南京农业大学学报  2017, Vol. 40 Issue (2): 258-265   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.201606010
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文章信息

金剑雪, 金道超, 李文红, 程英, 李凤良, 周宇航, 曾义玲, 刘莉
JIN Jianxue, JIN Daochao, LI Wenhong, CHENG Ying, LI Fengliang, ZHOU Yuhang, ZENG Yiling, LIU Li
贵州省白背飞虱对杀虫剂抗药性现状分析
Status of insecticide resistance in Sogatella furcifera(Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from Guizhou Province
南京农业大学学报, 2017, 40(2): 258-265
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2017, 40(2): 258-265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.201606010

文章历史

收稿日期: 2016-06-06
贵州省白背飞虱对杀虫剂抗药性现状分析
金剑雪1,2, 金道超1 , 李文红2, 程英2, 李凤良2, 周宇航2, 曾义玲3, 刘莉3    
1. 贵州省山地农业病虫害重点实验室/贵州大学昆虫研究所, 贵州 贵阳 550025;
2. 贵州省植物保护研究所, 贵州 贵阳 550006;
3. 贵州省平塘县农村工作局, 贵州 平塘 558300
摘要[目的]通过与相对敏感基线比较,监测贵州省不同地理区域白背飞虱对7种杀虫剂的抗药性水平,了解贵州省各地理种群的抗药性现状和地区差异,为白背飞虱的田间防治与抗药性治理提供科学依据。[方法]将2015年田间采集的白背飞虱成虫或若虫于室内饲养一代后,取3龄若虫进行生物测定。采用稻茎浸渍法,测定8个白背飞虱田间种群(玉屏、黔西、平塘、播州、平坝、花溪、务川和兴仁)对7种杀虫剂(毒死蜱、异丙威、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺)的毒力,并与报道的相对敏感基线比较,分析贵州省白背飞虱的抗药性现状。[结果]兴仁县、玉屏县、平坝县、务川县和播州区种群对噻嗪酮均有较高的抗性倍数,分别为167.6、128.7、123.6、93.5和53.9倍,抗性均已达到高抗水平;花溪、平塘和黔西种群抗性倍数分别为25.0、17.1和11.4倍,为中等水平抗性。花溪、平坝、务川和平塘种群对吡蚜酮的抗性倍数分别为84.7、78.4、68.9和51.0倍,均属高抗水平;玉屏、播州、黔西种群抗性倍数分别为29.5、22.6和20.8倍,抗性为中等水平。兴仁、平塘、花溪、玉屏和播州种群对毒死蜱的抗性倍数分别为16.4、15.9、12.8、12.3和10.6倍,抗性均为中等水平;黔西、平坝和务川种群抗性倍数在10倍以下。对于吡虫啉,抗性倍数最高为务川种群(30.0倍);平塘和玉屏种群抗性倍数分别为13.0和11.9倍,为中等抗性水平;其余5地的抗性倍数均低于5倍。异丙威的LC50值均变化不大,抗性倍数均小于3倍。对噻虫嗪而言,除务川、平塘种群的抗性倍数稍高(16.3、5.5倍),抗性为中、低等水平外,其余6种群的抗性倍数均低于3倍。平坝(7.9倍)和务川(6.6倍)种群对烯啶虫胺的抗性倍数稍高,为低水平抗性,其余种群的抗性倍数均低于3倍,基本属敏感状态,其中播州、花溪、兴仁种群对烯啶虫胺的LC50值甚至低于相对敏感基线值。[结论]2015年贵州省白背飞虱田间种群对噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮2种杀虫剂均已产生中等以上抗药性,因此,防治白背飞虱应避免使用这2种药剂。多数地区白背飞虱对毒死蜱与吡虫啉为低至中等水平抗性,少部分地区仍然敏感,因此这2种杀虫剂的使用应因地而异,在中等水平抗性地区,要避免使用或采取轮用和混用的方式,以延缓抗性进一步发展。多数地区白背飞虱种群对异丙威、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺仍然敏感,可作为防治白背飞虱的推荐药剂轮换使用。
关键词白背飞虱   杀虫剂抗药性   贵州省   相对敏感基线   
Status of insecticide resistance in Sogatella furcifera(Horváth) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from Guizhou Province
JIN Jianxue1,2, JIN Daochao1 , LI Wenhong2, CHENG Ying2, LI Fengliang2, ZHOU Yuhang2, ZENG Yiling3, LIU Li3    
1. Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions/Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
2. Guizhou Institute of Plant Protection, Guiyang 550006, China;
3. Bureau of Rural Work of Pingtang, Guizhou, Pingtang 558300, China
Abstract: [Objectives] In order to understand the insecticide resistance situation and resistance difference in different geographical populations, moreover, to provide necessary knowledge for rational application of insecticides and effective control of Sogatella furcifera(Horváth), the resistance levels to 7 traditional insecticides (chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, pymetrozine, buprofezin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and nitenpyram) were evaluated in 8 populations (Yuping, Qianxi, Pingtang, Bozhou, Pingba, Huaxi, Wuchuan and Xingren) of S. furcifera collected from paddy fields across Guizhou. [Methods] Adults or nymphs were collected from paddy fields and reared for one generation in laboratory, and the third-instar nymphs were used for