南京农业大学学报  2015, Vol. 38 Issue (2): 261-266   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.02.013
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文章信息

盛超, 孟玲, 许庆辉, 李保平. 2015.
SHENG Chao, MENG Ling, XU Qinghui, LI Baoping. 2015.
番茄和烟草对动植性烟盲蝽生长发育和捕食功能反应的影响
Effects of tomato and tobacco plants on developmental performances and functional responses of zoophytophagous Nesidiocoris tenuis (Heteroptera:Miridae)
南京农业大学学报, 38(2): 261-266
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 38(2): 261-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.02.013

文章历史

收稿日期:2014-07-20
番茄和烟草对动植性烟盲蝽生长发育和捕食功能反应的影响
盛超, 孟玲, 许庆辉, 李保平     
南京农业大学植物保护学院/农作物生物灾害综合治理教育部重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210095
摘要[目的]揭示植物在烟盲蝽(Nesidiocoris tenuis)生长发育和捕食行为中的作用。[方法]采用非选择性饲喂试验,研究斜纹夜蛾幼虫(有、无)和植物(番茄和烟草)食物对于烟盲蝽生长发育的影响,并利用盆栽植物作为小生境,研究烟盲蝽在烟草和番茄上对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)低龄幼虫的捕食效应,同时采用Rogers Ⅱ随机捕食者模型估计功能反应模型参数。[结果]在没有斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物的情况下,烟盲蝽仅取食番茄或烟草只能发育到3龄或4龄;而在有斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物的情况下,烟盲蝽可以顺利发育到成虫,烟盲蝽若虫发育历期、存活率、成虫羽化率和雌性比例在取食番茄与烟草食物之间没有显著差异,但取食烟草的子代雌成虫体型大于取食番茄的雌虫。烟盲蝽在烟草和番茄上对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食均符合Holling Ⅱ型功能反应模型,在相同的猎物密度下其在烟草上的捕食猎物数量多于在番茄上的。烟盲蝽在烟草上对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的攻击率为3.056 h-1,处理猎物时间为0.034 h;在番茄上的攻击率为2.778 h-1,处理猎物时间为0.051 h;在烟草与番茄上的攻击率没有显著差异,但在烟草上的处理猎物时间显著短于在番茄上的。[结论]植物食物不仅可影响烟盲蝽的生长发育,而且影响烟盲蝽对蛾类幼虫的捕食行为。
关键词依赖猎物密度的捕食     捕食行为     天敌     三级营养层关系     捕食蝽     生物防治    
Effects of tomato and tobacco plants on developmental performances and functional responses of zoophytophagous Nesidiocoris tenuis (Heteroptera:Miridae)
SHENG Chao, MENG Ling, XU Qinghui, LI Baoping     
College of Plant Protection/Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Abstract: [Objectives]We cannot understand predator-prey relationships without understanding the role of plants. This study examined effects of plants on developmental performances of zoophytophagous Nesidiocoris tenuis and on its functional responses to the prey, young caterpillars of Spodoptera litura. The results from this study contribute to biological control practices of insect pests by releasing mass-produced N.tenuis in protected environments and enhancing natural N.tenuis in crop fields. [Methods]We made non-choice trials in laboratory to investigate the role of the prey S.litura larvae(available or not)and plants(tomato or tobacco)as the food in nymphal developmental performances of N.tenuis. We then assessed the functional responses of female adults to different densities of S.litura larvae on potted tomato or tobacco plants, using Rogers type Ⅱ random predator model to fit functional responses and the non-linear least square method to estimate behavioral parameters. [Results]Without feeding S.litura larvae, N.tenuis nymphs developed only to the 3rd(on tomato leaves)or 4th stadium(on tobacco leaves);but when feeding the larvae, N.tenuis nymphs developed successfully to adult emergence. When S.litura larvae were available, two food plants did not differ in affecting N.tenuis nymphal development time, survival rate, adult emergence rate and female proportion, but did in affecting adult body weight with adults fed tobacco larger than those fed tomato leaves. Our results showed that N.tenuis female exhibited Holling Ⅱ functional responses to prey density on both tobacco and tomato plants, but prey consumption was higher on tobacco than on tomato plants. The attack rate and handling time were estimated respectively as 3.056 h-1 and 0.034 h on tobacco plants, and 2.778 h-1 and 0.051 h on tomato plants. While the attack rates did not significantly differ between female N.tenuis on tobacco and tomato plants, the handling time was significantly longer on tobacco than on tomato plants. [Conclusions]The results of this study suggest that plants could affect N.tenuis not only in developmental performances, but also in predation responses to densities of young caterpillars.
Keywords: density-dependent predation     predation behavior     natural enemies     tritrophic relationships     predaceous bug     biological control    

植物是捕食性天敌昆虫捕食活动的小生境,它不仅影响猎物(植食性昆虫)的躲避和防卫行为[1],从而间接影响捕食性天敌的捕食效果;而且还可直接影响捕食性天敌的捕食行为和捕食效果[2]。此外,对于杂食性昆虫而言,植物又是其重要的营养来源之一[3],所以,植物对于杂食性昆虫,如盲蝽的捕食行为具有非常重要的影响[4]

