南京农业大学学报  2015, Vol. 38 Issue (6): 986-992   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.06.017
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文章信息

付言峰, 李兰, 周艳红, 李碧侠, 方晓敏, 王学敏, 任守文. 2015.
FU Yanfeng, LI Lan, ZHOU Yanhong, LI Bixia, FANG Xiaomin, WANG Xuemin, REN Shouwen. 2015.
瘦素受体对苏钟猪脂肪沉积调控的影响
Role of leptin receptor in the regulation of fat deposition in Suzhong pigs
南京农业大学学报, 38(6): 986-992
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 38(6): 986-992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.06.017

文章历史

收稿日期: 2015-01-05
瘦素受体对苏钟猪脂肪沉积调控的影响
付言峰1, 李兰2,3, 周艳红1,4, 李碧侠1, 方晓敏1, 王学敏1, 任守文1     
1. 江苏省农业科学院畜牧研究所/江苏省农业种质资源保护与利用平台, 江苏 南京 210014;
2. 中国农业大学动物医学院, 北京 100193;
3. 国家兽用生物制品工程技术研究中心, 江苏 南京 210014;
4. 南京农业大学动物科技学院, 江苏 南京 210095
摘要: [目的]研究瘦素受体(leptin receptor,LEPR)的mRNA表达和编码序列单核苷酸多态性(cSNPs)对猪脂肪沉积性状的影响.[方法]本文旨在利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法和免疫印迹方法检测了该基因在高脂猪和低脂猪背最长肌、背膘、心、肝和肾共5种组织样中的mRNA和蛋白表达量,利用直接测序方法检测了LEPR第18外显子cSNPs,并对LEPR表达量、编码序列单核苷酸多态位点与苏钟猪脂肪沉积相关性状进行了关联分析.[结果]RT-qPCR结果表明:LEPR mRNA在这5种组织中均有表达,且差异显著(P<0.05),其中背膘组织中的表达量显著高于其他组织(P<0.05),其次为背最长肌中的表达量,高脂猪的mRNA表达量显著高于低脂猪(P<0.05).Western blot结果表明,LEPR蛋白在背膘和背最长肌中显著表达,且高脂猪的蛋白表达量显著高于低脂猪(P<0.05),说明猪脂肪沉积量越高,LEPR mRNA和蛋白表达量越高.PCR-sequencing结果表明,在LEPR cDNA的c.2841C>T位点处,T等位基因为脂肪沉积的优势等位基因.[结论]LEPR的表达对苏钟猪脂肪沉积调控有显著影响,其c.2841C>T位点可作为苏钟猪脂肪沉积肉质性状改良育种的分子标记.
关键词: 瘦素受体     表达     编码序列单核苷酸多态     脂肪沉积     苏钟猪    
Role of leptin receptor in the regulation of fat deposition in Suzhong pigs
FU Yanfeng1, LI Lan2,3, ZHOU Yanhong1,4, LI Bixia1, FANG Xiaomin1, WANG Xuemin1, REN Shouwen1     
1. Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Germplasm Resources Protection and Utilization Platform, Nanjing 210014, China;
2. College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
3. National Research Center of Veterinary Biologicals Engineering and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China;
4. College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Abstract: [Objectives]The aim of the paper is examine the effect of LEPR mRNA expression and coding single nucleotide polymorphisms on fat deposition traits in Suzhong pigs. [Methods]LEPR mRNA and protein expression was detected in five tissues of longissimus dorsi muscle,backfat,heart,liver and kidney by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blot,cSNPs within exon 18 of LEPR were detected by PCR-sequencing,and association of LEPR expression,polymorphism with fat deposition related traits was analyzed in Suzhong populations. [Results]RT-qPCR results indicated that LEPR mRNA was expressed in all the five tissues with significant differences(P<0.05),expression in backfat was higher than expression in any other tissue(P<0.05),followed by the expression in longissimus dorsi muscle. LEPR mRNA expression in high-fat pigs was significantly higher than that in low-fat pigs(P<0.05). Western blot results demonstrated that LEPR protein was highly expressed in backfat and longissimus dorsi muscle,and LEPR protein expression in high-fat pigs was significantly higher than that in low-fat pigs(P<0.05). This suggests that pigs with higher fat deposition have higher LEPR expression of mRNA and protein. In addition,LEPR polymorphism results revealed that T allele seems to have advantageous effects on fat deposition at c.2841C>T locus. [Conclusions]There is important effect of LEPR expression on fat deposition in Suzhong pigs,and LEPR c.2841C>T could be a molecular marker for improving fat deposition related pork traits in Suzhong pigs.
Keywords: leptin receptor     expression     coding single nucleotide polymorphisms     fat deposition     Suzhong pigs    