bioassays. By the rice-stem dipping method, the concentration-responses of S. furcifera to different insecticides were measured and compared with the corresponding relative susceptibility baseline. [Results] The resistance ratios (RRs) of S. furcifera collected from Xingren, Yuping, Pingba, Wuchuan and Bozhou against buprofezin were 167.6-, 128.7-, 123.6-, 93.5-and 53.9-fold respectively and the resistances reached to a high level, while at moderate level from Huaxi, Pingtang, Qianxi populations, with RRs 25.0-, 17.1-and 11.4-fold respectively. The RRs to pymetrozine from Huaxi, Pingba, Wuchuan, Pingtang were 84.7-, 78.4-, 68.9-and 51.0-fold respectively, and reached to a high resistance level, while at a moderate level fromYuping (29.5-), Bozhou (22.6-) and Qianxi (20.8-). By comparing with the relative susceptibility baseline of chlorpyrifos, the RR from Xingren was 16.4-fold and the resistances of Pingtang, Huaxi, Yuping and Bozhou had developed a moderate level, 15.9-, 12.8-, 12.3-and 10.6-fold, respectively. And the RR of S. furcifera collected from Qianxi, Pingba and Wuchuan were less than 10-fold. For imidacloprid, the RR from Wuchuan was 30.0-fold, followed by Pingtang (13.0) and Yuping (11.9), and at a moderate resistance level, while the RRs from the other 5 populations were lower than 5-fold and the susceptibility showed a decreasing trend. The LC50 value of isoprocarb had no significant change and the resistances of S. furcifera from all of 8 field populations still kept at a susceptibility level, and their RRs were less than 3-fold. The RRs of S. furcifera against thiamethoxam were 16.3-fold and 5.5-fold in Wuchuan and Pingtang, which was at a low to moderate resistance level. S. furcifera collected from the other 6 populations kept at a susceptibility level to thiamethoxam. The RRs collected from the other 6 populations were lower than 3-fold and kept at a susceptibility level to nitenpyram, except Pingba and Wuchuan, 7.9-and 6.6-fold, respectively. Moreover, the LC50 value to nitenpyram of S. furcifera collected from Bozhou (0.254 mg·L-1), Huaxi (0.217 mg·L-1) and Xingren (0.266 mg·L-1) were lower than the susceptibility baseline (0.392 mg·L-1). [Conclusions] In conclusion, most populations of S. furcifera in Guizhou had developed a high level resistance to buprofezin and pymetrozine, and all field populations (100%) were at a moderate level to them. So, the application of buprofezin and pymetrozine (medium to high resistance) to control S. furcifera should be reduced in Guizhou Province. To chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, the majority of field populations of S. furcifera had developed a low to moderate resistance level, therefore, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid (low to moderate resistance) may still be used but should be prudently and at reasonable frequency. Isoprocarb, nitenpyram and thiamethoxam (low resistance) would be better choices for effective management of S. furcifera. Rotation with alternative insecticides with different modes of action is recommended in regions where resistances have reached a moderate level.
Key words: Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)    insecticide resistance    Guizhou Province    susceptibility baseline   

