南京农业大学学报  2016, Vol. 39 Issue (4): 557-562   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.201604019
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文章信息

刘晓东, 李月, 王若仲, 代培红, 刘超, 石书兵
LIU Xiaodong, LI Yue, WANG Ruozhong, DAI Peihong, LIU Chao, SHI Shubing
过表达GH3-5提高拟南芥抗旱的分子机制
Molecular mechanism of drought tolerance conferred by overexpression of GH3-5
南京农业大学学报, 2016, 39(4): 557-562
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016, 39(4): 557-562.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/jnau.201604019

文章历史

收稿日期:2016-04-07
过表达GH3-5提高拟南芥抗旱的分子机制
刘晓东1, 李月1, 王若仲2, 代培红1, 刘超1, 石书兵1     
1. 新疆农业大学农学院/农业生物技术重点实验室, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830052;
2. 湖南农业大学植物激素与生长发育湖南省重点实验室, 湖南 长沙 410128
摘要[目的] 拟南芥GH3-5GH3-6基因属于生长素早期应答基因GH3基因家族。GH3-5基因过表达植株gh3.5-1DGH3-6基因过表达植株dfl1-D都表现出生长素响应缺失的表型,然而与野生型对照相比两者的抗旱能力却完全相反。研究GH3-5基因的抗旱机制,将能解释两者抗旱表型完全相反的原因。[方法] 采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了干旱胁迫后gh3.5-1Ddfl1-D及其对应野生型中水杨酸的含量,同时检测了gh3.5-1D/NahGgh3.5-1D/npr1两种双突变体的抗旱性。[结果] 与野生型相比,干旱胁迫后dfl1-D中水杨酸(SA)的含量没有差异,而gh3.5-1D中SA的含量增加了1倍。进一步研究发现,gh3.5-1D较高的抗旱能力在gh3.5-1D/NahG双突变体中丧失,而在gh3.5-1D/npr1双突变体中没有明显变化。[结论] 水杨酸的过量积累是gh3.5-1D抗旱性发生逆转的原因,然而这种SA赋予的抗旱性可能并不依赖NPR1。
关键词GH3     抗旱性     水杨酸     生长素    
Molecular mechanism of drought tolerance conferred by overexpression of GH3-5
LIU Xiaodong1, LI Yue1, WANG Ruozhong2, DAI Peihong1, LIU Chao1, SHI Shubing1     
1. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Technology/College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
2. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
Abstract: [Objectives] GH3-5 and GH3-6 belong to the same gene family of GH3 that are early auxin-responsive genes in Arabidopsis. Both of gh3.5-1D and dfl1-D,the over expression lines of GH3-5 and GH3-6 respectively,exhibit similar auxin-related defects. However,their phenotypes of drought tolerance are completely opposite compared to wildtype. Here we explored the underlying mechanism of drought tolerance conferred by overexpression of GH3-5 and explained the difference of drought response between gh3.5-1D and dfl1-D.[Methods] The level of salicylic acid (SA) was measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drought tolerance was tested in SA deficient and insensitive background using gh3.5-1D/NahG and gh3.5-1D/npr1.[Results] We found that SA levels before and after drought stress in dfl1-D were comparable to those in the wild-type respectively. In contrast,we found that gh3.5-1D accumulated one more fold of SA than the corresponding wild types after drought stress. Further study found that drought tolerance in gh3.5-1D was compromised in gh3.5-1D/NahG but not in gh3.5-1D/npr1.[Conclusions] Drought tolerance conferred by overexpression of GH3.5 depends on NPR1-independent salicylic acid signaling pathway.
Keywords: GH3     drought tolerance     salicylic acid     auxin    

生长素是植物中一类重要激素,在植物生长发育的许多过程中扮演重要的角色,如胚胎发生、维管组织分化、向光性和植株的形态建成等[1]。其中吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)是植物体内含量最高的一种生长素。近几年研究发现IAA对植物的抗逆性也有重要的调控作用。利用IAA缺失和过量累积的突变体,证明了IAA正向调控了拟南芥和其他植物的抗旱性[2-3]。IAA通过控制下游响应基因的表达调控了植物对环境的反应,其调控表达的基因主要包括Aux/IAA、SAUR(small auxin up RNAs)和GH3三个家族[4]。其中GH3基因家族在拟南芥基因组中包含20个成员,这些基因按GH3-1至GH3-20命名。研究表明一些拟南芥GH3蛋白显示出腺苷酰化植物激素的活性[5],这些激素包括茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA),吲哚-3-乙酸和水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)[6]。根据有无腺苷酰化植物激素的能力及腺苷酰化底物特异性的不同,将19个GH3蛋白(除去只具部分蛋白序列的GH3-20)分为三类:Ⅰ类可腺苷酰化JA,包括2个成员;Ⅱ类基因可腺苷酰化IAA,包括8个成员;Ⅲ类尚未发现它们在体外可腺苷酰化任何植物激素,包括9个成员。其中Ⅱ类基因在植物体内调控IAA的动态平衡[5]。研究发现大多数GH3基因启动子除包含生长素响应元件(AuxRE)外,还含有一些逆境相关响应元件,在不同植物中有多个GH3基因受非生物逆境诱导表达[7, 8, 9, 10]

