实用肿瘤杂志   2022, Vol. 37 Issue (3): 227-231 本刊论文版权归本刊所有,未经授权,请勿做任何形式的转载

文章信息

章浙伟, 邵国良
Zhang Zhewei, Shao Guoliang
重视介入与靶向和免疫联合治疗在中晚期肝细胞癌中的应用前景
Attach importance to application prospect of combining interventional therapy with targeted therapy and immunotherapy on intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
实用肿瘤杂志, 2022, 37(3): 227-231
Journal of Practical Oncology, 2022, 37(3): 227-231

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(82072032);浙江省卫生健康科技计划项目(2022KY687)

通信作者

邵国良,E-mail:shaogl@zjcc.org.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-02-08
重视介入与靶向和免疫联合治疗在中晚期肝细胞癌中的应用前景
章浙伟 , 邵国良     
中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院(浙江省肿瘤医院)介入治疗科,浙江 杭州 310022
摘要:介入治疗是中晚期肝细胞癌患者治疗最主要的手段,包括肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)、局部消融治疗和选择性内放射治疗(selective internal radiation therapy,SIRT)等,能有效改善患者的临床症状和延长生存期。以靶向治疗和免疫治疗为代表的肝细胞癌系统性治疗近年来取得明显进展,尤其是靶向和免疫联合治疗呈现出显著疗效,而局部介入治疗联合靶向和免疫治疗正成为新的研究热点。本文就这一方面作一个专题评述。
关键词肝细胞癌    介入治疗    靶向治疗    免疫治疗    联合治疗    
Attach importance to application prospect of combining interventional therapy with targeted therapy and immunotherapy on intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Zhang Zhewei , Shao Guoliang     
Departement of Interventional Therapy, the Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
Abstract: Interventional therapy is the most important treatment for patients with intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, including transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC), local ablation and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT), which can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms and prolong the survival time of patients. The systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma represented by targeted therapy and immunotherapy has made significant progress in recent years. Especially, the combination of targeted therapy and immunotherapy has shown significant efficacy, and local interventional therapy combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy is becoming the focus of research. This article makes a special review on this aspect.
Key words: hepatocellular carcinoma    interventional therapy    targeted therapy    immunotherapy    combined therapy    

原发性肝细胞癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。2020年的数据统计显示,全球原发性肝癌的发病率居恶性肿瘤发病率的第6位,死亡率居第3位[1]。中国是肝癌的高发国家,患者数量占全世界50%左右,其中肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC;以下简称肝癌)占85%左右。多数原发性肝癌患者确诊时已是中晚期,丧失了根治性手术切除的机会[2-3]。随着局部治疗技术的发展,肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)、局部消融治疗和选择性内放射治疗(selective internal radiation therapy,SIRT)等多种介入治疗技术被广泛应用于临床,在缩小肿瘤病灶、控制症状和改善生存期等方面获得明显疗效。TACE已成为不可手术切除的中期肝癌的标准治疗,而消融治疗对于早期肝癌患者,可获得根治性治疗效果,疗效与手术切除相当[4-6]

