农药学学报  2016, Vol. 18 Issue (5): 567-574   PDF    
杨树炭疽病菌对多菌灵及3种DMIs杀菌剂的敏感性
宋丹丹1, 张伊莹1, 张琳婧1, 王毓1, 李肖宇2, 刘西莉3, 陈磊1,2, 田呈明1     
1. 北京林业大学 林学院, 北京 100083;
2. 江西天人生态股份有限公司, 江西 吉安 343100;
3. 中国农业大学 植物保护学院, 北京 100193
摘要: 采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了可引起杨树炭疽病的59株胶孢炭疽菌和4株炭疽菌对多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮4种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明:59株胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮的EC50值范围分别在0.037 1~0.130 1、0.102 5~1.680、0.069 1~1.917及3.053~38.59 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值分别为(0.066 4±0.013 1)、(0.374 1±0.254 8)、(0.681 2±0.442 1)和(19.82±6.200)μg/mL。胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵的敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,表明尚未出现敏感性下降的群体;而对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性频率分布呈现双峰,表明已出现敏感性下降的群体。4株炭疽菌对多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮的最小EC50值和最大EC50值分别相差1.33、13.19、13.66和2.14倍,其中菌株Ca-4对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的EC50值均大于4 μg/mL。不同寄主来源的胶孢炭疽菌对同种杀菌剂的敏感性之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。Spearman’s秩相关分析表明,胶孢炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性之间呈显著正相关性(ρ=0.665 5,P < 0.000 1),对戊唑醇和三唑酮的敏感性之间也存在一定相关性(ρ=0.489 6,P < 0.000 1),其余杀菌剂之间则均无相关性(P>0.05)。研究结果对合理使用杀菌剂防治杨树炭疽病具有借鉴意义和参考价值。
关键词: 杨树炭疽病     胶孢炭疽菌     炭疽菌     多菌灵     C-14α-脱甲基酶抑制剂(DMIs)    
Sensitivities of poplar anthracnose fungi isolates to carbendazim and three C-14α-demethylation inhibitors
SONG Dandan1, ZHANG Yiying1, ZHANG Linjing1, WANG Yu1, LI Xiaoyu2, LIU Xili3, CHEN Lei1,2, TIAN Chengming1     
1. College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
2. Jiangxi Tianren Ecological Co. Ltd., Ji'an 343100, Jiangxi Province, China;
3. College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Abstract: Sensitivities of 59 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates and four C. aenigma isolates causing poplar anthracnose to four fungicides (carbendazim, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and triadimefon) were determined by measuring the mycelium growth. The mean and the range of EC50 values of 59 C. gloeosporioides isolates were (0.066 4±0.013 1) and 0.037 1-0.130 1 μg/mL for carbendazim, (0.374 1±0.254 8) and 0.102 5-1.680 μg/mL for difenoconazole, (0.681 2±0.442 1) and 0.069 1-1.917 μg/mL for tebuconazole, and (19.82±6.200) and 3.053-38.59 μg/mL for triadimefon. The frequency distribution of EC50 values of C. gloeosporioides for carbendazim was described by continuous, unimodal curve, indicating the absence of carbendazim-resistant subpopulation among these isolates. The frequency distribution of EC50 values of C. gloeosporioides for difenoconazole and tebuconazole was bimodal curves, implying the appearance of resistant subpopulation. The highest EC50 values were 1.33-, 13.19-, 13.66-, and 2.14-times greater than the lowest values for carbendazim, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and triadimefon in the case of four C. aenigma isolates. The EC50 values of C. aenigma isolate Ca-4 to difenoconazole and tebuconazole were higher than 4 μg/mL. There was no significantly difference among the sensitivities of C. gloeosporioides isolates from different poplar hosts (P>0.05). Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that there was positive correlation between sensitivities of C. gloeosporioides isolates for difenoconazole and tebuconazole (ρ=0.665 5, P < 0.000 1), and there was weakly positive correlation between sensitivities of C. gloeosporioides isolates for tebuconazole and triadimefon (ρ=0.489 6, P < 0.000 1). However, no correlation between other fungicides was observed. The results will be an important reference for chemical control of poplar anthracnose.
Key words: poplar anthracnose      Colletotrichum gloeosporioides      Colletotrichum aenigma      carbendazim      C-14α-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs)     

由胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides和炭疽菌C. aenigma (异名:C. populi)引起的杨树炭疽病是杨树的重要病害之一[1-3],主要侵染枝、叶,导致杨树叶片枯死,可为害毛白杨、北京杨、箭杆杨、小叶杨、银白杨、加杨、青杨、黑杨及钻天杨等多种杨树[1-2]。该病曾先后在中国北京、河南、河北、山东、陕西、宁夏、新疆等地区发生[4],尤以毛白杨和北京杨受害最为严重[1],2005年北京市延庆地区北京杨的病株率甚至达到了100%[5],且近年来在各地发病呈上升趋势[4, 6]。此外,杨树炭疽病菌还可能威胁到其他相邻的寄主植物,如引起苹果、刺槐等发生炭疽病[7]。因此,有效控制杨树炭疽病已成为杨树产业中亟待解决的问题[8]

目前生产上对炭疽病仍以化学防治为主,常用药剂有保护性杀菌剂(铜制剂等)和内吸性杀菌剂(苯并咪唑类、甲氧基丙烯酸酯类、麦角甾醇生物合成脱甲基酶抑制剂等),其中以苯并咪唑类(MBCs)的多菌灵和麦角甾醇生物合成脱甲基酶抑制剂类(DMIs)应用最为广泛[9-11]。然而,长期大量使用同类型杀菌剂,容易使病原菌产生抗药性,影响防治效果[12-13]。已有研究表明,来自多种寄主上的炭疽菌对MBCs和DMIs等多种杀菌剂产生了抗药性[14-17]。但目前尚未见使用这两类药剂防治杨树炭疽病的报道。因此,本研究测定了引起北京地区杨树炭疽病的59株胶孢炭疽菌和4株炭疽菌对MBCs杀菌剂多菌灵和3种DMIs杀菌剂(苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、三唑酮)的敏感性,分析了59株胶孢炭疽菌的敏感性频率分布,并进一步比较了不同寄主来源胶孢炭疽菌的敏感性差异以及对4种供试杀菌剂敏感性之间的相关性,以期明确北京地区杨树炭疽病菌对供试杀菌剂的敏感性,为生产上杨树炭疽病防治中杀菌剂的合理使用提供参考。

1 材料和方法 1.1 供试材料 1.1.1 菌株

于2009年和2010年在北京市4个区县(石景山、昌平、密云和延庆)采集杨树炭疽病病叶,采用常规组织分离法[18]进行病原菌分离。取发病和健康交界处组织,用1.5%的次氯酸钠溶液表面消毒1~2 min,以无菌水冲洗3次,于无菌滤纸上吸干水分,将组织块置于常规PDA培养基上培养,并进行病原菌的分离和单孢纯化。根据培养性状、形态学特征以及多基因片段系统发育,就所分离获得的菌株进行鉴定[2],所有菌株(表 1)保存于北京林业大学森林培育和保护实验室。

表 1 供试杨树炭疽病菌 Table 1 Information of isolates of poplar anthracnose fungi in this study

1.1.2 药剂

97%多菌灵(carbendazim)原药、95%苯醚甲环唑(difenoconazole)原药、97%戊唑醇(tebuconazole)原药及95%三唑酮(triadimefon)原药均由中国农业大学植物保护学院种子病理和药理学实验室提供;二甲基亚砜(DMSO),分析纯。将各药剂用DMSO配制为1 × 104 μg/mL的母液,于4 ℃保存,备用。

1.2 病原菌对杀菌剂的敏感性测定

采用菌丝生长速率法[19]。用DMSO将供试药剂母液分别稀释为系列梯度浓度:多菌灵,0、0.03、0.05、0.075、0.1和0.15 μg/mL;苯醚甲环唑,0、0.05、0.1、0.5、2.5和5.0 μg/mL;戊唑醇,0、0.05、0.5、1.0、2.5和5.0 μg/mL;三唑酮,0、5.0、10、20、40和80 μg/mL。将药液按体积比1 : 1 000的比例分别加入到冷却至约50 ℃的PDA培养基中,充分混匀,制成系列浓度含药平板,以加入等体积DMSO的平板为对照。供试菌株在PDA培养基上、25 ℃黑暗培养4 d后,在菌落边缘同一圆周上打取直径为5 mm的菌饼,接种至含药PDA平板上,于25 ℃黑暗继续培养3 d后,采用十字交叉法测定各处理的菌落直径。每个浓度重复3次。按公式(1)求出各浓度药剂对菌丝生长的抑制率。

(1)

