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  中国水土保持科学   2018, Vol. 16 Issue (6): 24-30.  DOI: 10.16843/j.sswc.2018.06.004
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欧洋, 阎百兴, 白建宏, 陈浩生, 高远, 李绒萱, 高燕, 张延玲, 崔虎. 东北黑土区侵蚀沟危害面积识别研究[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2018, 16(6): 24-30. DOI: 10.16843/j.sswc.2018.06.004.
OU Yang, YAN Baixing, BAI Jianhong, CHEN Haosheng, GAO Yuan, LI Rongxuan, GAO Yan, ZHANG Yanling, CUI Hu. Identifying the damaged area of gully in black soil region of Northeast China[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 16(6): 24-30. DOI: 10.16843/j.sswc.2018.06.004.

项目名称

国家重点研发计划课题"农田排水污染减排与循环利用技术集成与示范"(2018YFD0800904);国家自然科学基金"东北黑土区农业非点源磷污染最佳管理措施空间优化配置研究"(41201534)

第一作者简介

欧洋(1981-), 男, 助理研究员。主要研究方向:流域综合管理。E-mail:ouyang@iga.ac.cn

通信作者简介

阎百兴(1965-), 男, 研究员。主要研究方向:水土保持与面源污染控制。E-mail:yanbx@iga.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-04-24
修回日期:2018-09-06
东北黑土区侵蚀沟危害面积识别研究
欧洋1, 阎百兴1, 白建宏2, 陈浩生2, 高远3, 李绒萱4, 高燕3, 张延玲3, 崔虎1     
1. 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 中国科学院湿地生态与环境重点实验室, 130102, 长春;
2. 水利部松辽水利委员会水土保持处, 130021, 长春;
3. 水利部松辽水利委员会松辽流域水土保持监测中心站, 130021, 长春;
4. 吉林省水土保持局, 130022, 长春
摘要:目前东北黑土区侵蚀沟扩展速度快、危害严重,急需开展大规模治理,但极其缺乏侵蚀沟危害范围方面的研究成果,给政府部门决策、侵蚀沟防治规划制定及治理效益评估带来了很大困难。从侵蚀沟发生、发育特点入手,将侵蚀沟的潜在汇水面积界定为其危害面积的重要组成部分,使得侵蚀沟危害范围不仅能够反映侵蚀沟当前在空间上的影响,又能体现长时间序列尺度上危害的范围。并综合运用GIS空间分析模块,开展了黑土区部分侵蚀沟现状汇水区与潜在汇水边界的识别工作。研究结果表明:不同类型侵蚀沟危害面积差异较为明显。大型沟危害面积显著大于中小型沟,但后者潜在危害面积所占比例极高,未来应作为黑土区侵蚀沟治理的重点,从而有效提高防护工程投入资金费效比。侵蚀沟危害范围识别方法对数据精度要求适中,30 m数字高程模型(DEM)数据与第一次水利普查侵蚀沟矢量数据相配套,就能够满足侵蚀沟汇水边界识别需要。本研究结果可为东北黑土区侵蚀沟治理规划编制和水土保持工程效益评估提供有力科技支撑。
关键词东北黑土区    侵蚀沟    潜在汇水面积    时空尺度    
Identifying the damaged area of gully in black soil region of Northeast China
OU Yang1, YAN Baixing1, BAI Jianhong2, CHEN Haosheng2, GAO Yuan3, LI Rongxuan4, GAO Yan3, ZHANG Yanling3, CUI Hu1     
1. Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China;
2. Songliao Water Resources Commission, the Ministry of Water Resources, 130021, Changchun, China;
3. The Monitor Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Songliao Water Resources Commission, the Ministry of Water Resources, 130021, Changchun, China;
4. The Conservation Bureau of Soil and Water of Jilin, 130021, Changchun, China
Abstract: [Background] The black soil area of the Northeast China is an important grain production area and the largest commercial grain production base in China, but the soil texture is loose and the corrosion resistance is poor. Under the driving force of hydraulic erosion, the sheet erosion of a slope-land would develop to a gully on the depression area in the watershed. The First National Water Conservancy Survey (2010) showed that there were more than 295 700 gullies of over 100 meters in the black soil area of northeast China, covering an area of 3 648 km2. At present, the gully erosion has been seriously deteriorated, and large-scale control is urgently needed in the black soil region of Northeast China. However, research on the area protected by gully erosion control is extremely scarce, and it had brought great difficulty to government departments in decision-making, gully erosion prevention planning, and evaluation of gully erosion mitigation effectiveness. [Methods] Therefore, based on the characteristics of occurrence and development of gullies, this paper defined the potential catchment area as an important part of its damaged area of gully erosion, thus that damaged scope of a gully not only included the current spatial impact of gully erosion, but also reflected the future development of gully damaged area at temporal scale. On the basis of gullies data in the black soil area of Northeast China from the First National Water Conservancy Survey and digital elevation model (DEM) with 30 m precision, GIS spatial analysis technology was comprehensively used to determine the current and the potential catchment boundary of some gullies in the black soil region. [Results] Based on the 10 m precision DEM, the average error of 460 gullies catchment area was about ±16.04%. The identification error of catchment area for large gullies was small. The difference among the damaged areas of different types of gullies was significant. The damaged area of large-size gullies was significantly larger than that of small-and medium-size gullies, but the latter accounted for a very high proportion of potential damaged area. Small-and medium-size gullies should be considered as prior control in the black soil area in future, so as to effectively increase the cost-effectiveness of investment in protection projects. The length of the gullies was more related to its damaged area than their covering area. [Conclusions] Catchment area is defined as the damaged area of a gully, reflecting the influence of the gullies on different spatial scale areas (direct impact area, indirect influence area, and catchment area), and charactering the development of gullies on the long-term scale (the current catchment area and the potential catchment area). The method of identifying gully damaged area had moderate data accuracy requirements. The 30m DEM data was coupled with vector gullies data from the First-ever Nationwide Water Resources Survey, and the needs of identifying the catchment boundaries of erosive gullies are met.
Key words: black soil region in Northeast China    gully    catchment area    spatial and temporal scale    