但对于晚期肝癌而言,由于肝功能损害、肿瘤负荷大、合并血管侵犯或肝外转移,介入治疗往往疗效欠佳,而且TACE等治疗后肿瘤灶残留和组织缺氧导致血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)水平上调等因素,易导致肿瘤复发与转移,限制了介入治疗的远期疗效[7-8]。近十余年来,随着肝癌靶向药物的应用和免疫治疗的兴起,系统治疗在肝癌的治疗上取得了突破。尤其将靶向药物与免疫检查点抑制剂联合使用,在晚期肝癌的治疗上可获得高达30%左右的客观有效率(objective response rate,ORR),中位生存期也达到20个月左右[9-10]。系统治疗已被巴塞罗那肝癌分期系统(Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer,BCLC)和原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)等多个指南推荐为晚期肝癌的标准治疗或中期肝癌的联合治疗方案内容[11-12]。单从靶向药物而言,SHARP试验和REFLECT研究分别证实了索拉非尼和仑伐替尼的临床疗效,而多纳非尼、雷莫芦单抗和贝伐珠单抗等靶向药物也在肝癌的治疗中显示了效果。Checkmate-040及Keynote-224两项研究结果又为免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)用于治疗晚期肝癌提供了循证医学证据[13-14]。但不论是靶向药物还是免疫制剂,单药治疗的临床疗效均 < 20%。ORIENT-32、IMbrave 150、RESCUE和Keynote-524等研究将靶向药物和免疫治疗联合应用于晚期肝癌的治疗,结果显示能获得较单一治疗更高的ORR(20.5%~36%)[15-18]。这些联合方案获得多个专家共识推荐作为肝癌患者一线治疗的新选择[9, 19]。但就目前的结果来看,无论是单药还是靶向与免疫联合治疗,与TACE比较,其疗效尚有一定差距。据Lencioni等[20]的荟萃分析显示,1980年至2013年TACE治疗的10 108例中晚期肝癌患者平均ORR为52.5%,患者1年、2年、3年和5年生存率分别为70.3%、51.8%、40.4%和32.4%。针对中晚期肝癌的治疗上如何获得更高有效率这一问题目前正在进行新的联合治疗方案研究(CheckMate 040研究队列4、HIMALAYA研究和SHR-1210-Ⅲ-305等)。而针对局部联合包含免疫治疗在内的系统治疗的一系列临床试验也正在开展中,初步结果呈现出良好的势头,并有望在未来5年中建立起中晚期肝癌新的治疗模式。

1 TACE联合靶向和免疫治疗

TACE是目前国内外各大指南推荐治疗中期HCC的标准一线治疗,同时也是晚期HCC姑息性治疗的常用手段,但TACE治疗仍有其局限性,TACE治疗后肿瘤往往难以达到病理学上完全坏死。此外,对于大肝癌或巨块型肝癌,多次重复TACE会对肝功能造成较大的损害。对于TACE与分子靶向治疗药物的联合,日本Kudo教授团队牵头完成的TACTICS Ⅱ期临床研究显示,TACE联合索拉非尼能够延长患者的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)至25.2个月,而单纯TACE组为13.5个月[21]。一项多中心回顾性研究显示,对于中负荷和肝功能白蛋白-胆红素分级(albumin-bilirubin,ALBI)1分的肝癌患者,TACE联合索拉非尼可改善患者的总生存期(overall survival,OS)和疾病进展时间(time to progression,TTP)[22]。对于超越Up-to-seven标准的中期肝癌患者,日本的学者认为,可在一线使用仑伐替尼治疗的基础序贯联合按需TACE治疗[23]。中国学者采用TACE与阿帕替尼联合治疗中晚期肝癌,结果显示,TACE联合阿帕替尼可延长患者的PFS[24]。但也有一些研究结果显示,联合治疗并没有取得获益[25]。近年来,免疫治疗在肝癌领域取得明显疗效,而TACE联合免疫治疗在理论上有较强的合理性,可直接杀伤或抑制肿瘤细胞增长,同时破坏肿瘤细胞释放肿瘤抗原物质,增强免疫效应,从而提高疗效,延长患者的生存期,TACE联合免疫治疗的临床研究正在开展中。此外,靶向联合免疫治疗具有协同增强TACE疗效的作用,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)联合程序性死亡受体1(programmed death-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)抑制剂的抗肿瘤血管生成作用将有助于消除TACE后肿瘤血管生成致肿瘤复发因素。目前,多项Ⅲ期临床研究(包括帕博利珠单抗和仑伐替尼联合TACE治疗不可治愈/非转移性肝细胞癌以及TACE联合阿替利珠单抗加贝伐珠单抗对比单纯TACE用于未经治疗的肝细胞癌等)正在进行中,三联方案治疗中晚期HCC的临床结果值得期待。