随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对猪肉品质的要求也越来越高[1, 2]。脂肪沉积是影响猪肉品质和营养价值的一个关键因素[3],因为脂肪沉积可以影响很多重要的肉质性状,如背膘厚、肌内脂肪含量、瘦肉率等[4, 5]。另外,猪作为一个良好的动物模型,在研究人类肥胖候选基因的研究中发挥重要的作用[6]。因此,开展猪的脂肪沉积机制研究具有重大意义。

随着定位克隆、物理作图和候选基因等分子生物学技术的发展,研究人员已成功发现许多影响猪脂肪性状的主效基因,如过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体基因(PPARs)[7]、肥胖易感基因(FTO)[5, 6, 7, 8]、脂蛋白脂肪酶基因(LPL)[9]等。瘦素受体(LEPR)是一种跨膜受体,属于Ⅰ类细胞因子受体家族,由细胞外的配体结合区、跨膜区及胞内区3部分组成[10, 11]。瘦素受体与瘦素(LEP)相互结合发挥着广泛作用,如机体体质量平衡控制[12, 13]

在小鼠上,前人研究发现LEPR mRNA在越来越多的组织上有表达,包括心、肝、肾、肺、小肠、卵巢和脂肪组织等[14]。在猪上,LEPR mRNA在脂肪组织、脑、肌肉、脂肪、肝、下丘脑、垂体[11, 15, 16, 17]和繁殖组织(子宫内膜、卵巢)[17]上均有表达。但是,关于中国高脂肪含量猪和低脂肪含量猪LEPR的表达差异及表达量、编码序列单核苷酸多态(cSNP)与肉质性状关联分析的报道还很少。

苏钟猪是以太湖猪为亲本培育的优质瘦肉型猪,肌间和肌内脂肪丰富,本试验通过实时荧光定量PCR方法、免疫印迹和直接测序等技术,从mRNA表达、蛋白表达、cSNP挖掘和性状关联等方面分析了LEPR对脂肪沉积的影响。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物

在江苏洪泽鑫象公司,用背膘仪活体测定背膘厚度大小选取了10头6月龄、(95±3)kg体质量的半同胞健康苏钟猪(高脂猪和低脂猪各半),这些猪均在同一天被电击昏后屠宰,之后参照屠宰程序[18, 19]采集猪的心、肝、肾、眼肌(背最长肌)和背膘等组织样,迅速置于液氮冷冻保存。同时,测定了这些试验猪的脂肪沉积相关性状,包括背最长肌横切面积(求积仪,Haguang)、瘦肉率(SFK,Denmark)、背膘厚(游标卡尺,MNT)等,并根据背膘厚度和试验猪左半边胴体的前躯、中躯和后躯脂肪质量进一步确定了高脂猪和低脂猪(表 1)。另外本实验室保存有51头苏钟猪肌肉样或血样,并有这些猪的耳号、出生日期和背最长肌性状(横切面积、pH值、肉色、大理石花纹评分和系水力)等记录,笔者采用高盐法[20]提取这些猪组织样中的基因组,进行LEPR基因的cSNP研究。

