南京农业大学学报  2016, Vol. 39 Issue (6): 960-964   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.201601024
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文章信息

卢毅, 李保平, 孟玲
LU Yi, LI Baoping, MENG Ling
氮肥和寄主龄期对斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育特征的影响
Effects of nitrogen fertilization and host instar on developmental performance of the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
南京农业大学学报, 2016, 39(6): 960-964
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016, 39(6): 960-964.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.201601024

文章历史

收稿日期: 2016-01-13
氮肥和寄主龄期对斑痣悬茧蜂生长发育特征的影响
卢毅, 李保平, 孟玲    
南京农业大学植物保护学院/农作物生物灾害综合治理教育部重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210095
摘要: [目的] 为揭示寄生蜂发育表现是否与土壤施氮量有关,以及该关系是否依赖于寄生时的寄主龄期,对斑痣悬茧蜂(Meteorus pulchricornis)在该因素处理下的生长发育特征进行了研究。 [方法] 用不同施氮水平(20、50、100、200、300 mg·L-1)的盆栽大豆饲喂斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)幼虫,分别以2龄和4龄幼虫为寄主供斑痣悬茧蜂寄生,观察子代蜂发育指标。 [结果] 施氮量、寄主龄期及其互作均显著影响子代蜂存活、历期、成虫体型大小和寿命,但影响的程度和格局不同:施氮量对子代蜂存活和发育历期的影响明显大于寄主龄期,而对子代蜂成虫体型大小和寿命的影响明显小于寄主龄期。子代蜂发育参数与施氮量之间存在非线性关系,但该关系取决于寄生时的寄主龄期:子代蜂存活与施氮量在寄生4龄幼虫时表现出非线性关系,但在寄生2龄幼虫时无显著关系;子代蜂发育历期与施氮量之间存在二次函数曲线关系,但在寄生2龄幼虫时中等水平施氮量的发育历期较长,而寄生4龄幼虫时在较高水平施氮量处理下的发育历期较长;子代蜂成虫体型大小与施氮量之间在寄生2龄幼虫时,表现出正相关直线关系;但寄生4龄幼虫时没有变化;子代成虫寿命在寄生2龄幼虫时与施氮量之间表现出三次函数曲线关系,但在寄生4龄幼虫时没有变化。 [结论] 土壤施氮可通过寄主龄期大小而影响寄生蜂子代发育表现,而且该影响与施氮量多存在非线性关系。
关键词施肥    寄主龄期    寄生蜂    生活史特征    生物防治   
Effects of nitrogen fertilization and host instar on developmental performance of the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
LU Yi, LI Baoping, MENG Ling    
College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Abstract: [Objectives] This study examined the combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer application to soils with host instars at parasitism on developmental performances of the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis attacking Spodoptera litura larval hosts feeding on soybean plants on the treated soils. [Methods] Nitrogen fertilizer was assigned to potted soybean seedlings with five-level treatments, the Hoagland's solution containing nitrogen of 20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg·L-1, respectively. The leaves excised from these plants were used to feed S.litura larvae from neonate to either 2nd or 4th instar, which were then exposed to M.pulchricornis for parasitism. Developmental performances of offspring parasitoids were observed. [Results] The N application, host instar at parasitism, and their interactions influenced developmental performances of offspring parasitoids, with variable effects in pattern and magnitude. The N treatment had stronger effects on developmental survival and duration, but weaker effects on offspring adult size and longevity, than the host instar did. Parasitoid developmental parameters changed in a non-linear relationship with the levels of N application, but such relationship varied depending on the host instar at parasitism. Offspring developmental survival increased with N application levels in a parabolic curve from parasitizing the 4th instar larvae, but did not change from parasitizing the 2nd instar larvae. Offspring developmental duration changed as a quadratic function of N application levels, in different shapes between attacking the 2nd and 4th instar larvae. Offspring adult body size increased slightly with N application levels in a linear way from attacking the 2nd, but did not change from parasitizing the 4th instar larvae. Offspring adult longevity changed in as a cubic function of N fertilizer levels from attacking the 2nd instar larvae, but did not change from attacking the 4th instar hosts. [Conclusions] The results of this study suggest that N fertilizer application to soils can influence parasitoid developmental parameters, but such effect occurs often in a non-linear way and vary depending on host stages at oviposition.
Key words: fertilizer application    host instar    parasitoid wasps    life history traits    biological control   