SA是在植物抵御病原菌入侵中扮演关键作用的一种激素[11]。除此之外研究还发现SA也能有效提高植物对多种非生物逆境的抗性,如高盐[12]、渗透胁迫[13]、干旱[14]和高温[15]。在SA合成途径中SID2是一个关键酶基因,编码异分枝酸合酶又称ICS1(isochorismate synthase),其对应的突变体sid2中SA的合成显著降低[16]。体内合成的SA通过一系列信号转导途径来行使它的调控功能,而NPR1(non-expresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1)是SA激素信号转导途径的关键调控因子,在SA调控的抗病功能中扮演关键角色[17]。但是在植物体内存在两种SA信号转导途径:NPR1依赖的和NPR1不依赖的信号途径,两者的功能并不相同[18]

拟南芥GH3-5GH3-6基因属于Ⅱ类GH3基因家族。体外生化试验中GH3-6只能腺苷酰化IAA,而GH3-5除可腺苷酰化IAA外,同时还可以腺苷酰化SA[5]。前人研究发现GH3-5和GH3-6基因过量表达后,通过腺苷酰化IAA,打破了生长素在体内的动态平衡,抑制了植株正常的生长发育,它们对应的过量表达株系gh3.5-1Ddfl1-D都表现出植株异常矮小,表明GH3-5GH3-6基因在调控植株生长发育方面具有相似的功能[19, 20]。前期的研究发现GH3-6基因通过调控植物体内生长素的水平,进而调控了植物对干旱的反应过程,dfl1-D植株对干旱非常敏感(文章待发表)。然而另有研究发现GH3-5基因过量表达植株对干旱却表现出较强的抗性[7]。为了解析GH3-5基因过量表达植株抗旱能力发生逆转的机制,本研究从GH3-5GH3-6腺苷酰化激素的功能差异入手,测定了干旱胁迫后gh3.5-1Ddfl1-D中SA的含量,以揭示GH3-5基因在拟南芥干旱适应过程中与GH3-6基因不同的抗旱机制。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

dfl1-D(GH3-6基因过表达突变体)及其对应的野生型拟南芥Landsberg erecta生态型(Ler)种子,gh3.5-1D(GH3-5基因过表达植株)、NahGsid2-2npr1单突变体和gh3.5-1D/NahG、gh3.5-1D/npr1双突变体以及它们对应的野生型拟南芥Columbia生态型(Col-0)种子,均由中国科学院上海植物生理生态研究所惠赠,各突变体的详细描述见文献[20-21]。拟南芥种子在6%(体积分数)的次氯酸钠中浸泡5 min,之后用无菌水冲洗6次,并播种于1/2 MS固体培养基上,黑暗下4 ℃低温处理4 d,然后转入22 ℃人工气候室(光、暗时间分别为15、9 h)中培养。生长7 d后的幼苗移栽于饱含营养液的人工土壤(蛭石、草炭、珍珠岩体积比为6∶3∶1)中,转入22 ℃人工气候室(光、暗时间分别为15、9 h)中继续生长。

1.2 方法 1.2.1 拟南芥的抗旱性鉴定

幼苗移入土壤继续生长20 d后的拟南芥进行断水干旱处理,及时观察突变体和野生型的表型差异,约25 d左右时进行复水处理,复水2 d后拍照,并统计存活率。试验重复3次,每次每个样品干旱处理株数大于15。

1.2.2 SA和ABA含量测定

取生长30 d的野生型和突变体完整植株,除去根部多余土壤,然后植株分成2份,一份进行空气干旱处理,另一份将其根部置于湿润的滤纸上,作为对照。每一种处理都进行3个重复,每个重复包括6株拟南芥。3 h后取莲座叶的组织用于激素含量测定,按照Zhang等[20]方法进行SA含量的测定,重复3次。按照王若仲等[22]方法进行ABA含量的测定,重复3次。

