实用肿瘤杂志   2022, Vol. 37 Issue (2): 107-111 本刊论文版权归本刊所有,未经授权,请勿做任何形式的转载

文章信息

王妍, 刘天舒
Wang Yan, Liu Tianshu
2021年胃癌药物治疗盘点
Summary in medicine treatment of gastric cancer in 2021
实用肿瘤杂志, 2022, 37(2): 107-111
Journal of Practical Oncology, 2022, 37(2): 107-111

通信作者

刘天舒,E-mail:liu.tianshu@zs-hospital.sh.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-01-12
2021年胃癌药物治疗盘点
王妍 , 刘天舒     
复旦大学附属中山医院肿瘤防治中心,肿瘤内科,上海 200032
摘要:2021年胃癌药物治疗领域不断取得突破,免疫和靶向治疗取得诸多进展。晚期胃癌一线免疫检查点抑制剂治疗正在不断优化之中,免疫耐药后的治疗和二线后治疗正如火如荼的开展。胃癌辅助治疗和新辅助治疗的免疫检查点抑制剂治疗亦继续往前推进,作为研究也处热烈探讨中。此外,胃癌的新药研发层出不穷,新型药物不断涌现,包括抗体偶联药物、双特异性抗体、新型靶点以及新的治疗方式的联合。新型药物及新型治疗方式的联合都不断为胃癌患者带来新的希望。
关键词胃癌    免疫检查点抑制剂治疗    靶向治疗    抗体偶联药物    双特异性抗体    
Summary in medicine treatment of gastric cancer in 2021
Wang Yan , Liu Tianshu     
Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Progress of immunotherapy and targeted therapy has been made in the field of gastric cancer in 2021. First-line immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for advanced gastric cancer is being optimized, and the treatment after immune resistance and second-line post-treatment are being carried out. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapy for gastric cancer are also being vigorously discussed. In addition, new drugs for gastric cancer constantly emerge. New drugs including the antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, new targeted drugs and new treatment combinations have been continuously developed. The combination of new drugs and new treatment methods constantly brings new hope to gastric cancer patients.
Key words: gastric cancer    immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy    targeted therapy    antibody-drug conjugate    bispecific antibody    

胃癌是全球范围内常见的恶性肿瘤之一,发病率位列第5位,病死率位列第3位[1]。我国胃癌发病率和病死率高居第2位[2]。近年来,胃癌药物治疗的蓬勃发展不断为胃癌患者带来中位总生存(overall survival,OS)的延长。本文对2021年度胃癌药物治疗进行梳理和盘点,并对未来展开思考。总体来说,胃癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗全面开花,多线并进; 而晚期胃癌靶向治疗除抗血管治疗和抗人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)治疗外,新型靶点也不断涌现。胃癌新型治疗药物及新型联合治疗方式的不断研发给胃癌的生存延长带来了新的希望。

1 晚期胃癌一线治疗进展 1.1 晚期胃癌一线免疫检查点抑制剂治疗进展

晚期胃癌一线免疫检查点抑制剂治疗疗效显著,已经改变晚期转移性胃癌的治疗格局。CheckMate 649研究在2021年欧洲肿瘤内科学会(European Society for Medical Oncology,ESMO)年会上报道生存更新数据[3-4]。随着随访时间的延长,纳武利尤单抗联合化疗对比单纯化疗仍保持着OS具有临床意义的改善。程序性死亡蛋白配体-1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)联合阳性评分(combined positive score,CPS)≥5患者免疫联合化疗对比单纯化疗死亡风险降低30%,2年OS率提高12%。CheckMate 649中国人群数据显示,纳武利尤单抗联合化疗对比单纯化疗OS和中位无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)均明显改善,与CheckMate 649全球人群一致。基于该研究结果,2021年美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南[5]和2021中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society Of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)胃癌诊疗指南[6]均推荐纳武利尤单抗联合化疗作为PD-L1 CPS≥5的晚期胃癌一线治疗的首选方案。晚期胃癌一线免疫联合化疗获得推荐的同时,纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹单抗对比化疗未能改善PD-L1 CPS≥5的患者的OS。无论在PD-L1 CPS≥5的患者中,还是在所有随机患者中,纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹单抗对比化疗PFS均未观察到获益。

