比角闪岩相退变质年龄偏老。同时注意到,这组年龄明显比富钾长石和石英的酸性岩脉的结晶年龄(约220~210Ma)(如, 刘福来等, 2009; Liu et al., 2010a, 2012; Zong et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013) 偏老,而这些酸性岩脉的年龄与晚期角闪岩相退变质的时代相吻合。因此,苏鲁北部的威海-荣成地区超高压岩石部分熔融可能发生在超高压岩石折返早期的热折返阶段(榴辉岩相-高压麻粒岩相条件下);折返晚期的角闪岩相冷凝阶段,部分熔融形成的熔体经历了结晶分异作用,形成富含钾长石和石英的酸性岩脉(Xu et al., 2013)。

6 结论

通过对苏鲁超高压地体内荣成花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带的锆石CL图像、U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素研究,结合详细的野外观察和岩石学研究,得出以下结论:

(1) 鲍村花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带(主要矿物组成为石英+斜长石+钾长石+黑云母) 是部分熔融的产物;

(2) 部分熔融的原岩或母岩是由古元古代(2.2~2.3Ga) 的地壳物质在新元古代(701±33Ma) 重熔而成;

(3) 部分熔融的时代应为226±10Ma,部分熔融可能发生在超高压地体折返早期的热折返阶段(榴辉岩相-高压麻粒岩相条件下)。

致谢 感谢中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室的胡兆初教授在锆石定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素分析中的帮助;感谢中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所岩石圈演化国家重点实验室闫欣老师在锆石CL图像分析中的帮助。
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