东北黑土区是我国最大商品粮生产基地[1-2],但土壤质地疏松、抗蚀性较差,在水力侵蚀作用下,面蚀发展到一定程度,就会在汇水线上形成侵蚀沟[3]。第1次全国水利普查(2010)[4]指出,东北黑土区100m以上的侵蚀沟有29.57万余条,占地面积3648km2。侵蚀沟带来多方面危害[5]:严重破坏土地资源[6];造成泥沙下泄,影响库塘安全和水质[7];使耕地支离破碎,形成弃耕地[5]。近年来,随着空间信息技术的应用,黑土区侵蚀沟动态变化识别、水土保持防控措施配置取得了明显进展[6-8];但极其缺乏侵蚀沟危害范围方面研究成果[9],给政府决策、侵蚀沟防治规划制定带来很大困难[10]。鉴于此,笔者将在界定侵蚀沟危害黑土地面积范围的基础上,开展侵蚀沟汇水区流域边界识别,进而初步解析不同类型侵蚀沟危害面积特征。

1 研究区概况

东北黑土区包括黑龙江省、吉林省全部,以及辽宁省和内蒙古自治区部分区域,总面积为109万km2[2],如图 1所示。区域地形复杂,以漫岗丘陵为主,夏季降雨集中,冬季漫长,冻融交替明显。经过100余年的高强度开发,区域耕地面积急剧上升,0.5°~5°的坡耕地占黑土区耕地总面积的56%。耕作方式粗放、保护性耕作措施不到位,造成水土流失不断恶化。

图 1 东北侵蚀沟样本空间分布 Fig. 1 Spatial distribution of gully samples in Northeast China
2 侵蚀沟危害范围界定 2.1 东北黑土区侵蚀沟成因

坡面侵蚀是一个逐渐发展演化的过程[11]。在降雨初期,由于雨滴击溅和坡面薄层水流侵蚀的作用,坡面上主要发生片蚀和面蚀[12];随着降雨过程的进行,坡面逐渐出现跌坎并发展演化成细沟,随着细沟的发育发展,细沟侵蚀逐渐向浅沟、切沟、冲沟演变[13-14]。本文中提及的侵蚀沟主要是指危害程度较大的切沟与冲沟。