虽然已知施肥可通过影响寄主植物营养而影响植食性昆虫[1], 但其对寄生性天敌寄生选择和子代表现的影响尚存争议[2-3]。施用氮肥是提高作物产量的主要措施之一, 其对植食性昆虫的影响可能会影响到植食性昆虫的寄生蜂[4]。例如, 一种缨小蜂(Anagrus sophiae)在施用了氮肥的寄主植物上的寄生率提高[5]; 大豆叶片氮含量增加使豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂(Diglyphus isaea)的发育时间显著缩短, 繁殖力提高40%[6]。但Staley等[2]的研究未发现菜蛾盘绒茧蜂(Cotesia vestalis)对取食施氮肥与不施肥花椰菜上小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫的寄生率存在差异, 子代蜂体型大小(后足胫节长度)与施叶面肥的氮含量无关。此前的研究说明, 施肥对寄生蜂的影响不仅与肥料成分有关, 而且可能与作物、寄主以及寄生蜂种类有关[3]

斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)是大豆等许多农作物的重要害虫[7], 斑痣悬茧蜂(Meteorus pulchricornis)是斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)和甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)等重要鳞翅目害虫的优势寄生性天敌之一[8]。已有研究表明寄生时的寄主幼虫龄期对斑痣悬茧蜂子代发育具有重要影响[9-11], 但尚不清楚施用氮肥是否与寄主龄期存在互作而影响子代蜂发育。本研究旨在阐明斑痣悬茧蜂子代发育表现是否随施氮量增加而变化, 这种变化是否随所寄生的寄主龄期不同而异。

1 材料与方法 1.1 供试材料

大豆(Toricellia max)品种为‘南农34号’, 由南京农业大学国家重点实验室大豆研究中心提供。将大豆种在花盆(直径20 cm, 高20 cm)中, 为控制根瘤菌的形成, 以石英砂与蛭石等比例混合作为基质, 每盆种植3株, 每日浇灌1次Hoagland全营养液[12], 大豆出苗6周长至40片叶后备用。

斜纹夜蛾于2012年8月采自江苏省南京市江浦区大豆田, 在养虫室(26±1)℃、光/暗时间为14 h/10 h、相对湿度为(60±10)%条件下用人工饲料饲养多代, 人工饲料配方和饲养方法在沈晋良等[13]的配方基础上增加0.05 g · kg-1抗菌药物头孢氨苄, 以防止食物腐败; 并每年采集田间斜纹夜蛾进行复壮。斑痣悬茧蜂由采自大豆田中被寄生的斜纹夜蛾幼虫经饲养而获得, 此蜂营产雌孤雌生殖方式, 在养虫室以斜纹夜蛾为寄主繁殖多代, 供试蜂为羽化后6~10日龄的无寄生经历成蜂。