2 HAIC联合靶向和免疫治疗

近年来,中国学者在HAIC治疗中晚期肝癌领域取得许多进展,以奥沙利铂为基础的FOLFOX方案(奥沙利铂+氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙)HAIC已被中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)肝癌指南纳入为晚期HCC的治疗方式之一[26]。HAIC通过将化疗药物直接输送至肿瘤的滋养动脉中,提高了肝脏的首过效应,使肝内的局部血药浓度维持在较高水平,并且降低了化疗药物的全身毒性,HAIC适合肿瘤负荷集中于肝内或合并门静脉癌栓的患者。多项临床研究证实,HAIC联合靶向和免疫治疗有着更高的肿瘤缓解率和手术转化率[27-28]。一项多中心前瞻性随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)研究显示,索拉非尼联合改良FOLFOX方案(奥沙利铂+氟尿嘧啶+亚叶酸钙)的HAIC治疗较索拉非尼单药组可延缓合并门脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)肝癌患者的疾病进展,延长OS[29]。该团队的另一项回顾性研究比较HAIC联合PD-1/PD-L1与HAIC治疗晚期HCC的疗效,HAIC联合组81例,单纯HAIC组148例,HAIC联合组中位OS和PFS为18个月和10个月,单纯HAIC组的中位OS和PFS为14.6个月和5.6个月,HAIC联合组的疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR;82.7% vs 65.5%,P=0.006)和肝内缓解率(85.2% vs 73.6%,P=0.045)均高于单纯HAIC组,对晚期HCC患者具有更好的治疗效果和生存效益[30]

HAIC联合靶向和免疫治疗的三联方案同样显示出良好的肿瘤控制率和安全性。一项回顾性研究显示,与仑伐替尼单药治疗比较,HAIC联合仑伐替尼与特瑞普利单抗治疗晚期HCC可获得更高的ORR[实体瘤疗效评价标准(Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors,RECIST):59.2% vs 9.3%;修改后RECIST(modified RECIST,mRECIST):67.6% vs 16.3%,P < 0.01),更长的中位PFS(11.1个月 vs 5.1个月,P < 0.01)和OS(未达到 vs 11个月,P < 0.01),联合治疗组中有14.1%的患者达到mRECIST的完全缓解[28]。此外,2021年美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)会议报道一项关于HAIC联合仑伐替尼和特瑞普利单抗一线治疗晚期HCC的单臂开放性Ⅱ期临床研究[31]。结果显示,ORR为66.7%,中位PFS为10.5个月,缓解持续时间(duration of response,DOR)为12.1个月,不良反应可控,HAIC联合靶向免疫治疗的三联方案显示出广阔的应用前景。

3 消融联合靶向和免疫治疗

局部消融通过物理或化学的方式使肿瘤发生凝固性坏死,从而达到控制和灭活肿瘤的目的。临床上常用的消融包括热消融[射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)和微波消融(microwave ablation,MWA)]、冷冻消融(氩氦刀冷冻消融和液氮冷冻消融)和化学消融(乙醇消融)等。消融治疗作为一种局部治疗手段,是小肝癌的一种根治性治疗方法。但由于术中消融边界难以精准控制以及血流“热沉效应”的影响,仍存在肿瘤残留和复发转移的风险。同时对较大肿瘤不易完全消融,肿瘤易复发转移。已有多项临床研究表明,局部消融联合靶向药物治疗,能够发挥各自的优势,延长肝癌患者的生存期[32-34]。一项多中心回顾性队列研究比较RFA联合索拉非尼对比RFA治疗BCLC 0~B1期肝癌的疗效,结果表明,RFA联合索拉非尼可降低RFA术后复发率,改善患者OS[35]。同时,局部消融可增强肿瘤相关抗原释放,产生大量炎性细胞因子和多种免疫原性介质,促进免疫细胞的局部浸润和活化,刺激免疫系统产生一定的抗肿瘤效应[36]。研究显示,局部消融与免疫药物联合治疗肝癌,可以诱导肿瘤组织内CD8+ T细胞聚集,产生积极的抗肿瘤疗效[37]

4 钇90选择性内放射治疗联合免疫治疗

钇90选择性内放射治疗是肝癌局部治疗的一种有效方法,钇90微球在数字减影血管造影(digital substraction angiography,DSA)引导下通过导管直接输送至肝脏的肿瘤血管内,近距离给予肿瘤细胞高剂量的β射线辐射,从而发挥抗肿瘤治疗的作用。与传统的TACE手术比较,钇90放射性治疗后患者不良反应率更低,生活质量更好。一项包含245例患者的回顾性研究显示,钇90选择性内放射治疗组较TACE组有更高的肿瘤应答率(48.8% vs 36.1%,P=0.104)和更长的TTP(13.3个月 vs 8.4个月,P=0.046),且毒性更小[38]。一项纳入26例患者的单中心回顾性研究显示,钇90选择性内放射治疗联合免疫治疗的患者中位OS为16.5个月,TTP为5.7个月,PFS为5.7个月,且安全性可控[39]。2020年ASCO会议公布的一项Ⅱ期临床研究显示,钇90选择性内放射治疗联合纳武单抗治疗晚期HCC的ORR达到30.5%[40]。将来需要更多的前瞻性研究来进一步评估联合治疗的疗效和安全性。