1.3 数据统计

所有试验结果均为3次重复的平均值±标准差。采用Microsoft Excel 2007软件对数据进行整理和方差分析;采用DPS v7.05软件的LSD最小显著差数法进行差异显著性检验。

2 结果与分析 2.1 干旱胁迫处理后dfl1-Dgh3.5-1D中SA含量

GH3-5GH3-6基因同属于Ⅱ类可腺苷酰化IAA的GH3基因家族,但它们对应的过表达植株gh3.5-1Ddfl1-D在抗旱性上却完全相反。dfl1-D对干旱敏感,而GH3-5基因过表达植株对干旱却有较强的抗性[7]。由于GH3-5GH3-6基因在腺苷酰化SA的功能上存在差异,而且SA也参与了植物的抗旱反应[23-24]。为了进一步解释上述现象,我们测定了dfl1-Dgh3.5-1D中游离SA的含量。结果(图 1)显示,对于dfl1-D来说,无论是野生型还是突变体,干旱处理3 h后SA的含量都会比干旱处理前0 h样品增加1倍左右。但与野生型(Ler)相比,干旱处理前后dfl1-D中SA的含量并没有明显差别;而对于gh3.5-1D来说,与dfl1-D不同的是,gh3.5-1D突变体干旱处理3 h后体内的SA含量比野生型(Col-0)增加了1倍。推测SA含量的增加可能导致了上述抗旱表型的差异。

图 1 干旱胁迫前后dfl1-Dgh3.5-1D中的游离水杨酸(SA)含量 Fig. 1 Free salicylic acid(SA)content after drought treatment in dfl1-D and gh3.5-1D 柱状图上的不同字母表示差异达到5%显著水平。
Different letters on each column are significantly different at 5% level,the same below.
2.2 gh3.5-1D突变体的抗旱性依赖于SA

NahG是一种SA水解酶基因,研究表明NahG转基因植物不能积累SA[25]。如上文所述,SID2是SA合成途径中的一个关键酶,在SID2功能失活突变体sid2-2中SA的合成受阻。为了进一步验证SA的抗旱功能和SA含量的增加是否导致了gh3.5-1D突变体抗旱性的逆转,我们对NahG(NahG转基因拟南芥)和sid2-2单突变体以及gh3.5-1D/NahG双突变体的抗旱性进行了鉴定。结果(图 2)显示,激素SA缺失突变体NahGsid2-2复水后,死亡的植株比例显著高于野生型,提示SA正调控了拟南芥的抗旱性(图 2-AB)。与gh3.5-1D相比,gh3.5-1D/NahG双突变体抗旱性显著下降,其存活率与NahG相似(图 2-CD),显示出gh3.5-1D突变体较高的抗旱能力依赖于SA。

图 2 gh3.5-1D的抗旱性依赖于SA Fig. 2 Drought tolerance depends on SA in gh3.5-1D A、B和C:拟南芥干旱胁迫复水2 d后的表型;D:各突变体复水2 d后的存活率
A,B and C:The phenotype of plants 2 days after rewatering;D:Survival rate of plants 2 days after rewatering
2.3 gh3.5-1D突变体的抗旱能力可能不依赖NPR1

植物体内存在NPR1依赖的和不依赖的两种SA信号途径,究竟是哪种信号途径介导了GH3-5调控的抗旱性?为此我们鉴定了npr1gh3.5-1D/npr1突变体的抗旱性。结果发现在激素SA积累缺失突变体NahGsid2-2抗旱性明显下降的情况下,与对照相比,npr1gh3.5-1D/npr1突变体的抗旱性并没有减弱(图 3),提示NPR1基因不参与拟南芥的干旱适应过程,也可能不参与GH3-5基因过量表达植株gh3.5-1D的抗旱性。

图 3 gh3.5-1D的抗旱性不依赖NPR1 Fig. 3 Drought tolerance does not depend on NPR1 in gh3.5-1D
2.4 干旱胁迫处理后dfl1-Dgh3.5-1D中ABA含量的比较

脱落酸(ABA)在植物抗旱中扮演关键角色。有研究表明外源生长素能诱导NCED基因的表达,并进而上调了ABA的水平[26],而SA也能诱导ABA的积累[27]。为此我们同时也测定了突变体中ABA的含量。结果显示,与野生型相比,干旱胁迫3 h后dfl1-D中ABA含量减少了71.2%,而gh3.5-1D只减少了34%(图 4)。