表 1 苏钟猪脂肪沉积相关性状测定结果(最小二乘均值±标准误)Table 1 Meat quality traits related with fat deposition in Suzhong pigs(LS means±SE)
试验动物分组
Group of animal
瘦肉率/%
Lean meat
rate
眼肌面积/cm2
Longissimus
dorsi
muscle
area
背膘厚/cm Backfat thickness
肩部最厚处
Shoulder at the thickest joint
胸腰椎结合处
Thoracic and lumbar spine junction
腰间椎结合处
Lumbar and sacral spine junction
大理石
花纹评分
Marbling
score
低脂猪Low-fat pigs56.62±1.35a61.86±2.46a3.9±0.53a2.4±0.462.1±0.48a4.71±1.12
高脂猪High-fat pigs49.42±2.39b48.52±3.57b5.2±1.21b2.7±0.563.2±0.80b4.72±1.33
注:同列不同的小写字母上标代表显著性差异(P<0.05)。Values with different superscripts are significant difference within column(P<0.05).
1.2 引物设计

LEPR基因的cDNA(GenBank:NM_001024587)全长4 050 bp,其编码序列为第16~3 513 bp。LEPR_1引物用于RT-qPCR,LEPR_2引物用于LEPR第18外显子(2 726~3 464 bp)的cSNPs检测。所有引物序列均用Oligo 6.0软件设计,由上海英潍捷基(Invitrogen)生物公司合成(表 2)。

表 2 用于实时荧光定量PCR和直接测序的LEPR引物序列和PCR条件Table 2 Primer pairs and PCR conditions used in RT-qPCR and PCR-sequencing analysis of LEPR
引物
Primers
引物对序列
Primer pairs sequences(5′→3′)
退火温度/℃
Annealing temperature
产物长度/bp
Product size
用途
Usage
LEPR_1 CCGCTGCCTCCATCCAGTGTG/TCTGGCACCGGGAGACTGGT60197RT-qPCR
LEPR_2 CAGTGACATTTGGCCCTCTT/CCATTATCTTCTGAGTCTGAG60759PCR-sequencing
GAPDH GGTGAAGGTCGGAGTGAACG/TGGGTGGAATCATACTGGAACA60150RT-qPCR
1.3 实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)

利用Trizol(Invitrogen,USA)/氯仿方法[5, 21]从猪组织样中提取总RNA,以上述提取的总RNA为模板,利用First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit试剂盒进行反转录,合成cDNA第一链(Fermentas,Lithuania),25 μL反应体系,试验步骤参考说明书进行。

利用实时荧光定量PCR仪(ABI Stepone plus,USA)进行PCR扩增。反应体系如下:2×real-time PCR Master Mix(SYBR Green)10 μL,上下游引物(10 μmmol · L-1)各1 μL,模板(cDNA稀释10倍)1 μL,Taq DNA Polymerase 0.3 μL,加DEPC水到20 μL(ABI,USA)。反应条件如下:95 ℃ 2 min热启动HotStar Taq酶活性;94 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 40 s,共40循环;45~95 ℃,读板时按0.1 ℃ · s-1进行熔解曲线分析。内参基因为GAPDH

1.4 Western blot检测蛋白表达

组织样用蛋白裂解液裂解[5, 22],提取出的总蛋白用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(Invitrogen,USA)检测。Western blot过程参照Patel等[23]和付言峰等[24]的方法,一抗用小鼠抗人LEPR抗体(mAb,sc-8391,Santa Cruz,USA),二抗用辣根过氧化物酶标记山羊抗小鼠抗体(A0216,Beyotime,中国)。利用灰度分析软件(Gel-Pro32)分析电泳条带灰度比值(以GAPDH为内参)。