以抑制率几率值为纵坐标(y),药剂浓度对数值为横坐标(x),求出毒力回归方程y=ax + b、相关系数(r)和药剂的有效抑制中浓度(EC50,μg/mL)。

1.3 数据统计分析

采用DPS 7.05软件分析59株胶孢炭疽菌的敏感性频率分布,以EC50值为x轴,相应的频率(%)为y轴,绘制敏感性频率分布图。通过SPSS 18.0软件绘制不同树种来源胶孢炭疽菌的敏感性箱线图,并在α=0.05水平比较其差异显著性。将所得EC50值转换为lgEC50值,采用Spearman’s秩相关系数分析胶孢炭疽菌对不同杀菌剂之间敏感性的相关性[19]

2 结果与分析 2.1 杨树炭疽病菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性

结果见图 1。供试63株杨树炭疽病菌株对多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮的EC50值分别分布于0.037 1~0.130 1、0.102 5~4.279、0.069 1~9.160和3.053~50.54 μg/mL之间。其中,59株胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮的EC50值分别在0.037 1~0.130 1、0.102 5~1.680、0.069 1~1.917和3.053~38.59 μg/mL之间,最小EC50值和最大EC50值分别相差3.5、16.4、27.7和12.6倍,平均EC50值分别为(0.066 4±0.013 1)、(0.374 1±0.254 8)、(0.681 2±0.442 1)和(19.82±6.200) μg/mL。胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵的敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线(图 1A),可将该平均EC50值(0.066 4±0.013 1) μg/mL作为胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵的敏感基线;而对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性频率分布则均出现了不同程度的分化,呈双峰曲线(图 1B图 1C),表明已出现敏感性下降的群体。

图 1 供试59株胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵(A)、苯醚甲环唑(B)、戊唑醇(C)和三唑酮(D)的敏感性频率分布 Fig. 1 Frequency distribution of EC50 values of 59 C. gloeosporioides isolates to cabendazim (A), difenoconazole (B), tebuconazole (C) and triadimefon (D)

供试4株炭疽菌对多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮的最小EC50值和最大EC50值分别相差1.33、13.19、13.66和2.14倍(表 2),其中一株菌株Ca-4对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的EC50值均大于4 μg/mL,可能对该两种药剂已出现敏感性下降的现象。

表 2 炭疽菌对4种供试杀菌剂的敏感性 Table 2 Sensitivities of C. aenigma isolates to four fungicides

2.2 不同寄主来源胶孢炭疽菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性

比较分别来自北京杨、青杨和黑杨的胶孢炭疽菌对供试药剂的敏感性,发现不同寄主来源胶孢炭疽菌对同种杀菌剂的敏感性之间没有显著性差异(P > 0.05),但仍存在一定的寄主差异,其中,对多菌灵的敏感性表现为黑杨 > 北京杨 > 青杨,对3种DMIs杀菌剂的敏感性趋势表现一致,均为北京杨 > 青杨 > 黑杨(图 2)。

注:圆点代表异常值。Note: Dots represent the extreme value. 图 2 不同寄主来源胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵(A)、苯醚甲环唑(B)、戊唑醇(C)和三唑酮(D)的敏感性 Fig. 2 Sensitivities of C. gloeosporioides from different hosts to cabendazim (A), difenoconazole (B), tebuconazole (C) and triadimefon (D)

2.3 胶孢炭疽菌对4种杀菌剂敏感性的相关性

分析结果发现,59株胶孢炭疽菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性表现出一定的相关性。其中,苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇之间存在显著正相关性(ρ=0.665 5,P < 0.000 1)(图 3 A);戊唑醇与三唑酮之间存在一定的相关性(ρ=0.489 6,P < 0.000 1)(图 3B);但苯醚甲环唑与三唑酮和多菌灵之间均无显著相关性(P > 0.01)(图 3C3D)。

注:A~D分别代表苯醚甲环唑与戊唑醇、戊唑醇与三唑酮、苯醚甲环唑与三唑酮及苯醚甲环唑与多菌灵的相关性分析。
Note:A. difenoconazole and tebuconazole; B. tebuconazole and triadimefon; C. difenoconazole and triadimefon; D. difenoconazole and carbendazim.
图 3 胶孢炭疽菌对4种杀菌剂敏感性的相关性分析 Fig. 3 Sensitivity correlation among the four fungicides

3 结论与讨论

同一寄主上的炭疽病通常由多种炭疽病菌引发[3, 20-22],不同的炭疽病菌对同种杀菌剂的敏感性存在差异[17, 23],因此炭疽病防治过程中杀菌剂的选择应首先明确病原菌对药剂的敏感性。本研究测定了引起杨树炭疽病的两种炭疽病菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性,结果表明,多菌灵对两种杨树炭疽病菌的抑制效果均最好,其次依次为苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮。研究结果可为杨树炭疽病防治药剂的选择提供参考。