白背飞虱[Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)]属半翅目, 飞虱科, 在亚洲各水稻生产区均有发生, 是一种重要的迁飞性害虫[1], 主要通过成虫、若虫直接刺吸水稻茎、叶部, 造成稻株营养成分和水分大量丧失, 严重时造成水稻枯黄, 最终倒伏枯死。在吸食水稻汁液的过程中白背飞虱还会排出大量的蜜露, 沾满蜜露的叶片常滋生大量烟煤, 影响叶片正常的生理功能。此外, 白背飞虱成虫在水稻茎、叶部产卵时刺穿组织, 造成大量伤口, 为小球菌等病菌的侵染提供有利条件。白背飞虱还可间接传播多种水稻病毒病, 尤其是水稻恶性病毒病南方黑条矮缩病, 对水稻生产构成严重威胁[2-3]

白背飞虱属于典型的r-对策型害虫, 且具有长距离迁飞习性[4-7]。自从20世纪80年代以来, 中国大面积推广杂交水稻, 使得白背飞虱的种群数量急剧上升[8]。一直以来, 防治白背飞虱主要依赖化学防治[9-10]。由于长期大量且不合理地使用化学防治, 白背飞虱抗药性问题日益突出[11]。据报道, 白背飞虱已对多种有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类及昆虫生长调节剂等杀虫剂产生明显抗药性, 引起药效降低, 使用频率增加, 使用剂量提高, 害虫再猖獗[12-13], 这与近年来白背飞虱的暴发频率大大增加有着密切的关系[14]。抗药性监测是害虫抗药性治理 (insecticide resistance management, IRM) 的重要内容之一, 持续的抗药性调查与监测便于及时了解白背飞虱的抗药性发展动态, 从而提供更有效的防治方案[15]。目前, 防治白背飞虱的常用药剂包括噻嗪酮、噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱等。Matsumura等[16]报道了日本的白背飞虱田间种群对毒死蜱、噻嗪酮和吡虫啉已产生了抗药性。Su等[12]在2010、2011年采集了中国9省市25个白背飞虱田间种群, 测定了对噻嗪酮、噻虫嗪、吡蚜酮、吡虫啉和毒死蜱的敏感性, 证实了84%的白背飞虱田间种群对噻嗪酮已产生中等水平抗性, 对毒死蜱、吡虫啉、吡蚜酮、噻虫嗪依然敏感。李文红等[17-18]测定了2013、2014年贵州省几个白背飞虱种群对常用杀虫剂的敏感性并进行2年的抗药性监测, 证实白背飞虱种群对吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮和吡虫啉表现出低至中等水平抗性, 对噻虫嗪的敏感性最高。由于没有统一的敏感基线, 各实验室所测数据没有可比性。目前, 相对敏感基线多采用南京农业大学采自广西南宁的白背飞虱种群测得的结果[12, 14]。鉴于此, 我们于2015年从贵州不同地理区划内采集白背飞虱田间种群进行毒力测定, 并与相对敏感基线进行比较, 以期更加全面系统地了解贵州省白背飞虱的抗药性现状, 为贵州省白背飞虱田间防治提供技术支持。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 供试虫源

根据贵州省地理区划[19], 分别选择贵州省铜仁市玉屏县、毕节市黔西县、黔南布依族苗族自治州 (简称黔南州) 平塘县、遵义市播州区、安顺市平坝县、贵阳市花溪区、遵义市务川县 (属黔北地区)、黔西南布依族苗族自治州 (简称黔西南州) 的兴仁县等8地采集白背飞虱。

于2015年6月至7月采集贵州省8地的白背飞虱若虫或成虫, 采回试虫于贵州省植物保护研究所养虫室内饲养一代后, 取3龄若虫进行毒力测定。采集信息见表 1

表 1 2015年白背飞虱采集信息 Table 1 Locations, collection dates and insect stages of Sogatella furcifera collected from Guizhou Province in 2015
采集地点
Locations
采集时间
Collection dates
采集地经纬度
Coordinates
寄主
Host plant
采集虫态
Insect stage
数量
Number
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Jul, 2015 N27.24°E108.91° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 1 000
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Jul, 2015 N27.03°E106.04° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 8 000
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Jul, 2015 N25.83°E107.55° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 6 000
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Jul, 2015 N27.70°E106.9° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph
成虫Adult
5 000
200
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Jun, 2015 N26.42°E106.26° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 5 000
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Jun, 2015 N26.40°E106.66° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 6 000
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Jul, 2015 N28.54°E107.87° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 8 000
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Jul, 2015 N25.00°E104.86° 水稻Rice 若虫Nymph 1 500
1.1.2 供试药剂