ORIENT-16是一项随机、双盲的Ⅲ期研究,探索信迪利单抗联合化疗对比化疗一线治疗中国晚期胃/胃食管结合部(gastric/gastroesophageal junction,G/GEJ)腺癌[7]。中期分析数据截止日期为2021年6月20日,在全人群和PD-L1 CPS≥5的患者中,与化疗比较,信迪利单抗联合化疗表现出OS和PFS获益(全人群:中位OS 15.2个月 vs 12.3个月,HR=0.766;中位PFS 7.1个月 vs 5.7个月,HR=0.636。PD-L1 CPS≥5人群:中位OS 18.4个月 vs 12.9个月,HR=0.660;中位PFS 7.7个月 vs 5.8个月,HR=0.628)。结果显示,信迪利单抗联合化疗在G/GEJ腺癌一线治疗中具有令人鼓舞的抗肿瘤疗效。以上两项重磅Ⅲ期研究夯实免疫联合化疗在晚期胃癌一线治疗中的地位。

1.2 晚期胃癌一线靶向治疗

晚期胃癌一线靶向治疗总体进展位于Claudin18.2抗体中。Claudin18.2是构成细胞间紧密连接的蛋白2,在胃癌中高表达。IMAB362(zolbetuximab)是一种嵌合单克隆抗体,可与Claudin18.2结合。FAST研究是一项比较IMAB362联合化疗对比单纯化疗作为晚期Claudin18.2阳性胃和胃食管腺癌一线治疗的随机化Ⅱ期研究[8]。研究结果显示,IMAB362联合化疗与单纯化疗比较,Claudin18.2高表达(在≥70%肿瘤细胞中强度≥2+)的患者预后较好,中位PFS(9.1个月 vs 6.1个月)和OS(16.6个月 vs 9.3个月)更长。

1.3 晚期胃癌一线免疫及靶向联合治疗

KEYNOTE-811研究结果显示,帕博利珠单抗联合曲妥珠单抗和化疗可以将HER2阳性晚期胃癌患者客观反应率(objective response rate,ORR)提升至74.4%[9]。基于该研究结果,2021年5月美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)加速批准帕博利珠单抗联合曲妥珠单抗和化疗用于HER2阳性晚期胃癌的一线治疗。其余HER2阳性胃癌患者中一线免疫联合靶向治疗及化疗也在不断探索过程中。

MAHOGANY研究是一项随机、开放标签的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期研究[10]。其评估margetuximab联合免疫检查点抑制剂、联合或不联合化疗用于一线治疗HER2阳性的晚期或转移的G/GEJ癌。其队列A margetuximab联合免疫检查点抑制剂中期分析结果显示,在41例患者中有32例(78%)观察到肿瘤缩小。AIO INTEGA为一项比较伊匹木单抗或化疗联合纳武利尤单抗和曲妥珠单抗在既往未接受过系统治疗的HER2阳性晚期胃食管结合部癌随机对照研究[11]。研究结果显示,化疗联合纳武利尤单抗和曲妥珠单抗组较伊匹木单抗联合纳武利尤单抗和曲妥珠单抗组的中位PFS延长(10.7个月 vs 3.2个月),而OS无差异。

上述HER2阳性晚期胃癌的一线临床研究均提示,抗HER2治疗联合免疫及化疗较靶向联合化疗或靶向联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗更具生存优势,免疫联合抗HER2治疗及化疗有望成为HER2阳性晚期胃癌一线治疗的标准模式。

2 晚期胃癌二线及以上治疗

晚期胃癌一线治疗失败后的药物治疗进展主要位于靶向治疗之中,包括抗血管治疗和抗HER2治疗。

RAINBOW-Asia的桥接研究达到预设终点[12]。中国人群ramucirumab联合紫杉醇治疗显示出PFS延长及OS获益趋势(中位OS 9.03个月 vs 8.08个月,HR=0.942,P=0.616 9;中位PFS 4.17个月 vs 3.15个月,HR=0.751,P=0.016 9)。

