上海海洋大学学报  2020, Vol. 29 Issue (2): 226-233    PDF    
长江和闽江水系野生中华绒螯蟹生殖性能及其胚胎生化组成的比较
孙秋凤1,2, 姜晓东1, 徐建峰2, 李清清1, 成永旭1,3,4, 吴旭干1,3,4     
1. 上海海洋大学 农业农村部淡水种质资源重点实验室, 上海 201306;
2. 福建连江县水产技术推广站, 福建 连江 350500;
3. 上海海洋大学 水产动物遗传育种上海市协同创新中心, 上海 201306;
4. 上海海洋大学 水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心, 上海 201306
摘要:系统比较了长江和闽江水系野生河蟹(以下分别简称长江组和闽江组)的生殖性能、胚胎色泽及其生化组成,结果显示:(1)长江和闽江水系野生河蟹的抱卵量、生殖力、生殖指数、单卵湿质量和干质量均无显著差异(P>0.05),但长江组亲本所产胚胎的卵径显著高于闽江组(P < 0.05);(2)两组冻干胚胎的亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*)和色差(dE*)值均无显著性差异(P>0.05),长江组和闽江组胚胎中的总类胡萝卜素湿质量含量分别为0.44和0.47 mg/g,两者也无显著差异;(3)两组胚胎中的水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪接近(P>0.05),两者胚胎中C16:0、C18:0、C16:1n7、C18:1n9、C18:1n7、C18:2n6、C20:4n6、C20:5n3和C22:6n3为主要脂肪酸种类,含量均在4%以上,其中长江组胚胎中的C18:2n6百分比含量显著高于闽江组。综上,闽江水系野生河蟹的生殖性能及其胚胎中的生化组成与长江水系野生河蟹接近,需要进一步研究闽江水系河蟹的养殖性能,为闽江水系河蟹种质资源的开发利用提供基础资料。
关键词中华绒螯蟹    野生亲本    闽江群体    繁殖性能    生化组成    

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)简称河蟹,是我国重要的经济蟹类,年养殖产量大约80万t左右[1]。河蟹自然种群曾经广泛分布于我国沿海各大水系[2-5],由于20世纪60年代以来的过渡捕捞、水利工程阻挡其洄游通道、栖息地丧失和环境污染等原因导致野生资源急剧下降[6],因此河蟹养殖业在我国迅速发展[7-9]。通常认为长江水系河蟹个体大、生长快,因此长江水系河蟹成为我国河蟹养殖最重要的养殖群体[6, 9]。闽江水系河蟹是我国重要的河蟹野生种质资源[10],先前的生产性养殖经验表明,闽江水系河蟹具有一定的养殖价值,其成蟹个体较大[11]。迄今为止,有关闽江水系河蟹种质资源评价的研究极少,仅见少量有关其种群遗传的报道[10, 12]

长江和闽江水系中华绒螯蟹(以下简称河蟹)是我国重要的中华绒螯蟹地方种群,系统评价其繁殖和养殖性能有利于其资源保护、种质资源评价和开发利用。生殖性能和养殖性能是河蟹种质资源评价的重要指标, 这些指标对于评价其潜在的增养殖价值至关重要[13-16]。河蟹生殖性能主要包括抱卵量、生殖力和亲本成活率等指标, 是评价亲本质量的重要参数[17-18]。甲壳动物胚胎的生化组成可能与其孵化率及初孵幼体质量密切相关[19-21]。脂肪酸和类胡萝卜素是甲壳动物胚胎中重要的两类营养物质[22-24], 在胚胎发育、色泽形成和抗氧化能力等方面起着极其重要的作用[25-26]。因此,胚胎中脂肪酸组成、色泽和类胡萝卜素是评价甲壳动物胚胎质量的重要指标。

鉴于此,本研究初步比较了长江水系和闽江水系野生河蟹的繁殖性能、胚胎质量、胚胎色泽及其生化组成,旨在为闽江水系河蟹的繁殖生物学研究和种质资源开发利用提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 亲本蟹的来源和暂养

长江和闽江野生群体河蟹野生亲本于2016年11月中下旬分别采集于长江干流的江苏镇江江段(119.27°E, 32.11°N)和福建连江县丹阳镇附近(119.08 °E, 26.08 °N)。每个群体分别随机挑选肢体健全、体无损伤、活力较好、体质量接近的雌蟹40只,雄蟹20只用于实验,雌体体质量均在100~120 g之间,雄体体质量在130~170 g之间。两群体的亲本活体运输到上海海洋大学崇明科研基地,暂养于室内循环水系统中,暂养水槽为双层平底的PE圆桶(Φ108 cm×H120 cm),每个水槽中放入15只左右雌蟹或10只左右雄蟹,暂养期间24 h充气,每天下午5:00投喂适量的配合饲料。

