文章信息
- 陈飞, 王淑婷, 许伶, 胡文献
- 中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与乳腺癌预后关系的研究进展
- 实用肿瘤杂志, 2022, 37(1): 90-95
基金项目
- 国家自然科学基金项目(81972597,81972453)
-
通信作者
- 胡文献,E-mail:3309020@zju.edu.cn
-
文章历史
- 收稿日期:2021-01-31
乳腺癌是全世界女性最常见的恶性肿瘤。2018年估计有2 090万例新发病例,626 679例死亡[1]。在中国,乳腺癌的发病率和死亡率分别占世界的12.2%和9.6%,且呈快速增长的趋势,对广大女性的健康造成严重威胁[2]。目前,患者的年龄、乳腺癌TNM分期、组织学类型和分子亚型等是预测乳腺癌预后的主要指标。既往研究发现,炎性反应与肿瘤细胞的增生、侵袭以及转移等密切相关[3]。其中,中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)作为一种全身炎性反应监测指标,能够综合反映外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞之间的动态变化,是评估肿瘤患者炎性反应状态最常用的观察指标。研究表明,NLR增高在食管癌[4]、胃癌[5]、结直肠癌[6]及卵巢癌[7]中均可作为预后不良的独立危险因素。近年来许多研究评估了NLR作为乳腺癌预后因素的潜在价值[8-9],且因其经济、简便和可操作性强,在临床工作中受到越来越多的关注。因此,本文对近年来针对NLR与乳腺癌新辅助化疗的敏感性及预后关系的研究进行总结,旨在为改善乳腺癌患者的预后和调整乳腺癌患者的治疗方案提供参考。
1 中性粒细胞和肿瘤的关系中性粒细胞是白细胞中最丰富的一种细胞,通常是宿主免疫防御的第一道防线,以及对感染、创伤和恶性疾病引起的病原体入侵提供保护的主要免疫细胞。肿瘤相关中性粒细胞(tumor-associated neutrophil,TAN)为在肿瘤微环境中浸润的中性粒细胞,可被诱导分化为抗瘤性(N1)和致瘤性(N2)2种亚型[10]。其中N1型TAN能促进抗肿瘤细胞因子和活性氧的分泌,并驱化CD8+ T细胞至肿瘤病灶,增加细胞毒作用,从而抑制肿瘤细胞生长[11]。与N1不同的是,N2具有促肿瘤作用,可通过释放一系列蛋白或趋化因子,如中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)、细胞因子、成纤维细胞生长因子-2(fibroblast growth factor-2,FGF-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)等,以促进肿瘤的增殖、浸润和血管生成[12]。此外,中性粒细胞还可以通过产生精氨酸酶-1和过氧化氢等来抑制活化的T细胞、自然杀伤细胞和淋巴细胞的溶细胞活性,从而限制免疫系统[13]。最近的一些基础研究提示,中性粒细胞可以聚集在循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)周围,诱导肿瘤细胞聚集,并通过隐藏肿瘤细胞免受免疫监视来帮助肿瘤细胞存活[14]。此外,中性粒细胞还可以通过在循环系统和肿瘤局部病变中形成许多中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs),并与血小板协同捕获CTCs,以促进肿瘤转移[15]。
2 淋巴细胞和肿瘤的关系淋巴细胞是机体免疫系统的重要组成部分,而肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)是一种精选的T细胞群体,对肿瘤细胞表现出高特异性免疫应答,是肿瘤免疫微环境的主要组成成分[16]。TIL通过参与机体的细胞与体液免疫来控制肿瘤的发生和发展,某些亚群发挥免疫抑制和促肿瘤作用,而其他亚群在免疫监测和肿瘤杀伤活性中发挥重要作用。CD8+细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)可以通过形成能对靶细胞施加机械力来增强穿孔素活性的免疫突触,分泌孔形成蛋白和毒性蛋白酶进入细胞间隙,从而杀伤或清除肿瘤细胞[17]。CD4+ T淋巴细胞可产生各种效应型亚群,其中辅助性T细胞1(helper T cell 1,Th1)可分泌白细胞介素-2(interleukin 2,IL-2)和干扰素-γ等多种细胞因子抑制肿瘤进展[18],而Th2细胞可通过分泌IL-4和IL-13等促进肿瘤生长,并激活M2型巨噬细胞,从而促进肿瘤浸润和转移[19]。机体通过调控这些T亚群细胞的分化及活化,影响着肿瘤的发生与发展。目前,TILs的增加已被证明与乳腺癌和胃癌等多种癌症预后的改善有关[20-21]。此外,TILs的作用也被发现与新辅助治疗反应密切相关,尤其是在乳腺癌中,高TILs与病理学完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pCR)和较好的预后结局成正相关[22]。