图 4 干旱胁迫前后dfl1-Dgh3.5-1D中ABA含量 Fig. 4 ABA content after drought treatment in dfl1-D and gh3.5-1D
3 讨论

GH3-5GH3-6基因过表达的突变体gh3.5-1Ddfl1-D都表现出生长素缺失的表型[19-20],显示这2个基因具有相似的功能。另外GH3-5显著受干旱诱导表达[7],而GH3-6基因也同样受干旱诱导表达。然而两者过表达突变体的抗旱能力却完全相反[7]GH3-5GH3-6虽然同属于可腺苷酰化IAA的Ⅱ类GH3基因家族,但目前的研究发现两者在活性功能上还是存在一个明显的差别,即GH3-5蛋白还具有腺苷酰化SA的活性[5]。已有研究发现由于GH3-5同时具有腺苷酰化IAA和SA这两种功能,导致其在抗病反应中具有双功能的角色,一方面通过调控IAA的水平减弱了抗病性,另一方面则通过提高SA的含量,增强了抗病性[20]。GH3-5在抗病反应中的双功能角色是否也存在于抗旱反应中?前期对dfl1-D突变体的研究发现,GH3-6基因过量表达后,通过调控IAA抑制了干旱胁迫后体内ABA的合成,进而减弱了植株的抗旱能力(文章待发表)。而目前已经研究证明SA在抗旱反应中扮演正调控的角色[23-24]GH3-5腺苷酰化SA的功能活性是否改变了gh3.5-1D体内SA的水平,进而产生了与dfl1-D突变体完全相反的抗旱表型?本研究结果发现,干旱胁迫后,植株体内SA的含量都会明显上升,但是gh3.5-1D体内SA的含量要显著高于野生型;而dfl1-D突变体与对应野生型相比SA的含量并没有明显区别。gh3.5-1D体内高水平SA的含量是否就是产生gh3.5-1D抗旱能力增强的原因?即SA减少后gh3.5-1D的抗旱性是否丧失?为此我们鉴定了gh3.5-1D/NahG双突变体的抗旱表型。结果显示,NahG基因的引入,使gh3.5-1D植株获得的抗旱能力丧失,其干旱胁迫存活率与NahG株系相似,表明gh3.5-1D抗旱能力的增强完全依赖于SA水平的增加。

有研究发现IAA可以促进ABA的合成[26],而SA也能诱导ABA的积累[27-28]。这进一步解释了图 4的结果,干旱胁迫后,一方面由于GH3-5和GH3-6的腺苷酰化IAA的活性,导致IAA降解,从而使gh3.5-1Ddfl1-D中ABA的合成受阻;另一方面与dfl1-D不同的是,干旱胁迫后,gh3.5-1DSA的含量比野生型增加了1倍。可能在另一种途径上又刺激了ABA的合成,进而最终导致gh3.5-1D体内ABA的含量并没有显著减少。上述结果显示出GH3-5在抗旱反应中可能也具有双功能的角色。虽然干旱胁迫后gh3.5-1D中ABA的含量依然低于野生型,但可能由于SA能激活抗氧化酶活性,消除了活性氧对植株的伤害[23],最终使gh3.5-1D的干旱存活率高于野生型。

GH3-5GH3-6基因在拟南芥抗旱功能上的差异表现,同样也存在于其他植物不同GH3基因中。如过量表达OsGH3-2基因的水稻显著降低了游离IAA的含量,导致植株抗旱能力减弱[29]。但过量表达OsGH3-13基因的水稻虽然也显著降低了IAA的含量,但植株的抗旱能力却明显增强[10],这也暗示着OsGH3-2基因和OsGH3-13基因在水稻抗旱中扮演不同的角色,其中SA可能也是导致这种功能差异的原因。

NPR1是SA信号转导途径中一个关键的信号组分,在SA介导的抗病反应中发挥重要作用[17]。在非生物逆境方面,SA介导的抗盐性依赖于NPR1[30]。然而本研究结果显示SA介导的抗旱性可能并不依赖NPR1,这暗示SA可能通过NPR1依赖的信号转导途径调控了植物的抗盐性,而通过不依赖NPR1的信号转导途径调控了抗旱性。因此有必要对SA介导的抗逆信号转导途径,尤其NPR1不依赖的信号途径进行深入的研究。

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