HER-RAM研究探索曲妥珠单抗+雷莫西尤单抗+紫杉醇作为HER2阳性G/GEJ癌二线治疗的可行性[13]。在既往接受曲妥珠单抗+化疗治疗后进展的HER2阳性G/GEJ癌患者中,曲妥珠单抗跨线与雷莫西尤单抗+紫杉醇联合显示出不错的疗效和可控的安全性。HER2表达的动态变化的探索性分析和可用肿瘤组织的基因组分析正在进行。

DESTINY-Gastric01研究评估了trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd)在亚洲患者的三线或后线治疗[14]。结果显示,T-DXd在HER2低表达G/GEJ腺癌患者中表现出抗肿瘤活性。而DESTINY-Gastric02是DESTINY-Gastric01的后续研究[15]。DESTINY-Gastric02是第一项仅关注二线T-DXd单药治疗在含曲妥珠单抗的方案中进展的西方国家HER2阳性G/GEJ癌患者的研究。入组患者来自欧洲(比利时、英国、意大利和西班牙)及美国,截至2021年4月9日ORR达38%。

RC48-C008研究探索维迪西妥单抗治疗HER2过表达既往二线及以上全身化疗后局部晚期或转移性胃癌的反应率[16]。在可评估的127例患者中,ORR为24.8% (95%CI:17.5%~33.3%),疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为42.4% (95% CI:33.6%~51.6%)。中位PFS为4.1个月(95% CI:3.7~4.9个月),而中位OS为7.9个月(95%CI:6.7~9.9个月)。

3 胃癌免疫围手术期治疗

随着胃癌分子分型研究的不断深入,免疫药物的不断研发,化疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗在胃癌围术期中的应用也在不断突破。

Checkmate 577研究是一项全球、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期临床研究,探索新辅助放化疗的食管癌或胃食管结合部癌切除术后接受纳武利尤单抗辅助治疗的疗效[17]。与安慰剂比较,纳武利尤单抗提高总体人群中位无瘤生存期(disease-free survival,DFS),使其复发或死亡风险降低31%。纳武利尤单抗组和安慰剂组的中位DFS分别为22.4个月和11.0个月(HR=0.69,95%CI:0.56~0.86;P=0.000 3),无论PD-L1水平(预先设定的亚组)DFS均获益。

胃癌免疫围手术期小样本Ⅱ期的临床研究也在不断探索之中。多数免疫检查点抑制剂治疗联合化疗或放化疗单臂研究的研究终点为病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR)率[18-22],术后pCR率介于23.1%~42.1%,生存数据仍待进一步阐述。

基于小样本Ⅱ期研究的初步研究结果,目前包括KEYNOTE-585 Ⅲ期、CheckMate 358和Attraction-05 Ⅲ期在内的临床随机对照研究正在进行之中。综合基因分子表达特征给予精准的胃癌围术期治疗将是未来临床研究设计的趋势。

4 胃癌新药探索全面开花

胃癌的新药研发层出不穷,新型药物不断涌现,包括新型免疫检查点抑制剂双特异性抗体、新型抗HER2双特异性抗体、新型靶点以及新的治疗方式的联合。

AK104[程序性死亡蛋白-1(programmed death-1,PD-1) /细胞毒T淋巴细胞抗原-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4,CTLA-4)双特异性抗体]联合化疗一线治疗晚期G/GEJ癌的研究报道了Ⅰb/Ⅱ期研究更新的疗效和安全性结果[23]。截至2020年11月20日,54例患者接受AK104 4 mg/kg (n=18)、6 mg/kg (n=32)和10 mg/kg (n=4)联合化疗。在39例抗肿瘤疗效可评估的患者中,ORR为64.1% (95%CI:47.2%~78.8%),包括2例CR和23例PR; DCR为87.2% (95%CI:72.6%~95.7%)。

Zanidatamab(ZW25)是一种靶向HER2的新型双特异性抗体,靶点包括曲妥珠单抗结合位点HER2 ECD4和HER2 ECD2。初步研究结果表明,其疗效高且耐受性好[24]

KN026是一种新型双特异性抗体,可同时结合2个不同的HER2表位抗原。KN046是一种新型的双特异性抗体,可阻断PD-L1与PD-1以及CTLA-4与CD80/CD60的交互作用。KN026联合KN046无化疗一线治疗G/GEJ腺癌ORR达71.4%,中位PFS尚未达到,总体安全性良好[25]