97.3%毒死蜱 (chlorpyrifos) 原药 (南京红太阳股份有限公司), 95%异丙威 (isoprocarb) 原药和97%烯啶虫胺 (nitenpyram) 原药 (江苏常隆化工有限公司), 97.5%吡虫啉 (imidacloprid) 原药 (江苏克胜集团股份有限公司), 97%噻嗪酮 (buprofezin) 原药和96%吡蚜酮 (pymetrozine) 原药 (江苏安邦电化有限公司), 98.3%噻虫嗪 (thiamethoxam) 原药 (先正达 (苏州) 作物保护有限公司)。

1.2 方法 1.2.1 药剂配制

将供试药剂原药用少量丙酮 (吡蚜酮用甲醇) 溶解倒入容量瓶, 加入10%体积的Triton X-100乳化剂得到母液 (毒死蜱、异丙威、吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺均为1%, 吡蚜酮、噻虫嗪为0.25%)。对所有供试杀虫剂都先做预试验以找到幼虫死亡率约为10%~90%的药剂浓度范围, 根据所需的浓度采用等比稀释法将母液兑水稀释为5~9个浓度梯度待用。

1.2.2 药剂毒力测定

采用稻茎浸渍法[12, 15, 17-18]:连根挖取健壮一致的分蘖盛期至孕穗初期的稻株, 洗净, 剪成约10 cm长的连根稻茎, 于阴凉处晾干稻茎, 将准备好的带根稻茎在配制好的药液中浸渍30 s, 取出晾干, 用湿脱脂棉包住根部保湿, 置于小口容器中。用吸虫器将试虫移入小口容器中, 每个容器20头试虫, 管口用纱布罩住, 每个浓度重复3次。置于温度 (25±1)℃, 光/暗周期为16 h/8 h的人工气候箱内进行饲养观察。

毒死蜱、异丙威处理48 h后检查, 其余5种处理96 h后检查并记录白背飞虱的死亡虫数。以轻触无明显反应为死亡。

1.3 数据统计及分析

数据采用Microsoft Excel 2010以及DPS V 8.01数据处理软件, 得到毒力直线回归方程 (LC-P line)、斜率、LC50、95%置信限等。根据相对敏感基线LC50[12, 14], 计算抗性倍数 (resistance ratio, RR)。

RR=田间种群LC50/相对敏感基线LC50。RR小于3.0倍为敏感; RR在3.0~5.0倍为敏感性降低; RR在5.1~10.0倍为低水平抗性; RR在10.1~40.0倍为中等水平抗性; RR在40.1~160.0为高水平抗性; RR大于160.0倍为极高水平抗性[20]

2 结果与分析 2.1 贵州省白背飞虱对毒死蜱的抗性水平

表 2可见:兴仁县、平塘县、花溪区、玉屏县、播州区白背飞虱种群对毒死蜱的敏感性相对较低, LC50分别为3.875、3.759、3.014、2.904和2.497 mg·L-1, 对比毒死蜱相对敏感基线0.236 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为16.4、15.9、12.8、12.3和10.6倍, 均为中等抗性水平; 黔西县、平坝县分别为2.168和1.523 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为9.2和6.5倍, 属于低水平抗性; 务川县白背飞虱种群对毒死蜱较敏感, 抗性倍数为3.8, 属于敏感性降低阶段。

表 2 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对毒死蜱的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 2 Resistance monitoring to chlorpyrifos by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=2.509X+3.838 2.509 2.904 2.313~3.877 12.3
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=2.773X+4.068 2.773 2.168 1.757~2.707 9.2
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.991X+3.855 1.991 3.759 3.030~4.967 15.9
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=2.677X+3.936 2.677 2.497 2.018~3.195 10.6
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=1.903X+4.652 1.903 1.523 1.170~2.003 6.5
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=2.092X+3.998 2.092 3.014 2.324~4.229 12.8
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=2.847X+5.119 2.847 0.908 0.729~1.116 3.8
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=2.237X+3.684 2.237 3.875 2.941~5.838 16.4
2.2 贵州省白背飞虱对异丙威的抗性水平