1.2 试验方法

采用2因素析因试验设计, 以NH4NO3为氮源配制Hoagland全营养液[12], 氮含量处理设5个水平, 分别为20、50、100、200、300 mg · L-1, 其中100 mg · L-1为标准营养液的氮含量, 该浓度范围氮含量涵盖了大田施氮量从不足到过量施用的现状。寄主龄期设2个水平:2龄和4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫, 它们均为斑痣悬茧蜂的偏好寄主, 但寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂某些发育表现好于寄生2龄幼虫[9-11]。待大豆生长至40片叶时, 将斜纹夜蛾卵块分成小块粘贴在大豆叶片上, 然后置于笼罩中, 每日观察1次, 待斜纹夜蛾幼虫生长至供试龄期(2龄或4龄)时, 选取体型接近的同龄幼虫供寄生蜂寄生。将1头幼虫与1头蜂放入试管中, 观察至有针刺产卵发生后将幼虫移至培养皿中, 每日更换各施氮量处理下的新鲜叶片直至结茧, 统计从产卵到成虫羽化的发育历期。跟踪观察羽化出蜂直至其死亡。将死亡的子代蜂成虫保存于75%乙醇中, 随后在数码解剖镜(安装数码测量软件的麦克奥迪SMZ171体视显微镜, 麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司生产)下测量其后足胫节长度(测量精确0.001 mm), 以此代表寄生蜂的体型大小。每个处理重复20次(4龄寄主)或30次(2龄寄主)。

1.3 数据分析

为探究子代蜂发育存活表现随施氮量增大而变化的趋势, 将施氮量作为连续数值变量进行分析, 将寄主龄期作为分类变量。用logistic模型分析子代蜂发育存活(二进制数据); 为揭示子代蜂特征随施氮量增加的非线性变化趋势, 将施氮量作为连续数值变量, 采用有限三次方样条(restricted cubic spline)函数拟合回归模型。用Wald似然比卡方测验检验自变量的影响。用rms功能包[14]在R软件中分析数据[15]

2 结果与分析 2.1 施氮量和寄主龄期对斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂幼期特征的影响

施氮量、寄主龄期及其互作显著影响斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂的发育存活(logistic模型, 施氮量:χ2=9.31, P=0.01;寄主龄期:χ2=7.97, P=0.02;互作:χ2=7.07, P=0.01)。当寄生2龄幼虫时, 子代蜂幼期存活概率不随施氮量增加而变化(图 1-A); 但当寄生4龄幼虫时, 子代蜂存活率随施氮量增加从约60%开始逐渐增大(图 1-B)。

图 1 寄生2龄(A)或4龄(B)斜纹夜蛾幼虫的斑痣悬茧蜂子代发育至成虫期的存活概率与施氮量的关系 Figure 1 Metoerus pulchricornis offspring survival probability to adulthood from parasitizing Spodoptera littura 2nd (A) or 4th (B) instar larvae in relation to N application levels 为减少数据点重叠采用垂直方向颤抖。Horizontal jitter was used to avoid overlapping of data points. The same below.

施氮量、寄主龄期及其互作显著影响斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂发育历期(施氮量:χ2=52.94, P < 0.001;寄主龄期:χ2=27.27, P < 0.001;互作:χ2=26.10, P < 0.001), 而且发育历期与施氮量存在显著的二次函数曲线关系(F=10.18, P=0.001)。当寄生2龄幼虫时, 中等施氮量处理的发育历期较长(图 2-A); 当寄生4龄幼虫时, 在较高施氮量下发育历期较长(图 2-B)。

图 2 寄生2龄(A)或4龄(B)斜纹夜蛾幼虫的斑痣悬茧蜂子代发育至成虫期的历期与施氮量的关系 Figure 2 Meteorus pulchricornis offspring development time to adulthood from parasitizing S.littura 2nd (A) or 4th (B) instar larvae in relation to N application levels
2.2 施氮量和寄主龄期对斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂成虫特征的影响

施氮量、寄主龄期及其互作均显著影响斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂成虫后足胫节长度(施氮量:χ2=20.26, P < 0.000 1;寄主龄期:χ2=102.60, P < 0.000 1;互作:χ2=4.61, P=0.03), 而且施氮量与子代成虫后足胫节长度之间存在直线关系, 但这种直线关系仅表现在寄生2龄幼虫的子代中(图 3)。