Dickkopf相关蛋白1 (Dickkopf-related protein 1,DKK1)是一种调节Wnt信号通路的蛋白质。异常的Wnt信号通常与癌症有关,使癌细胞能够生长和分裂并抑制免疫系统。DKN-01是一种针对DKK1蛋白的人源化单克隆抗体。Ⅰ期研究显示[26],DKN-01联合帕博利珠单抗在DKK1高表达G/GEJ癌患者中疗效可观。DisTinGuish研究是一项DKN-01联合替雷利珠单抗和(或)化疗一线或二线治疗不能手术、局部晚期或转移性G/GEJ腺癌患者的多中心、开放标签的Ⅱa期研究[27]。研究共入组25例晚期胃癌患者,ORR为68.2%,DCR为96.0%,作为晚期G/GEJ癌的一线治疗具有令人鼓舞的活性。

FIGHT研究探索bemarituzumab[靶向成纤维细胞生长因子受体2b(fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b,FGFR2b)的IgG抗体]联合mFOLFOX6(奥沙利铂+亚叶酸钙+5-氟尿嘧啶)一线治疗晚期FGFR2b阳性胃癌的PFS[28]。Bemarituzumab联合化疗组较单纯化疗组中位PFS有延长趋势(9.5个月 vs 7.4个月,HR=0.68,95%CI:0.44~1.04个月,P=0.072 7)。

我国胃癌晚期患者比例高,疾病负担重,新药研发为胃癌患者带来更多生存机会。2021年诸多研究显示,晚期胃癌一线免疫检查点抑制剂治疗正在不断优化之中,免疫耐药后的治疗和二线后治疗正如火如荼的开展。免疫治疗亦继续往前推进,作为胃癌辅助治疗和新辅助治疗的研究也处于热烈探讨中,目前取得较大进步。此外,新的药物、新的靶向和新的治疗方式的联合都不断为胃癌患者带来新的希望。