1.2 亲本交配

交配实验在上海海洋大学崇明基地的室内海水循环水系统中进行,长江和闽江野生组各用3个双层PE桶(直径×高=108 cm×120 cm)进行交配实验,每只桶中分别放入6只雌蟹和3只雄蟹进行交配(雌雄比为2:1)。桶中装有70 cm深的半咸水(盐度为17左右),桶底铺10 cm厚的细沙以供河蟹产卵,同时放入半圆形的PVC管(直径为15 cm)供河蟹遮蔽用。每天记录每个桶里河蟹的抱卵和投喂配合饲料情况,交配两周后剔除雄蟹以防影响雌蟹的产卵。亲本雌蟹抱卵一周后,将抱卵蟹从交配桶中取出,擦干其体表水分并取下全部卵块,剔除携卵附肢后分别对卵块和去卵后的雌蟹进行称重,所有卵块保存于-80 ℃冰箱用于后续实验。

1.3 亲本生殖性能测定

亲本蟹产卵一周后,从长江组和闽江组中各取6只抱卵蟹(每个养殖桶内取两只抱卵蟹)用于生殖性能相关参数测定。首先用镊子小心取下腹部所有卵块,剔除携卵腹肢,然后从每只抱卵蟹的卵块中取10 mg左右的胚胎,用百万分之一的电子天平(型号:Sartorius CPA225D,精确度0.001 mg,德国Sartorius公司)精确称重后进行计数,据此计算出单个卵的湿质量,每只抱卵蟹重复测定3次。根据单卵湿质量、卵块湿质量和抱卵蟹净体质量(去卵后蟹质量),分别计算出抱卵量(egg production)、生殖力(fecundity)和生殖指数(reproductive effort),具体参照吴旭干等[13]的方法。

1.4 卵径、单卵湿质量和干质量测定

卵径测定:从长江组和闽江组各取6只胚胎发育处于囊胚期的抱卵蟹,从每只抱卵蟹的卵块中随机取一部分胚胎在显微镜下用目测微尺测量卵径(精确到10 μm),每只抱卵蟹重复测定50个卵。

单卵湿质量和干质量测定:单卵湿质量的测定参照1.3节中的方法;将称重和计数后的湿卵置于70 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,在干燥皿中冷却至室温后精确称重,根据此计算出单卵干质量,每只抱卵蟹重复测定3次。湿卵称重前需要用碳酸氢氨等渗液冲洗,以去除胚胎表面海水,防止海水烘干后的残留盐分导致其干质量增加,具体方法参考文献[27]。

1.5 胚胎色泽和总类胡萝卜素含量的测定

胚胎冷冻干燥后用于色泽和总类胡萝卜素测定。色泽测定前粉碎过60目筛,然后将粉碎后的胚胎样品平铺于直径为50 mm的小培养皿中,用表面色度计(型号:Lovibond-RT200,英国罗维朋Tintometer)测定冻干胚胎的亮度(L*值)、红/绿(+/-, a*值)、黄/蓝(+/-, b*值)和色差(dE*值),每只抱卵蟹随机测量6个点取平均值作为该个体的色泽参数。冻干卵块测完色泽指标后,-40 ℃冰箱中保存,用于后续总类胡萝卜素含量和其他生化成分测定。

冻干胚胎中的总类胡萝卜素的提取和测定参考LONG等[28]方法,取0.2~0.3 g冻干胚胎加入80%丙酮水溶液(丙酮/水体积比为4:1)充分溶解样品,超声波震荡5 min后,离心取出上清液,然后用100%丙酮重复提取4~5次,直至提取液无色(基本不含有类胡萝卜素),合并上清液后用丙酮定容至15 mL待测定。采用分光光度计(型号:T6新世纪,北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司)测定定溶后提取液的OD值,测定波长为474 nm。采用纯化虾青素(纯度:97%,德国Dr. Ehrensorfer公司)作为标准品制备标准曲线,根据标准曲线计算样品中总类胡萝卜素含量。

1.6 胚胎中常规生化和脂肪酸的测定

取0.2 g湿胚胎70℃烘干至恒重测定胚胎中的水分含量;采用凯氏定氮法测定冻干样品中的粗蛋白含量[29]。总脂和脂肪酸组成测定参考吴旭干等[30]的方法,用氯仿/甲醇[V(氯仿)/V(甲醇)=2:1]法抽提总脂,三氟化硼-甲醇法对总脂进行甲脂化,采用正己烷提取甲酯化后的脂肪酸甲酯,使用Agilent 7890B-5977A气质连用仪进行脂肪酸分析,色谱柱为Omegawax-320毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.2 μm;美国Supelco公司生产),进样口温度为240℃,分流比30:1,采用Supelco-37脂肪酸甲酯混合标准品(货号:47885-U,美国Supelco公司生产)作为脂肪酸定性的依据,采用面积百分比法对脂肪酸组成进行相对定量。