1.5 直接测序法检测cSNPs

首先进行LEPR基因目的片段(cDNA第2 726~3 464 bp,位于CDS区)的PCR扩增。反应体系(15 μL):7 μL Premix Taq(TaKaRa,China),6 μL ddH2O,0.5 μL各种引物(10 pmol · L-1)和1 μL DNA。反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,60 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 60 s,共30循环;72 ℃ 7 min。利用ABI 3730XL DNA测序仪(Applied Biosystems,USA)对上述PCR产物进行直接测序,每个样品测序2次,即正向和反向各测1次。测序序列和NCBI序列通过DNAMAN 5.2进行比对,最终得到LEPR的cSNPs。

1.6 数据处理与统计

实时荧光定量PCR的数据利用2-ΔΔCT[25, 26]分析,得到LEPR mRNA的相对表达量。用SAS 8.2统计软件包的GLM程序进行LEPR mRNA、蛋白表达量、cSNP与脂肪沉积性状之间的关联分析。结果均以最小二乘均值±标准误(LS means±SE)表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 LEPR mRNA表达对脂肪沉积的影响

组织样中提取的总RNA利用分光光度计测定出的A260/A280结果大都处于1.8~2.1的区间,总RNA含量为1.60~2.22 μg · μL-1,说明提取的RNA质量较高,可以进行后续的RT-qPCR试验。

RT-qPCR结果表明:LEPR mRNA在猪心、肝、肾、眼肌(背最长肌)和背膘中均有表达,且不同组织样中的表达量差异显著(P<0.05)。其中背膘的表达量最高,且显著高于其他组织(P<0.05),其次为背最长肌的表达量,且高脂猪的表达量显著高于低脂猪(P<0.05)(图 1)。由于高脂猪的眼肌(背最长肌)面积和瘦肉率显著低于低脂猪(表 1),即高脂猪的脂肪沉积量显著高于低脂猪,结合文献报道[12, 13],笔者推测猪脂肪沉积增加,引起LEPR mRNA表达量升高,促进脂肪分解,控制猪只体质量的平衡。

图 1 苏钟猪不同组织样的LEPR mRNA表达量(GAPDH为内参基因)Fig. 1 The mRNA expression level of LEPR in different tissues of Suzhong pigs(GAPDH was used as an internal gene)柱形图上不同的小写字母或“*”表示在0.05水平差异显著。
The“muscle”was abbreviation of“longissimus dorsi muscle”. Values with different low case letters or“*”show significant difference at 0.05 level. The same as follows.
2.2 LEPR蛋白表达对脂肪沉积的影响

Western blot结果表明:猪LEPR蛋白(NCBI Protein:NP_001019758)在苏钟猪的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、背最长肌和背膘组织中均有表达,且不同组织间表达量差异显著(P<0.05),其中背膘中的表达量最高,显著高于其他组织样,其次为背最长肌,而肾脏中的LEPR蛋白表达量最低(图 2)。

图 2 LEPR在苏钟猪不同组织样中蛋白表达量的Western blot分析结果(β-actin为内参)Fig. 2 Western blot results of LEPR protein expression in different tissues of Suzhong pigs(β-actin was used as an internal protein)A:电泳条带Western blot bands;B:LabImage分析得到的电泳条带灰度值比值Gray value of scanned western blot lane images by LabImage software
高脂猪的LEPR蛋白表达量显著高于低脂猪(P<0.05)(图 2),这与LEPR mRNA的表达结果一致。考虑到高脂猪的背膘厚显著高于低脂猪,背最长肌面积和瘦肉率显著低于低脂猪(P<0.05)(表 1),即高脂猪的脂肪沉积更高,联系到其蛋白表达情况,笔者分析猪肉脂肪沉积增加(背膘增加),可能引起LEPR蛋白表达量升高,从而更好发挥LEPR促进脂肪分解、控制体质量平衡的功能。