2.2 东北黑土区面蚀与沟蚀关系

面蚀可诱发沟蚀,二者相互促进、相互制约,沟蚀弱则减缓面蚀的发展,沟蚀强可加速面蚀的发展。侵蚀沟形成于汇水线上,受汇水面积、降雨径流、坡长、植被及土壤理化性状影响[15]。侵蚀沟形成后,通过溯源向上游较快扩展,也会向下游发展;同时,最初形成的V形沟在冻融、重力侵蚀复合作用下也会快速向两侧扩展。

2.3 侵蚀沟影响范围

侵蚀沟的影响范围根据危害程度不同分为直接影响区、间接影响区与汇水区。直接影响区就是沟缘/沿的投影区域,即沟道本身,这一区域坡度大,黑土层流失殆尽,母质裸露,已无法进行耕种。间接影响区是指沟道两侧3~10m范围内农业机械难以耕作而弃耕的区域,其面积与侵蚀沟大小直接相关。侵蚀沟对其汇水区的影响一方面体现造成侵蚀基准面下移,诱发面蚀[6],另一方面汇水区内径流、泥沙以侵蚀沟为通道输出到下游河道[7]

相对于黄土区,东北黑土区开发较晚,因此多数侵蚀沟形成时间较短[9]。溯源侵蚀速度明显快于沟尾向坡下延展速度,沟口尚未到达下一级沟道或溪流,其汇水区面积在长时间尺度下是会变化的。因此笔者在估算侵蚀沟危害面积时考虑了时间因素的影响(图 2),认为其影响范围包括现状汇水区(S2)(直接影响区与间接影响区在其中),指目前沟头(A1)至沟口(A2)间区域,潜在汇水区(S1+S3),指目前沟头(A1)以上至分水岭部分及最终沟口(A3)至实际沟口A2之间区域。

图 2 侵蚀沟的现状汇水区和潜在汇水区示意图 Fig. 2 Current and potential catchments of gullies

不合理的耕作方式(如顺垄种植等)可能导致当前沟头以上区域可能有径流汇入;但这部分集水区面积较小,也很难定量识别,因此在本文的现状汇水区中并没有考虑这部分面积。由于本研究关注的是长时间尺度下,侵蚀沟完全发育所危害的范围,即危害面积S=潜在汇水区面积(S1+S3)+现状汇水区面积(S2)。该概念已包括可能向侵蚀沟汇水的所有面积,因此现状汇水面积的微小变化,并不对最终结果产生影响。

3 侵蚀沟危害面积识别方法 3.1 数据来源与处理

研究采用空间分辨率30m数字高程模型(DEM),来源于中科院计算机网络信息中心地理空间数据云平台;空间分辨率10m DEM数据,由等高距为10m的1:5万地形图过矢量化空间插值方法获得,投影为通用横轴墨卡托投影(universal transverse mercator, UTM), 格式为TIFF。侵蚀沟矢量数据来源于第1次水利普查成果[16],由水利部松辽水利委员会提供。

侵蚀沟选取主要依据为黑土区水土保持三级区划[17]与侵蚀沟治理示范工程的所在地位置:要覆盖9个水土保持分区,保证空间上代表性,同时还要位于治理工程区域内,便于数据收集及后期成果验证。但侵蚀沟在不同水保分区内的空间聚集程度不同,且治理工程所在区域的位置也存在一定随机性,所以侵蚀沟样本(共计460条)空间分布有些不均匀。侵蚀沟类型划分主要依据黑土区侵蚀沟治理专项规划(2016—2030年)中提出的分级规则[18]:侵蚀沟占地面积(投影面积)小于0.3hm2的为小型沟;占地面积介于0.3~1.4hm2的为中型沟;占地面积大于1.4hm2的为大型沟。

3.2 侵蚀沟汇水面积识别

侵蚀沟作为潜在的低级别汇流河道,其发生、发展直接受区域地形的影响[19],因此本研究将采用刻画流域水系的方法,进行侵蚀沟汇水区边界的确定与危害面积识别[19-20],主要过程分为3部分,技术流程见图 3

图 3 侵蚀沟汇水边界识别过程 Fig. 3 Identification process of gully catchment boundary
3.2.1 水流方向分析