3 NLR对新辅助化疗疗效的预测作用新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)是乳腺癌标准化治疗方案的重要组成部分,正越来越多地应用于局部晚期乳腺癌患者和可手术的乳腺癌患者,通过缩小肿瘤和降期以提高手术切除率及保乳率。此外,通过对新辅助化疗试验的疗效进行快速评估,可以较为直观地了解到肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,从而为及时调整治疗方案提供依据,同时还为新药的研发提供良好的平台。既往研究表明,NLR对乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效具有一定的预测价值。最近一项meta分析表明,NLR可以很好地预测乳腺癌NAC后病理学完全缓解(pathologic complete response,pCR)[23]。pCR率是目前公认的乳腺癌新辅助疗效的评价标准。该研究共纳入8篇文献1 586例乳腺癌患者,结果表明治疗前NLR越低,pCR率越高(HR=1.83, 95%CI:1.15~2.91,P=0.000 3),且较低的NLR与较高的5年无瘤生存(disease-free survival,DFS)率相关,但差异无统计学意义(HR=1.38,95%CI:0.82~2.31,P=0.02)。Eren等[24]对131例局部晚期乳腺癌患者的外周血炎性指标与新辅助化疗后pCR之间的相关性进行回顾性研究,确定了NLR是pCR的独立预测因子,NLR<1.95患者的pCR率远高于NLR≥1.95的患者(46.6% vs 11.6%,P<0.01);进一步多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,pCR的独立预测因素为cT1、cT2、肿瘤3级、ER阴性和低NLR。Caziuc等[25]以及Chen等[26]均发现低NLR患者的pCR率高于高NLR患者,截断值分别为2.7及2.1。与这些结果相反,一些研究发现,NLR和pCR之间没有相关性[27-29]。Corbeau等[27]对280例早期乳腺癌患者进行的回顾性研究发现,NAC后患者的pCR率、无复发生存期(recurrence-free survival,RFS)及总生存(overall survival,OS)率与NLR之间均无相关。Suppan等[28]和Graziano等[29]同样没有证实NLR和pCR之间的相关性。
NLR在乳腺癌中的不一致结果可能部分是由于肿瘤的不同分子亚型所致,因此有学者进一步针对不同的乳腺癌分子亚型进行分析。Bae等[30]报道在接受新辅助化疗的1 097例人类表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2,HER2)阴性乳腺癌患者中,以2.74为截断值,高NLR为pCR的独立预后因素(OR=0.595;95%CI:0.398~0.890:P=0.011),也是影响DFS(HR=2.298:95%CI:1.691~3.124:P<0.01)和OS(HR=1.905:95%CI:1.167~3.108:P=0.010)的独立预后因素。而Asano等[31]和Chae等[32]对三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)亚型进行研究,单变量分析均证明低NLR与高pCR率相关:然而,只有Chae等[32]证明低NLR是提示pCR的独立因素。与TNBC不同,NLR在luminal亚型乳腺癌中的预测和预后作用尚不明确。Koh等[33]在对157例雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)/孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)阳性且HER2阴性的乳腺癌患者进行的一项回顾性研究中评估了NLR对新辅助化疗的预测价值,单因素和多因素Cox分析显示,NLR是RFS和OS的独立预后因素。Rao等[34]发现在Luminal A/B亚型中高NLR与低pCR相关。Rivas等[35]在对luminal B乳腺癌的研究中发现,NLR在实现pCR的患者中降低。与之相反,Hu等[36]研究发现NLR在luminal B乳腺癌中不能作为pCR及DFS的预测因子。因此,NLR对乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗疗效的预测作用尚有争议,这可能与各研究选取的乳腺癌亚型、NLR截断值和样本量等有关,需要进行足够规模的前瞻性临床研究来进一步确定NLR是否可以成为pCR的重要预后指标。此外,通过识别炎性反应和NLR在NAC反应中的可能作用,可以为潜在的新型抗炎疗法和个体化药物铺平道路。