2.3 LEPR的cSNPs挖掘

笔者对LEPR基因cDNA序列第2 726~3 464 bp(位于CDS区,覆盖了第18外显子92.65%的序列)进行了直接测序扫描,结果发现3个cSNPs,即c.2856 C>T,c.2935 C>T和c.3155 C>T。3个位点的突变均为C→T的突变。这3个cSNPs中,只有c.2856 C>T位点有3种基因型,呈现多态性,分别为CC、CT和TT基因型(图 3)。

图 3 LEPR基因部分编码序列的测序结果Fig. 3 The PCR-sequencing results for the LEPR partial CDS sequenceA:测序序列与NCBI序列比较结果Comparison results of sequencing results and NCBI results;B:测序峰值及基因分型图Peak value figure using sequencing and genetype
2.4 LEPR的cSNPs对脂肪沉积的影响

LEPR的cSNPs(c.2856 C>T)基因型与脂肪沉积相关肉质性状的关联分析结果表明:对于背最长肌面积/体质量、瘦肉率、pH值和肉色评分,CC基因型显著大于TT基因型(P<0.05);相反,对于肉色L*值、肉色a*值和大理石花纹评分,CC基因型显著小于TT基因型(P<0.05)。

考虑到背最长肌面积/体质量、瘦肉率和肉色a*值,低脂猪极显著大于高脂猪(P<0.01)。笔者推测,TT基因型猪关联的肉质性状中,背最长肌肉色更亮、大理石花纹更丰富、瘦肉率和眼肌面积更低,与高脂 猪的肉质性状结果类似,即TT基因型更有利于猪的脂肪沉积,T等位基因是脂肪沉积有利等位基因(表 3)。

表 3 LEPR c.2856 C>T基因型与脂肪沉积相关肉质性状的关联分析结果(最小二乘均值±标准误)Table 3 Association analysis of LEPR c.2856 C>T genotype and fat deposition related meat traits(LS means±SE)
肉质性状
Meat quality traits
基因型Genotype
CCTCTT
加性效应
Additive effect
显性效应
Dominant effect
背最长肌面积/体质量Longissimus dorsi muscle area/Body weight0.66±0.03A0.54±0.01B0.47±0.02C0.10±0.02**-0.03±0.02
瘦肉率Lean meant rate54.68±3.29Aa52.90±1.24Aab49.03±2.11Ab2.82±1.981.04±2.29
pH值pH value6.12±0.12Aa5.85±0.05ABb5.7±0.08Bb0.21±0.07**-0.06±0.08
肉色L*值(亮度)Luminosity(L*)value39.12±2.4Aa40.63±0.9Aab45.36±1.54Ab-3.13±1.45*-1.60±1.67
肉色a*值(品红色→绿色)a* value(range from magenta to green)4.67±1.11Aa5.88±0.42Aab6.74±0.71Ab-1.03±0.670.18±0.77
肉色b*值(黄色→蓝色)b* value(range from yellow to blue)2.80±0.693.16±0.264.07±0.44-0.64±0.41-0.27±0.48
肉色评分Meat color score4.44±0.17Aa3.35±0.06Bb3.19±0.11Bb0.62±0.10**-0.46±0.12**
大理石花纹评分Marbling score4.73±0.54ABa3.35±0.07Aa6.30±0.35Bb-0.79±0.32*-0.70±0.38
系水力Water holding capacity10.85±3.3311.06±1.2514.90±2.14-2.03±2.01-1.82±2.32
注: 1)肉色L*、a*、b*是肉色测定仪的直接测定结果,L*:0~100,a*:127~-128,b*:127~-128。2)肉色评分:1~6,大理石花纹评分:1~10,二者均使用美国农业部肉色比色板测定。3)同行不同大小写字母分别表示差异极显著(P<0.01)和差异显著(P<0.05)。
Notes: 1)Luminosity(L*),a* and b* was three parameters of meat color measured using chroma meter cr400,Japan. Among these parameters,values of L* ranged from 0 to 100,values of a* ranged from 127 to -128 and values of b* ranged from 127 to -128. 2)Values of meat color score ranged from 1 to 6(color range from white to red),and values of marbling score ranged from 1 to 10,both of them were measured using American shade guide. 3)Values with different superscripts capital letter and small letter in the same line show significant difference at 0.01 and 0.05 levels.
3 讨论