5 结语

介入治疗目前仍是中晚期肝癌治疗的主要方法,以局部介入治疗为基础联合靶向和免疫治疗是一个值得进一步探索的方向。需要开展前瞻性多中心大样本的临床研究,以取得高级别的循证医学证据,为肝癌患者提供更为有效的治疗方案。

参考文献
[1]
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249. DOI:10.3322/caac.21660
[2]
郑荣寿, 孙可欣, 张思维, 等. 2015年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(1): 19-28. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.005
[3]
聂慧芳, 孙百军, 吕艺. 2011-2017年沈阳市城区居民肝癌发病与死亡趋势分析[J]. 实用肿瘤杂志, 2021, 36(6): 490-495.
[4]
Park JW, Chen MS, Colombo M, et al. Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE Study[J]. Liver Int, 2015, 35(9): 2155-2166. DOI:10.1111/liv.12818
[5]
Bruix J, Reig M, Sherman M. Evidence-based diagnosis, staging, and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Gastroenterology, 2016, 150(4): 835-853. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.041
[6]
Hasegawa K, Aoki T, Ishizawa T, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic outcomes between surgical resection and percutaneous ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2014, 21(3_suppl): S348-S355.
[7]
Liu K, Min XL, Peng J, et al. The changes of HIF-1α and VEGF expression after TACE in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Med Res, 2016, 8(4): 297-302. DOI:10.14740/jocmr2496w
[8]
Sergio A, Cristofori C, Cardin R, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): the role of angiogenesis and invasiveness[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2008, 103(4): 914-921. DOI:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01712.x
[9]
中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会转化治疗协作组. 肝癌转化治疗中国专家共识(2021版)[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2021, 20(6): 600-616. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20210512-00223
[10]
都亚薇, 张宁宁, 陆伟. 肝癌免疫治疗的研究现状及展望[J]. 实用肿瘤杂志, 2021, 36(5): 393-398.
[11]
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019
[12]
中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政医管局. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(2): 143-168. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20220124-00053
[13]
El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial[J]. Lancet, 2017, 389(10088): 2492-2502. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31046-2
[14]
Zhu AX, Finn RS, Edeline J, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib (KEYNOTE-224): a non-randomised, open-label phase 2 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2018, 19(7): 940-952. DOI:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30351-6
[15]
Finn RS, Ikeda M, Zhu AX, et al. Phase Ⅰb study of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2020, 38(26): 2960-2970. DOI:10.1200/JCO.20.00808
[16]
Finn RS, Qin SK, Ikeda M, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(20): 1894-1905. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1915745
[17]
Ren Z, Fan J, Xu J, et al. LBA2 Sintilimab plus bevacizumab biosimilar vs sorafenib as first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (ORIENT-32)2[J]. Ann Oncol, 2020, 31: S1287.
[18]
Xu JM, Shen J, Gu SZ, et al. Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RESCUE): a nonrandomized, open-label, phase Ⅱ trial[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27(4): 1003-1011. DOI:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-2571
[19]
中华预防医学会肝胆胰疾病预防与控制专业委员会, 中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会, 北京医学会外科学分会肝脏学组, 等. 基于免疫联合靶向方案的晚期肝细胞癌转化治疗中国专家共识(2021版)[J]. 中华肝胆外科杂志, 2021, 27(4): 241-251. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn113884-20210415-00138
[20]
Lencioni R, de Baere T, Soulen MC, et al. Lipiodol transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of efficacy and safety data[J]. Hepatology, 2016, 64(1): 106-116. DOI:10.1002/hep.28453
[21]
Kudo M, Ueshima K, Ikeda M, et al. Randomised, multicentre prospective trial of transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) plus sorafenib as compared with TACE alone in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: tactics trial[J]. Gut, 2020, 69(8): 1492-1501. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318934
[22]
Wang ZX, Wang EX, Bai W, et al. Exploratory analysis to identify candidates benefitting from combination therapy of transarterial chemoembolization and sorafenib for first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective observational study[J]. Liver Cancer, 2020, 9(3): 308-325. DOI:10.1159/000505692