4 NLR与乳腺癌预后的关系炎性反应现在被认为是癌症的一个标志性事件。其促进了癌症的发生、发展和转移。NLR作为全身炎性反应的一个观察指标,被认为是和多种恶性肿瘤的预后密切相关的因素。目前,NLR值与乳腺癌预后的相关性研究成为研究热点。多数研究表明,外周血NLR升高被认为是不良预后因素。最近的一项对39项研究(包括17 079例BC患者)的meta分析表明,治疗前NLR升高与OS(HR=1.78,95%CI:1.49~2.13,P<0.01)和DFS(HR=1.60,95%CI:1.42~1.96,P<0.01)较差均相关[8]。Miyagawa等[9]回顾性分析179例接受贝伐珠单抗加紫杉醇治疗的局部晚期或转移性BC患者,发现NLR<3的患者中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS;12.6个月vs 7.2个月,P=0.000 4)以及OS(22.2个月vs 13.5个月,P=0.003 2)均长于NLR>3的患者,且在验证队列(n=57)中低NLR组的PFS及OS同样获得改善。然而Ivars Rubio等[37]未能证明NLR与转移性BC患者的生存率存在相关,认为NLR的预后效应可能依赖于其他临床病理因素(如转移位置、性能状态和诊断时的分期)。在不同乳腺癌亚型和分期中,不同临界值和计算这些值的不同方法可部分地解释这些相互矛盾的结果。为了进一步深入研究,有学者评估了NLR在不同乳腺癌分子亚型中的预后作用[38-40]。
4.1 NLR与TNBC预后的关系在各亚型中TNBC预后最差,化疗敏感性高,是研究最广泛的分子亚型。Moldoveanu等[38]对329例TNBC患者的动态NLR进行回顾性研究发现,诊断时NLR高于2.84与OS下降相关,且NLR在随访期间任何时候>7.82是5年死亡率的有力预测因子,而与年龄或疾病分期无关。此外,该研究也首次证实NLR的动态变化与TNBC复发和死亡时间密切相关。Bozkurt等[39]和Qiu等[40]分别研究85例和406例Ⅰ~Ⅲ期TNBC患者,得出相似的结果,即较高的NLR与较差的OS和DFS独立相关,截断值分别为2和2.85。也有研究评估所有类型乳腺癌发现,NLR仅在TNBC亚组与DFS相关[41]。此外,最近的两项meta分析同样报道了低NLR预测良好预后的作用在TNBC中更为明显[8, 42]。
4.2 NLR与luminal型乳腺癌预后的关系与此相反,Noh等[43]报道尽管高NLR(≥2.5)是442例乳腺癌患者较低疾病特异性生存率的重要预测因子,luminal A亚型是两者相关的唯一亚型(87.7% vs 96.7%,P=0.009)。Bun等[44]回顾性研究677例luminal乳腺癌患者发现,高NLR(>2.72)患者的RFS短于低NLR患者(P=0.038 3),OS也有相似的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.061 7)。进一步亚组分析表明,在低肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)的ER阳性/HER2阴性乳腺癌患者中,NLR水平与RFS(P=0.012 9)及OS(P=0.004 6)之间均有关联。多变量分析证明,NLR是OS的重要独立因子(HR=3.78,95%CI:1.21~14.17,P=0.022)。
4.3 NLR与HER2阳性乳腺癌预后的关系另一个特殊的分子类型是HER2阳性乳腺癌。Tiainen等[45]和Ding等[46]分别对曲妥珠单抗治疗的HER2阳性乳腺癌进行研究,但得出相反的结果。Tiainen等[45]发现,在辅助治疗不包括曲妥珠单抗的HER2阳性患者中,高NLR患者的生存率低于低NLR患者,OS为31%和71%(P=0.003),乳腺癌特异性生存率(breast cancer specific survival,BCSS)为42%和74%(P=0.014),相反,在接受曲妥珠单抗治疗的患者中,NLR与生存无关。而Ding等[46]发现,NLR对未接受曲妥珠单抗治疗的HER2阳性患者没有预后作用,但对接受了1年曲妥珠单抗辅助治疗的患者有预后作用,低NLR组3年DFS率高于高NLR组(95.3% vs 90.5%,P=0.011)。这些矛盾的结果可能是由于研究在NLR的截断值、除曲妥珠单抗之外的其他治疗和曲妥珠单抗治疗的时间长短方面存在差异。
5 结语目前,炎性反应与肿瘤密切相关已经达成共识。NLR作为全身炎性反应的一个观察指标,被认为是和多种恶性肿瘤的预后密切相关的因素。国内外研究表明,外周血NLR与乳腺癌新辅助化疗的敏感性相关,同时对预后具有良好的预测作用。但目前仍然存在一些问题,最重要的就是缺乏统一的截断值标准,各地区和各中心的研究结果之间,由于样本量的不同、人种的差异以及选择偏倚,NLR的截断值存在差异。其次,现有的研究多为小样本、单中心的回顾性研究,存在无法避免的偏倚,且NLR在乳腺癌中的具体作用机制尚不清楚,需要更多多中心、前瞻性和系统性的临床研究进一步明确NLR与乳腺癌新辅助疗效及预后的关系及作用机制。此外,能否通过抗炎治疗来提高乳腺癌患者对化疗药物的敏感性或改善乳腺癌患者的预后,这是一个未来值得进一步研究的课题。
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2022, Vol. 37