脂肪沉积可以影响猪的肉质性状,如背膘厚、背最长肌面积和肌内脂肪含量等[3, 5],这些肉质性状又进一步影响猪肉的品质,如适口性、香气、嫩度等,直接决定了猪肉的品质和价格,所以猪育种工作者对其越来越重视[24]。关于影响脂肪沉积的基因有肥胖易感基因(FTO)[5]、氟烷基因(halothane)[27]、激酶插入域受体(Kinase insert domain receptor,KDR)基因[28]等。而本文的瘦素受体(LEPR)基因与瘦素(leptin)相互结合后,在体质量平衡、脂肪沉积过程中发挥着重要的作用[12, 13]。关于其在中国本地猪种不同脂肪含量猪中的研究还鲜有报道,所以本试验开展了LEPR的mRNA和蛋白表达及cSNPs对猪脂肪沉积的影响研究。

RT-qPCR结果表明:LEPR mRNA在苏钟猪的心、肝、肾、背最长肌和背膘5种组织中均有表达,且背膘中的表达量显著高于其他组织,这与前人报道的LEPR在其他品种猪的表达结果一致[29]。苏钟猪高脂猪的脂肪沉积高于低脂猪,且高脂猪LEPR mRNA表达量显著高于低脂猪,说明脂肪沉积越高,LEPR mRNA表达量越高。推测原因可能是脂肪沉积增加引起LEPR表达量增加,从而促进脂肪分解,控制猪只体质量平衡[12, 13]。有研究对波兰5个品种猪分别添加能量饲料后,LEPR在各品种猪肌肉组织的表达量均随着年龄增长而显著升高[30]

Western blot结果表明:LEPR蛋白在苏钟猪的心、肝、肾、背最长肌和背膘中均有表达,其中背膘中的表达量最高,且高脂猪的蛋白表达量显著高于低脂猪(P<0.05),这与LEPR mRNA表达趋势相同。高脂猪比低脂猪的脂肪含量高、瘦肉率低,而LEPR mRNA和蛋白的表达量都更高,前人对LEPR配体leptin也有类似的研究结果,其发现瘦肉率高的猪leptin mRNA表达量更低,说明瘦肉率与leptin的表达量也成反比[31]。另有报道,LEPR在高肌内脂肪含量猪背最长肌的表达量显著高于低肌内脂肪含量猪[32]

PCR-sequencing和关联分析结果表明,LEPR部分编码序列中检测到3个cSNPs多态位点,其中c.2856 C>T多态位点对瘦肉率、肉色、大理石花纹评分等肉质性状影响显著,T等位基因为脂肪沉积的有利等位基因。这个SNP突变不直接引起氨基酸的改变,但其可以通过与其他SNP的连锁不平衡间接引起氨基酸的改变[20, 33]。有研究表明,LEPR多态性显著关联着杜洛克×长白×大白三元杂交猪的脂肪含量、脂肪分布和脂肪组成[34],LEPR多态性显著关联韩国本地猪×大白二元杂交猪的系水力、肌内脂肪、胆固醇和风味评分[32]

综上所述,LEPR mRNA和蛋白在苏钟猪的背膘和背最长肌中均有高表达量,且高脂猪的LEPR表达量显著高于低脂猪,可能是脂肪沉积的增加引起LEPR的表达量增加,从而使LEPR更好得发挥其“促进脂肪分解,控制猪只体质量平衡”的作用;LPER多态位点c.2856 C>T中T为脂肪沉积的有利等位基因。上述结果表明LEPR基因对猪的脂肪沉积有一定影响,可以作为苏钟猪肉质改良育种中重要的候选基因。

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