8个地区白背飞虱种群对异丙威的LC50值为11.687~27.775 mg·L-1, 最大值出现在玉屏种群, 最小值为务川种群, 相比异丙威敏感基线16.130 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数为0.7~1.7, 均为敏感水平, 其中务川种群的LC50低于相对敏感基线值 (表 3)。

表 3 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对异丙威的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 3 Resistance monitoring to isoprocarb by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=2.414X+1.515 2.414 27.775 21.463~40.379 1.7
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=2.439X+1.842 2.439 19.718 15.704~25.881 1.2
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=2.126X+2.302 2.126 18.562 14.450~24.779 1.2
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=2.193X+2.341 2.193 16.317 12.732~21.216 1.0
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=3.298X+0.947 3.298 16.950 14.047~20.813 1.1
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=2.992X+1.433 2.992 15.576 12.723~19.171 1.0
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=2.645X+2.176 2.645 11.687 9.071~14.491 0.7
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=2.273X+1.954 2.273 21.883 17.156~29.837 1.4
2.3 贵州省白背飞虱对吡蚜酮的抗性水平

对吡蚜酮而言, 花溪区、平坝县、务川县和平塘县的白背飞虱种群敏感性相对较低, LC50值分别为40.465、37.459、32.935和24.388 mg·L-1, 相比吡蚜酮相对敏感基线0.478 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为84.7、78.4、68.9和51.0倍, 属于高水平抗性; 玉屏县、播州区和黔西县3个种群LC50值分别为14.118、10.815和9.947 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为29.5、22.6和20.8, 属于中等水平抗性。中等抗性水平以上地区的比例为100%(表 4)。

表 4 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对吡蚜酮的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 4 Resistance monitoring to pymetrozine by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=1.257X+3.555 1.257 14.118 9.054~23.223 29.5
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=1.603X+3.401 1.603 9.947 6.712~14.732 20.8
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.045X+3.551 1.045 24.388 12.284~92.943 51.0
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=1.604X+3.342 1.604 10.815 7.337~16.121 22.6
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=1.542X+2.573 1.542 37.459 24.932~55.760 78.4
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=1.744X+2.197 1.744 40.465 2.783~5.893 84.7
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=3.144X+0.228 3.144 32.935 26.412~39.929 68.9
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
2.4 贵州省白背飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性水平

兴仁县、玉屏县、平坝县、务川县和播州区的白背飞虱种群对昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂噻嗪酮的敏感性较低, LC50值分别为7.376、5.661、5.438、4.113和2.372 mg·L-1, 相比噻嗪酮相对敏感基线0.044 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为167.6、128.7、123.6、93.5和53.9, 均属高水平抗性; 花溪区、平塘县和黔西县3种群LC50值分别为1.102、0.753和0.501 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为25.0、17.1和11.4, 属中等水平抗性。中等抗性水平以上地区占有比例为100%(表 5)。

表 5 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对噻嗪酮的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 5 Resistance monitoring to buprofezin by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=0.834X+4.372 0.834 5.661 3.076~11.534 128.7
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=0.987X+5.296 0.987 0.501 0.259~0.853 11.4
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=0.962X+5.119 0.962 0.753 0.416~1.302 17.1
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=0.978X+4.633 0.978 2.372 1.419~4.092 53.9
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=1.448X+3.935 1.448 5.438 3.628~8.605 123.6
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=1.128X+4.952 1.128 1.102 0.678~1.841 25.0
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=2.080X+3.722 2.080 4.113 3.178~5.415 93.5
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.059X+4.081 1.059 7.376 4.441~13.898 167.6
2.5 贵州省白背飞虱对吡虫啉的抗性水平

务川县、平塘县和玉屏县的白背飞虱种群对吡虫啉的LC50值分别为3.275、1.415和1.299 mg·L-1, 相比吡虫啉的相对敏感基线值0.109 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为30.0、13.0和11.9, 抗性处于中等水平。中等抗性水平以上地区占总采集地的37.5%;其余5地的LC50值为0.360~0.511 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数为3.3~4.7, 均为敏感性降低 (表 6)。