识别DEM栅格单元的径流方向是进行水文分析的基础[21]。D8是一种实用算法,并得到国内外广泛的应用,效果比较稳定。该算法中,径流方向定义为东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北和北,并分别用128、1、2、4、8、16、32和64这8个有效特征码表示(见图 4)[22]

图 4 D8算法示意图 Fig. 4 D8 algorithm diagram

被处理栅格单元同相邻8个栅格单元之间坡降的算法为

$ {\rm{Slope}} = {D_z}/{D_i}。$ (1)

式中:Slope为2个栅格之间的坡降;Dz为2个栅格单元之间的高程差,m;Di为2个栅格单元中心之间的距离,m。

3.2.2 集水能力分析

栅格的集水能力通常用汇流能力表征,反映了该栅格收集地表径流的能力的大小,栅格的汇流特征值代表其最多接受周围来水的栅格数目,数值越大,说明能够汇入其中径流的栅格数目越多,产流的可能性更高。

3.2.3 集水区划分与河流网络生成

依据栅格汇流能力刻画区域集水区域及其边界(分水岭)(集水区边界)。汇流特征值≥1的栅格就可划分为集水区,特征值为0的则代表流域的分水岭区域。

4 结果与分析 4.1 数据精度影响

表 1可以看出,以10m精度DEM刻画结果为基准,侵蚀沟样本的汇水面积的平均误差在±16.04%左右,其中面积识别误差较小的是大型侵蚀沟,这一类型侵蚀沟多集中集中在地形起伏较大的高山区,水流方向判别较为容易,所以数据精度带来的误差较小。而小型侵蚀沟更多的分布于漫坡慢岗区域,地势低平,地形多变,数据精度对于水流方向的判断影响较大,因此小型沟的识别结果误差相对较大。图 5展示了基于不同精度DEM识别同一侵蚀沟汇水边界的几何形状,从汇水边界的形状差异来看,数据精度带来的识别误差是可以接受的。

表 1 不同类型侵蚀沟危害面积 Tab. 1 Damaged areas of different types of gullies
图 5 丘陵区中型沟汇水面积识别结果(沟道占地面积0.77ha,沟长648.5m) Fig. 5 Identification result of catchment areas of medium-size gullies in the hilly area(Projected gully area 0.77hm2 and its length 648.5m)
4.2 不同类型侵蚀沟危害面积特征

不同类型侵蚀沟危害面积差异较为明显,如表 1所示。中型沟的危害面积是小型沟1.5倍,而大型沟的危害面积超过了小型沟3倍以上。但图 6显示不同类型侵蚀沟的潜在危害面积比例却拥有正相反的变化趋势,小型沟的潜在危害面积比例达到76.19%,中型沟潜在危害面积占比超过了50%,而大型沟基本没有潜在危害面积,潜在危害性不大。

图 6 不同类型侵蚀沟潜在危害面积比例 Fig. 6 Percentages of potential damaged areas of different gullies

图 6显示侵蚀沟的长度与其危害面积的相关程度要比其占地面积与危害面积的相关程度高。这主要是由于侵蚀沟长度的变化主要是受流域内地形、坡度的影响,而占地面积(投影面积)的变化则受到地形、耕作措施的综合影响,因此导致以汇水面积为基础的侵蚀沟危害面积与侵蚀沟长度相关性更好。将建立的侵蚀沟长度与危害面积的定量关系引入实际工作中,将有利于减轻管理部门的工作量,提高工作效率。

图 7 侵蚀沟特征与危害面积关系 Fig. 7 Relationship between gully feature and damaged area
5 结论

1) 侵蚀沟危害面积以“汇水面积”为基础,既反映了侵蚀沟对不同空间尺度区域的影响(直接影响区、间接影响区与汇水区),又首次表征了长时间尺度上侵蚀沟发育带来的危害(现状汇水区与潜在汇水区),符合东北黑土区实际情况。

2) 侵蚀沟危害范围识别方法对数据精度要求适中,30m数字高程模型(DEM)数据与第1次水利普查侵蚀沟矢量数据相匹配就能够满足黑土区侵蚀沟汇水边界识别需要。

3) 不同类型的侵蚀沟危害面积差异明显。虽然大型沟危害面积显著大于中小型沟,但后者潜在危害面积所占比例非常高,应作为未来黑土区侵蚀沟治理的重点。

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