1.7 数据分析

所有数据均用平均值±标准差表示, 所有分析均采用SPSS 19.0进行统计分析,采用Levene法对所有数据进行方差齐性检验,当不满足齐性方差时对百分比数据进行反正弦或平方根处理。采用独立样本T检验分析两组间各指标间的差异性。

2 结果 2.1 生殖性能和胚胎质量

长江野生组和闽江野生组雌体的抱卵量、生殖力和生殖指数见表 1。整体上闽江野生组的抱卵量、生殖力和生殖指数都略高于长江野生组,由于两组雌体生殖性能的组内差异均较大,故统计学上无显著性差异(P < 0.05)。两组雌体的平均抱卵量和生殖力分别为32~34万/只雌体和2 866~3 031个卵/克体质量。就相关性而言,两群体的抱卵量均与雌体壳宽呈显著正相关性(P < 0.05),但两者的生殖力和生殖指数均与壳宽无显著相关性(P>0.05)。两组雌体所产的胚胎卵径、单卵湿质量和单卵干质量见表 2。长江野生组的卵径显著高于闽江野生组(P < 0.05),闽江野生组的单卵湿质量和干质量均略高于长江野生组,但两组间均无显性差异(P>0.05)。

表 1 长江和闽江水系野生中华绒螯蟹生殖性能的比较 Tab.1 The comparison of reproductive performance of the wild E. sinensis broodstock between Yangtze and Minjiang populations
表 2 长江水系和闽江水系野生中华绒螯蟹雌体卵径和单卵质量的比较 Tab.2 The comparison of egg diameter, egg wet weight and egg dry weight produced by the wild E. sinensis
2.2 胚胎色泽和总类胡萝卜素含量

两组冻干胚胎的色泽参数和总类胡萝卜素含量见表 3。整体上,闽江野生组的L*(亮度)、a*(红度)、b*(黄度)、dE*值和总类胡萝卜素含量均高于长江野生组,但由于组内不同个体间差异较大,因此两组间色泽指标和总类胡萝卜素含量均无显著性差异。长江野生组和闽江野生组的L*值分别为50和54、a*值分别为27和32、b*值分别为46和48、dE*值分别为74和75, 两组胚胎中的总类胡萝卜素含量分别为0.44和0.47 mg/g。

表 3 长江水系和闽江水系野生中华绒螯蟹雌体胚胎色泽和总类胡萝卜素含量的比较 Tab.3 The comparison of color parameters (L*, a*, b*, and dE*) and total carotenoidsin the egg produced by the wild E. sinensis broodstock between Yangtze and Minjiang populations
2.3 胚胎常规生化成分和脂肪酸组成

长江和闽江野生组胚胎中的常规生化和脂肪酸组成见表 4。就常规生化成分而言,两组胚胎中的水分、粗蛋白和总脂含量并无显著性差异(P>0.05),胚胎中的水分含量为65%左右,粗蛋白和粗脂肪分别为18%和10%左右。就饱和脂肪酸组成(SFA)而言,两组胚胎中的总饱和脂肪酸(∑SFA)百分含量均为20%左右,均以C16:0和C18:0为主;就单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)而言,两组胚胎中的∑MUFA百分含量均为42%左右,其中C18:1n9占∑MUFA的68%左右;就多不饱和脂肪酸组成(PUFA)而言,C18:2n6、C20:5n3和C22:6n3是3种含量最高PUFA,占其总含量的80%左右;长江野生组的C18:2n6含量显著高于闽江野生组(P < 0.05),两组胚胎中的EPA、DHA、∑PUFA和∑n-3PUFA/∑n-6PUFA值均无显著性差异(P>0.05),两组卵中总高度不饱和脂肪酸(∑HUFA)含量为19%左右。

表 4 长江野生和闽江野生中华绒螯蟹雌体卵常规生化成分和脂肪酸的比较 Tab.4 The comparison of proximate composition and fatty acid compositionin the eggs produced by Yangtze and Minjiang wild E. sinensis broodstock
3 讨论 3.1 生殖性能和胚胎质量的比较