[23]
Kudo M. A new treatment option for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with high tumor burden: initial lenvatinib therapy with subsequent selective TACE[J]. Liver Cancer, 2019, 8(5): 299-311. DOI:10.1159/000502905
[24]
Lu W, Jin XL, Yang C, et al. Comparison of efficacy between TACE combined with apatinib and TACE alone in the treatment of intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center randomized controlled trial[J]. Cancer Biol Ther, 2017, 18(6): 433-438. DOI:10.1080/15384047.2017.1323589
[25]
Llovet JM, de Baere T, Kulik L, et al. Locoregional therapies in the era of molecular and immune treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 18(5): 293-313. DOI:10.1038/s41575-020-00395-0
[26]
中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)原发性肝癌诊疗指南[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2020: 59.
[27]
Mei J, Tang YH, Wei W, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitors plus lenvatinib versus PD-1 inhibitors plus lenvatinib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Front Oncol, 2021, 11: 618206. DOI:10.3389/fonc.2021.618206
[28]
He MK, Liang RB, Zhao Y, et al. Lenvatinib, toripalimab, plus hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus lenvatinib alone for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Ther Adv Med Oncol, 2021, 13: 17588359211002720.
[29]
He MK, Li QJ, Zou RH, et al. Sorafenib plus hepatic arterial infusion of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin vs sorafenib alone for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein invasion: a randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2019, 5(7): 953-960. DOI:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0250
[30]
Mei J, Li SH, Li QJ, et al. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy improves the efficacy of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatocell Carcinoma, 2021, 8: 167-176. DOI:10.2147/JHC.S298538
[31]
He MK, Ming S, Lai ZC, et al. A phase Ⅱ trial of lenvatinib plus toripalimab and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy as a first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (LTHAIC study)[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2021, 39(15_suppl): 4083. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.4083
[32]
Fukuda H, Numata K, Moriya S, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: concomitant sorafenib promotes necrosis after radiofrequency ablation: propensity score matching analysis[J]. Radiology, 2014, 272(2): 598-604. DOI:10.1148/radiol.14131640
[33]
Kan X, Jing Y, Wan QY, et al. Sorafenib combined with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of medium-sized hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2015, 19(2): 247-255.
[34]
张海潇, 管清龙, 任伟新, 等. 射频消融联合索拉非尼治疗原发性肝癌疗效分析[J]. 中华实用诊断与治疗杂志, 2015, 29(4): 409-411.
[35]
Feng XB, Xu RC, du XL, et al. Combination therapy with sorafenib and radiofrequency ablation for BCLC Stage 0-B1 hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2014, 109(12): 1891-1899. DOI:10.1038/ajg.2014.343
[36]
Bo XW, Sun LP, Yu SY, et al. Thermal ablation and immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advances and future directions[J]. World J Gastrointest Oncol, 2021, 13(10): 1397-1411. DOI:10.4251/wjgo.v13.i10.1397
[37]
Duffy AG, Ulahannan SV, Makorova-Rusher O, et al. Tremelimumab in combination with ablation in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2017, 66(3): 545-551. DOI:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.10.029
[38]
Salem R, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik L, et al. Radioembolization results in longer time-to-progression and reduced toxicity compared with chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Gastroenterology, 2011, 140(2): 497-507. DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.049
[39]
Zhan CY, Ruohoniemi D, Shanbhogue KP, et al. Safety of combined yttrium-90 radioembolization and immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2020, 31(1): 25-34. DOI:10.1016/j.jvir.2019.05.023
[40]
Tai W, Loke K, Gogna A, et al. A phase Ⅱ open-label, single-center, nonrandomized trial of Y90-radioembolization in combination with nivolumab in Asian patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: CA 209-678[J]. J Clin Oncol, 15_suppl: 4590.