参考文献
[1]
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424. DOI:10.3322/caac.21492
[2]
Chen WQ, Zheng RS, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2016, 66(2): 115-132. DOI:10.3322/caac.21338
[3]
Janjigian YY, Shitara K, Moehler M, et al. First-line nivolumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for advanced gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (CheckMate 649): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet, 2021, 398(10294): 27-40. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00797-2
[4]
Janjigian YY, Ajani JA, Moehler M, et al. LBA7 Nivolumab (NIVO) plus chemotherapy (Chemo) or ipilimumab (IPI) vs chemo as first-line (1L) treatment for advanced gastric cancer/gastroesophageal junction cancer/esophageal adenocarcinoma (GC/GEJC/EAC): CheckMate 649 study[J]. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32: S1329-S1330. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2131
[5]
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Gastric Cancer (Version 1.2021)[EB/OL]. (2021-02-06)[2022-01-10]. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/gastric.pdf.
[6]
中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)胃癌诊疗指南2021[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2021.
[7]
Xu J, Jiang H, Pan Y, et al. LBA53 Sintilimab plus chemotherapy (chemo) versus chemo as first-line treatment for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma (ORIENT-16): first results of a randomized, double-blind, phase Ⅲ study[J]. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32: S1331.
[8]
Sahin U, Türeci Ö, Manikhas G, et al. FAST: a randomised phase Ⅱ study of zolbetuximab (IMAB362) plus EOX versus EOX alone for first-line treatment of advanced CLDN18.2-positive gastric and gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32(5): 609-619. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.005
[9]
Janjigian YY, Kawazoe A, Yanez PE, et al. Pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy for HER2+ metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer: Initial findings of the global phase 3 KEYNOTE-811 study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4013. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4013
[10]
Catenacci DV, Rosales M, Chung HC, et al. MAHOGANY: margetuximab combination in HER2+ unresectable/metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma[J]. Future Oncol, 2021, 17(10): 1155-1164. DOI:10.2217/fon-2020-1007
[11]
Tintelnot J, Goekkurt E, Binder M, et al. Ipilimumab or FOLFOX with nivolumab and trastuzumab in previously untreated HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma - the randomized phase 2 INTEGA trial (AIO STO 0217)[J]. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20(1): 503. DOI:10.1186/s12885-020-06958-3
[12]
Xu RH, Zhang YQ, Pan HM, et al. RAINBOW-Asia: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, phase Ⅲ study of ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma following disease progression on first-line chemotherapy with platinum and fluoropyrimidine[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(3_suppl): 199. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.3_suppl.199
[13]
Rha SY, Kim CG, Jung M, et al. Multicenter phase Ⅰb/Ⅱ study of second-line trastuzumab, ramucirumab, and paclitaxel in patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer (HER-RAM study)[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4063. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4063
[14]
Shitara K, Bang YB, Iwasa S, et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan in previously treated HER2-positive gastric cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(25): 2419-2430. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2004413
[15]
van Cutsem E, Bartolomeo MD, Smyth E, et al. LBA55 Primary analysis of a phase Ⅱ single-arm trial of trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in western patients (Pts) with HER2-positive (HER2+) unresectable or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer who progressed on or after a trastuzumab-containing regimen[J]. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32: S1332. DOI:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2135
[16]
Peng Z, Liu TS, Wei J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel anti-HER2 therapeutic antibody RC48 in patients with HER2-overexpressing, locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer: a single-arm phase Ⅱ study[J]. Cancer Commun, 2021, 41(11): 1173-1182. DOI:10.1002/cac2.12214
[17]
Takiguchi S, Shitara K, Takiguchi N, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab monotherapy in patients with resectable gastric cancer: preliminary results from a multicenter study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4026. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4026
[18]
Liu Y, Han GS, Li HL, et al. Camrelizumab combined with FLOFOX as neoadjuvant therapy for resectable locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: updated results of efficacy and safety[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4036.
[19]
Li S, Yu WB, Xie F, et al. A prospective, phase Ⅱ, single-arm study of neoadjuvant/conversion therapy with camrelizumab, apatinib, S-1 ± oxaliplatin for locally advanced cT4a/bN+ gastric cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4061. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4061
[20]
Li HL, Deng JY, Ge SH, et al. Phase Ⅱ study of perioperative toripalimab in combination with FLOT in patients with locally advanced resectable gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4050. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4050
[21]
Li N, Li Z, Fu Q, et al. 160P Phase Ⅱ study of sintilimab combined with FLOT regimen for neoadjuvant treatment of gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma[J]. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31: S1302.
[22]
Tang ZQ, Wang Y, Liu D, et al. 1385P Phase Ⅱ study of neoadjuvant camrelizumab combined with chemoradiation for locally advanced proximal gastric cancer (Neo-PLANET, NCT03631615)[J]. Ann Oncol, 2021, 32: S1049.
[23]
Ji J, Shen L, Li Z, et al. AK104 (PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific) combined with chemotherapy as first-line therapy for advanced gastric (G) or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer: Updated results from a phase Ⅰb study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(3_suppl): 232.
[24]
Meric-Bernstam F, Hamilton EP, Beeram M, et al. Zanidatamab (ZW25) in HER2-expressing gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA): results from a phase Ⅰ study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(3_suppl): 164.
[25]
Gong J, Shen L, Luo S, et al. Preliminary efficacy and safety results of KN026 in combination with KN046 in patients with HER2-positive gastrointestinal tumors[C]. Paris: ESMO, 2021.
[26]
Klempner SJ, Bendell JC, Villaflor VM, et al. Safety, efficacy, and biomarker results from a phase Ⅰb study of the anti-DKK1 antibody DKN-01 in combination with pembrolizumab in advanced esophagogastric cancers[J]. Mol Cancer Ther, 2021, 20(11): 2240-2249.
[27]
Klempner SJ, Sirard C, Chao J, et al. DKN-01 in combination with tislelizumab and chemotherapy as a first-line therapy in unselected patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA): DisTinGuish trial[C]. Paris: ESMO, 2021.
[28]
Wainberg ZA, Enzinger PC, Kang YK, et al. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 study of bemarituzumab combined with modified FOLFOX6 (mFOLFOX6) in first-line (1L) treatment of advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FIGHT)[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(3_suppl): 160.