长期及不合理使用杀菌剂易导致病原菌产生抗药性[13]。以多菌灵为代表的苯并咪唑类杀菌剂主要作用于病原菌的β-微管蛋白[24],由于其作用位点单一,已有多种炭疽病菌对该类杀菌剂产生了抗药性[14-16, 25-26]。本研究中,2种杨树炭疽病菌对多菌灵表现敏感,且59株胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵的敏感性频率分布呈连续单峰曲线,表明尚未出现敏感性下降的群体,因此可将其平均EC50值(0.066 4±0.013 1) μg/mL作为胶孢炭疽菌对多菌灵的敏感基线,为其田间抗药性菌株的检测与监测提供依据。

苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮同属于SBIs杀菌剂中的C-14α-脱甲基酶抑制剂类(DMIs),能够抑制麦角甾醇生物合成途径中的关键性酶CYP51,破坏真菌细胞膜,导致细胞死亡[12]。因其优异的防治效果,已被广泛用于植物炭疽病的防治[10, 14, 27]。且由于植物病原真菌对该类杀菌剂的抗药性由多基因控制,抗性菌株的适合度较低,难以形成抗药性群体,因此DMIs杀菌剂被认为是低抗药性风险药剂[28-29]。然而,由于其作用位点单一且应用广泛,目前已有多种植物病原真菌对该类杀菌剂产生了抗药性[30-32],其中包括多种寄主来源的炭疽病菌[10, 15]

本研究中,2种杨树炭疽病菌对DMIs杀菌剂也出现了敏感性下降的群体,其中,59株胶孢炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的敏感性频率分布呈现双峰曲线,1株炭疽菌对苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇的EC50值大于4 μg/mL,表明杨树炭疽病菌中可能已出现对DMIs杀菌剂的抗药性菌株。但由于本研究中仅分析了4株炭疽菌,菌株数量偏少,因此还需要进一步采集更多菌株进行分析确证。尽管对杨树炭疽病防治过程中的用药历史尚不清楚,但杨树炭疽病菌中对DMIs杀菌剂抗性菌株的出现仍值得注意。有报道称,不同寄主来源的炭疽病菌之间会发生交叉侵染[33-35],目前已明确杨树上的胶孢炭疽菌可侵染苹果及刺槐等[7],但尚不知对其他种类植物是否会发生交叉侵染。因此,后续研究还需采集更多杨树炭疽病菌样本,并通过遗传背景分析其与周边植物炭疽病菌的关系,明确其来源,以揭示杨树上炭疽病菌对DMIs杀菌剂敏感性下降的原因。

本研究还发现,杨树炭疽病菌对不同DMIs杀菌剂的敏感性之间存在一定的交互抗性关系,这与已有的报道[10, 36]一致。但其相关性也存在差异,其中苯醚甲环唑与戊唑醇存在显著正相关性,与三唑酮之间则无相关性;而戊唑醇与三唑酮之间存在较弱的正相关性。植物病原真菌对DMIs杀菌剂的抗药性涉及多种分子机制[24]。鉴于苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和三唑酮均作用于植物病原真菌的CYP51蛋白上[12],分析出现该现象的原因可能是由于苯醚甲环唑和戊唑醇在CYP51蛋白上具有相同的作用位点,而三唑酮则具有不同的作用位点。此外,同一靶标蛋白上不同氨基酸的突变也会不同程度地影响靶标蛋白与同种作用机制、不同化学结构杀菌剂之间的结合能力,从而导致植物病原真菌对不同药剂敏感性之间的相关程度不同[37]。本研究中杨树炭疽病菌对3种DMIs杀菌剂的敏感性差异可能与其抗性机制有关,具体的抗性分子机制尚待进一步研究。

综上所述,MBCs和DMIs杀菌剂是生产上常用于炭疽病防治的药剂,但长期及不合理的使用易导致炭疽病菌逐渐产生抗药性。虽然目前尚未检测到杨树炭疽病菌对多菌灵敏感性下降的群体,但其对DMIs杀菌剂已有敏感性下降的群体出现,因此,生产上应注意科学合理地应用这两类药剂防治杨树炭疽病,延缓或避免病原菌抗药性的产生。同时还应注意杨树炭疽病与其他植物炭疽病的交叉侵染特点,避免抗药性菌株在不同植物间的迁移。

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