表 6 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 6 Resistance monitoring to imidacloprid by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=1.071X+4.878 1.071 1.299 0.771~2.631 11.9
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=1.769X+5.785 1.769 0.360 0.254~0.492 3.3
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.124X+4.831 1.124 1.415 0.847~2.876 13.0
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=1.325X+5.386 1.325 0.511 0.329~0.797 4.7
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=1.316X+5.872 1.316 0.217 0.121~0.340 2.0
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=1.396X+5.475 1.396 0.457 0.296~0.696 4.2
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=2.036X+3.951 2.036 3.275 2.497~4.749 30.0
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=2.001X+5.821 2.001 0.389 0.267~0.545 3.6
2.6 贵州省白背飞虱对噻虫嗪的抗性水平

务川县的白背飞虱种群对噻虫嗪的敏感性相对较低, LC50值为1.566 mg·L-1, 相比噻虫嗪相对敏感基线值0.096 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数为16.3, 为中等水平抗性; 平塘种群LC50值为0.532 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数为5.5, 为低水平抗性; 其余6个地区LC50值为0.026~0.227 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数为0.3~2.4, 均为敏感, 其中以平坝种群最为敏感, LC50值低于相对敏感基线值 (表 7)。

表 7 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对噻虫嗪的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 7 Resistance monitoring to thiamethoxam by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=0.943X+5.651 0.943 0.204 0.117~0.346 2.1
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=1.501X+5.945 1.501 0.235 0.115~0.392 2.4
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.279X+5.351 1.279 0.532 0.339~0.841 5.5
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=1.727X+6.771 1.727 0.094 0.063~0.136 1.0
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=1.180X+6.869 1.180 0.026 0.016~0.042 0.3
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=1.302X+5.838 1.302 0.227 0.128~0.355 2.4
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=2.817X+4.451 2.817 1.566 1.228~1.925 16.3
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.793X+6.384 1.793 0.169 0.109~0.243 1.8
2.7 贵州省白背飞虱对烯啶虫胺的抗性水平

平坝县和务川县的白背飞虱种群对烯啶虫胺的敏感性相对较低, LC50值分别为3.081和2.604 mg·L-1, 相比烯啶虫胺相对敏感基线值0.392 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数分别为7.9和6.6, 为低水平抗性; 其他6个种群LC50值为0.254~0.999 mg·L-1, 抗性倍数为0.6~2.5倍, 均为敏感, 其中播州区、花溪区和兴仁县3种群LC50值均低于相对敏感基线值 (表 8)。

表 8 贵州省8个地区白背飞虱种群对烯啶虫胺的抗药性监测结果 (2015) Table 8 Resistance monitoring to nitenpyram by field populations of S.furcifera collected from 8 different geographic areas of Guizhou Province in 2015
采虫地点
Collection location
回归方程
LC-p line
斜率
Slope
LC50/
(mg·L-1)
95%置信限
95% fiducial limits
抗药性倍数
Resistance ratio (RR)
铜仁市, 玉屏县Yuping County, Tongren City Y=1.585X+5.001 1.585 0.999 0.675~1.491 2.5
毕节市, 黔西县Qianxi County, Bijie City Y=1.965X+5.386 1.965 0.636 0.451~0.949 1.6
黔南自治州, 平塘县
Pingtang County, Qian′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.784X+5.265 1.784 0.710 0.476~1.017 1.8
遵义市, 播州区Bozhou District, Zunyi City Y=1.702X+6.013 1.702 0.254 0.168~0.363 0.6
安顺市, 平坝县Pingba County, Anshun City Y=1.166X+4.430 1.166 3.081 1.799~5.461 7.9
贵阳市, 花溪区Huaxi District, Guiyang City Y=2.007X+6.330 2.007 0.217 0.151~0.308 0.6
遵义市, 务川县Wuchuan County, Zunyi City Y=2.337X+4.029 2.337 2.604 1.928~3.304 6.6
黔西南自治州, 兴仁县
Xingren County, Qianxi′nan Autonomous Prefecture
Y=1.577X+5.906 1.577 0.267 0.159~0.398 0.7
3 讨论