图 3 寄生2龄(A)或4龄(B)斜纹夜蛾幼虫的斑痣悬茧蜂子代成虫后足胫节长度与施氮量的关系 Figure 3 Meteorus pulchricornis offspring adult hind tibia length from parasitizing S.littura 2nd (A) or 4th (B) instar larvae in relation to N application levels

施氮量、寄主龄期及其互作均显著影响斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂成虫寿命(施氮量:χ2=52.67, P < 0.001;寄主龄期:χ2=332.05, P < 0.001;互作:χ2=14.49, P < 0.001)。施氮量与子代成虫寿命之间存在显著的非线性关系(χ2=24.07, P < 0.001), 这种曲线关系仅表现在寄生2龄幼虫的子代中, 在中等施氮量下寿命较短(图 4-A); 而寄生4龄幼虫时成虫寿命变化与施氮量无关(图 4-B)。

图 4 寄生2龄(A)或4龄(B)斜纹夜蛾幼虫的斑痣悬茧蜂子代成虫寿命与施氮量的关系 Figure 4 Meteorus pulchricornis offspring adult longevity from parasitizing S.littura 2nd (A) or 4th (B) instar larvae in relation to N application levels
3 讨论

一般认为, 对植物增施氮肥有利于植食性昆虫生长发育[1]。对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的研究也发现, 增施氮肥有利于成虫寿命和体质量等某些适合度相关表现[16]。施氮肥对植食性昆虫的促进作用可能影响到寄生该植食性昆虫的寄生蜂[4], 可能促进寄生蜂的某些发育表现[5-6], 而对另一些特征没有影响[3]

本研究表明, 施氮量影响斑痣悬茧蜂子代发育表现, 但并非是简单的随施氮量增加而增强的线性效应, 而且该效应依赖于寄生时的寄主龄期。对于容性寄生蜂而言, 不同龄期寄主幼虫具有不同的营养资源需求量和生长潜力, 因而具有不同的品质[17]。对寄生鳞翅目幼虫的茧蜂和姬蜂的研究发现, 寄生中间龄期寄主幼虫的子代蜂发育适合度高于寄生两端龄期寄主幼虫[18-19], 此前对斑痣悬茧蜂的研究亦支持上述结论[9-11]。本研究供试寄主斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫与2龄幼虫相比, 对斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂发育的某些特性(如子代蜂体型大小)而言是一个品质较高的寄主, 但对另一些特性(如发育时间)而言则是一个品质略差的寄主[11]。总体而言, 施氮量对寄生4龄幼虫的子代蜂发育具有更大的促进作用, 可能是由于4龄幼虫对氮素及其相关营养的利用能力强于2龄幼虫, 从而更利于寄生蜂的生长发育。

植食性昆虫寄主体内血淋巴蛋白是许多寄生蜂幼虫生长发育的主要营养来源[20-22]。土壤施氮可改变昆虫寄主幼虫血淋巴中蛋白质表达谱的动态。例如:Chen等[23]研究了取食施氮肥处理棉花叶片的甜菜夜蛾幼虫在被斑腹绒茧蜂(Cotesia marginiventris)寄生后血淋巴中蛋白质表达谱, 发现某些蛋白质受施氮量的影响, 而且绒茧蜂寄生也影响寄主体内的某些蛋白质含量。本研究发现, 施氮肥对寄生蜂发育参数的影响与寄主龄期有关, 鉴于寄主血淋巴蛋白质与寄生蜂发育的紧密关系, 有必要进一步探究寄生蜂幼虫对寄主血淋巴蛋白质营养的利用是否随寄主幼虫龄期而变化。

本研究结果说明, 增施氮肥可能间接促进斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂的发育, 不过该促进作用主要发生在寄主幼虫龄期较高的情况下。但在害虫防治实践中需尽可能在害虫发育早期进行防治, 所以, 在害虫发育早期于大田施氮肥对寄生蜂发育的促进作用很有限, 或许施用有机肥或复合肥对寄生蜂子代发育具有较好的促进作用[2-3]

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