河蟹生殖性能通常受营养条件、性腺发育和生长环境等因素的影响[13, 31-32]。先前研究表明,河蟹雌体亲本投喂优质饲料进行强化培育后,其卵巢指数、产卵量和生殖力显著高于没有强化培育的雌体[13],河蟹亲本饲料中的Vc、VE磷脂和高度不饱和脂肪酸的含量及组成均可能会影响其卵巢发育、生殖性能和初孵幼体质量[17, 33-35]。长江和闽江水系野生河蟹的饵料组成较为复杂,主要包括水草、有机碎屑和底栖贝类等[6]。本研究首次比较了长江野生河蟹和闽江野生河蟹亲本对其生殖性能和胚胎质量的影响,结果表明闽江野生河蟹亲本的抱卵量、生殖力和生殖指数都略高于长江野生河蟹亲本,这可能是由于闽江水系和长江水系野生群体河蟹的遗传因素、饵料条件和生长环境等综合因素造成的。今后需要进一步比较闽江和长江水系野生河蟹子一代在相同条件下养殖后的生殖性能,这样可以消除饵料条件和生长环境对两种群河蟹生殖性能的影响。

3.2 胚胎色泽和生化成分的比较

先前的研究表明,甲壳动物的色泽与其类胡萝卜素组成和含量密切相关[28, 36],但甲壳动物自身不能从头合成类胡萝卜素,主要依赖从食物中获取外源性类胡萝卜素[37-38]。本研究结果表明闽江野生河蟹胚胎的L*a*b*dE*值和总类胡萝卜素含量均略高于长江野生河蟹,这可能是因为闽江水系野生河蟹所摄食饵料中含有更高的类胡萝卜素含量。由于闽江所处位置比长江流域的纬度更低,故其年平均水温相对较高,较高的水温可能有利于水生植物合成类胡萝卜素,进而通过食物链传递给河蟹。先前的研究表明,在饲料中添加一定量的类胡萝卜素可以提高虾蟹类的存活率、生长、体色和生殖性能等[39-41]

河蟹胚胎中的常规生化成分不仅与胚胎质量有关,且在一定程度上决定着初孵幼体的质量[13, 17, 32, 42]。本研究结果显示,长江和闽江野生河蟹胚胎中的水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均无显著性差异,这暗示河蟹胚胎中的常规生化组成较稳定,可能受生长环境和饵料条件的影响较小[13, 17, 42]。这与先前对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)和秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus)的研究结果基本类似[43-44]。此外,长江野生河蟹胚胎中的C18:2n6含量显著高于闽江野生河蟹,这暗示长江野生河蟹饵料中可能含有更多的C18:2n6。整体上,两水系野生河蟹胚胎中DHA/EPA和n3/n6值均较低、C18:2n6含量较高(12%~14%),这符合淡水甲壳动物胚胎脂肪酸组成的一般特性[13, 32, 44]

4 结论

长江和闽江水系野生中华绒螯蟹生殖性能、胚胎质量、常规生化成分和脂肪酸组成接近,长江水系野生河蟹的卵径和胚胎中的C18:2n6均显著高于闽江野生河蟹,有关闽江水系野生河蟹的幼体质量、养殖性能和营养品质等有待进一步研究。本研究结果可为闽江水系河蟹的人工繁殖、资源开发和良种培育提供一定的科学依据。

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Comparison of the reproductive performance and their biochemical composition of the wild female E. sinensis broodstock between the Yangtze and Minjiang populations
SUN Qiufeng1,2, JIANG Xiaodong1, XU Jianfeng2, LI Qingqing1, CHENG Yongxu1,3,4, WU Xugan1,3,4     
1. Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
2. Fujian Lianjiang Fisheries Extension Station, Fujian Lianjiang 350500, China;
3. Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
4. National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
Abstract: This study was designed to compare the reproductive performance, embryonic color and biochemical composition of the wild female E. sinensis broodstock between the Yangtze and Minjiang populations. The results showed that: (1) There was no significant differences on egg production, fecundity, reproductive effort, individual egg wet weight and dry weight produced by wild female crabs between the Yangtze river and Minjiang river populations (P>0.05), but wild Yangtze river population had the significantly higher egg diameter than the Minjiang river population (P < 0.05); (2) There was no significant difference in the parameters of lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and color differences (dE*) (P>0.05); the total carotenoid contents in the eggs were 0.44 and 0.47 mg/g for Yangtze and Minjiang populations, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them; (3) The eggs had the close levels of moisture, crude protein and crude fat between two populations (P>0.05); C16:0, C18:0, C16:1n7, C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C18:2n6, C20:4n6, C20:5n3 and C22:6n3 are the major types of fatty acids in the embryo, and their percentage were more than 4% of total fatty acids. The wild Yangtze population had the significantly higher of C18:2n6 than the Minjiang population. In conclusion, wild Yangtze and Minjiang populations had the similar reproductive performance and biochemical composition in their eggs, and further researches should be focused on the evaluation of their culture performance and genetic diversity between the two populations.
Key words: Chinese mitten crab     wild broodstock     Minjiang river population     reproductive performance     biochemical composition