杀虫剂对害虫毒力的测定和抗性现状的调查是害虫综合防治中杀虫剂选用的重要依据。由于稻飞虱的防治长期以来以化学防治为主, 因此稻飞虱抗药性问题一直都是研究热点问题。据报道, 褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱均在不同程度上产生了抗药性[10, 14, 21]。由于气候、水稻耕种制度、栽培方式及化学药剂防治等多方面的综合因素, 造成了2005年褐飞虱在中国长江流域及南方稻区的大暴发。而由于田间大面积连续单一、不合理地使用吡虫啉, 加速了褐飞虱对其抗药性的发展, 使得药剂防治效果下降[9, 12, 14, 22-23]。最终, 吡虫啉在水稻上被暂停用于防治褐飞虱[9]。有研究证实, 虽然褐飞虱对吡虫啉产生严重的抗药性, 但白背飞虱对吡虫啉抗性依然处于较低水平[12, 14], 在水稻生育早期, 该药剂仍可用于白背飞虱的防治。近年来, 更多学者选择稻茎浸渍法监测稻飞虱抗药性的发生发展[11-12, 14-15, 17, 24]。针对白背飞虱抗药性, 我们采用南京农业大学所测LC50值作为相对敏感基线[12, 14], 评价贵州省各地白背飞虱种群对不同药剂抗药性发展情况。结果表明, 贵州省白背飞虱对噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮已产生高水平抗性, 结果与凌炎等[25]得出的中国和越南大多数水稻生产区的白背飞虱均对噻嗪酮产生高水平抗性一致, 这可能与噻嗪酮过度使用有关[26]。吡蚜酮属于吡啶类化合物, 对刺吸性害虫有特效。自从2009年吡蚜酮就成为防治白背飞虱的主推品种[27]。Su等[12]2010至2011年测定结果显示, 中国南方大部分水稻生产区白背飞虱种群对吡蚜酮尚未产生明显的抗药性。本研究结果显示, 贵州省大部分水稻生产区的白背飞虱对吡蚜酮均已产生中等甚至高水平抗性, 说明白背飞虱对吡蚜酮的抗药性水平在迅速上升, 需要引起生产上的注意。毒死蜱在水稻生产中除用于防治稻飞虱外, 还用于防治二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟等水稻害虫[28]。Su等[12]测定结果显示, 中国南方水稻生产区60%白背飞虱种群对毒死蜱仍然敏感, 少部分地区有10.2倍左右的抗性, 抗性处于中等水平。本研究结果显示, 在贵州, 62.5%的地区对毒死蜱有中等水平抗性, 其余地区的敏感性有下降趋势。对吡虫啉而言, 中等抗性水平以上地区占总采集地的37.5%, 部分地区对吡虫啉仍然敏感。异丙威、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺则仍然处于敏感水平。然而, 由于噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺与吡虫啉同属烟碱类杀虫剂, Matsumura等[29]证实吡虫啉与噻虫嗪间有正交互抗性。因此, 在使用烟碱类杀虫剂时, 对杀虫剂之间交互抗性的监测也非常重要。

由于白背飞虱为迁飞性害虫, 抗药性产生的速度较慢。在迁出地和迁入地间相互迁移可以起到抗性稀释作用。但如果迁入种群在虫源地的受药情况与迁入地相同, 这种稀释作用就不再显著[30]。因此, 加强迁飞害虫发生地区间, 甚至国际间的统筹合作, 某种意义上也是害虫抗药性综合治理 (IRM) 的重要环节[31]。但是, 在实际操作中存在很多局限性和不现实性, 尤其是国际间合作。考虑到白背飞虱与褐飞虱的统筹防治, 结合贵州两种害虫各自的发生期, 笔者建议在水稻生育早期白背飞虱的防治可选择吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺等药剂; 在螟虫发生期可选择毒死蜱、异丙威等药剂, 可兼防螟虫。但在毒死蜱、吡虫啉中等抗性水平地区则需谨慎使用, 建议与其他药剂轮换或混合使用, 以延缓抗药性进一步发展。在水稻生育后期, 褐飞虱发生时避免选用吡虫啉等已产生高抗水平的药剂。为避免田间防治失败, 生产上应避免使用噻嗪酮和吡蚜酮, 尤其是在白背飞虱已产生高水平抗性的地区。

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