功能反应(functional response)是指每个捕食者的捕食率随环境中猎物密度变化的一种反应,即捕食者对猎物的捕食效应[5]。功能反应可用于估计由捕食而导致的猎物种群增长速率的降低趋势,可用于鉴别捕食者对猎物的选择性,以及描述群落内联结不同营养层级生物的食物网特征,也是生物防治中用于评价捕食性天敌控害作用的主要指标之一[6, 7]。研究捕食性昆虫的捕食功能反应试验常常在培养皿或类似的箱盒中进行[3],虽然这种方法便于比较不同研究对象的捕食作用,但研究结果与野外实际常常相差较大,尤其对于那些既取食植物又捕食其他昆虫的杂食性天敌昆虫难以揭示实际发生的捕食作用。

烟盲蝽(Nesidiocoris tenuis)是一种以肉食为主兼食植物的杂食性昆虫[8],由于烟盲蝽对微小体型害虫具有较好的控制作用,常作为优良天敌用于温室害虫的生物防治[9, 10, 11];研究[3]表明,杂食性盲蝽在作物大田中对害虫也具有较强的控制作用。迄今,烟盲蝽捕食桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、温室白粉虱(Trialeurodes aporariorum)、斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)低龄幼虫和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫等害虫的功能反应已有研究[12, 13, 14],且发现均符合Holling Ⅱ型模型[15]。但这些研究存在两点不足:一是均在封闭的小型容器(如培养皿)中进行试验;二是数据分析中所采用的Holling Ⅱ圆盘方程的假定与试验设计不符,该方程假定猎物密度水平始终一样[15],而试验在观察期(如:24 h)内均不能及时补充猎物使猎物密度始终保持一样。

因此,本研究首先采用非选择性饲喂试验,旨在明确斜纹夜蛾幼虫和植物(番茄和烟草)在烟盲蝽生长发育中的作用;然后,利用盆栽植物作为小生境,分别观察烟盲蝽在烟草和番茄上对不同密度斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食效应,用Rogers[16]提出的Ⅱ型随机捕食者模型估计功能反应模型参数。 1 材料与方法 1.1 供试材料

供试烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)品种为‘中烟100’,于穴盘中育苗,当株高约5 cm时移入塑料杯(上口径7.5 cm、底径5 cm、高10 cm)中生长,待最大叶片长8 cm时供试。供试番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)品种为‘红光203’,于穴盘(长20 cm、宽30 cm)中播种育苗,幼苗长至高15 cm时供试。

供试斜纹夜蛾采自南京农业大学江浦农场大豆田,用人工饲料于室内继代饲养。供试烟盲蝽于2011年7月采自山东农业大学植物保护学院烟草试验田,采回后饲养在人工气候箱内的烟草植株上,饲喂斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫(用前进行冰冻处理)作为动物性食物营养。用烟盲蝽雌虫进行试验。饲养条件为温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(60±10)%、光/暗=14 h/10 h。 1.2 烟盲蝽在烟草和番茄上生长发育特征的观察

为揭示2种植物对烟盲蝽个体发育的影响,分别在有、无斜纹夜蛾幼虫的情况下将初孵若虫接到盆栽植物上,观察其生长发育至成虫羽化。将2~3对烟盲蝽成虫接到有斜纹夜蛾幼虫的烟草植株上,把烟草植株放于自制透明观察罩(长35 cm、宽20 cm、高35 cm)内1周,让成虫在烟草上产卵。1周后移除成虫,每日将烟草植株上刚孵化的单头烟盲蝽若虫用软毛笔移入不同处理的试管。管内先放入叶柄用棉球浸水保湿的待测植物叶片,再用镊子将斜纹夜蛾幼虫轻放在试管壁或植物叶片上,然后用纱布和橡皮筋封住试管口,放于人工气候箱内饲养。植物叶片隔天更换,斜纹夜蛾幼虫每日更换。每日观察若虫的发育与存活情况,记录羽化成虫的性别,将羽化成虫存放于低温冰箱内供测定和称干质量用。每处理重复25~30次。在体视显微镜(Motic 2.0成像软件)下测量成虫的后足胫节长度,并将10头为1组(共10组)的成虫放入烘箱内,在80 ℃下烘48 h后称干质量(Mettler AL204-1C电子天平);用后足胫节长度和体干质量分别代表成虫体型大小。 1.3 烟盲蝽在烟草和番茄上对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

将盆栽植物放入透明观察罩(长40 cm、宽25 cm、高30 cm)内,用软毛笔挑取斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫置于植物叶片上,按照以下密度接虫:10、20、30、40、50和60头 · 株-1,猎物幼虫分布于2~3个叶片上,待幼虫开始取食(约2 h)后,取1头饥饿12 h的3日龄雌性烟盲蝽成虫放于其中1个叶片上;于12 h后移走烟盲蝽,计数剩余的猎物数量。每处理重复10次。 1.4 数据处理

用单因素方差分析比较在有、无斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物的情况下烟草与番茄之间的差异。比值数据经反正弦平方根转换后分析,以满足模型对分布型和方差齐次性的要求。 用logistic回归模型拟合被捕食猎物比例与猎物密度的关系,用基于最大似然估计的标准信息准则(AIC)在Holling Ⅱ与Ⅲ型模型之间进行选择,从而确定功能反应类型。由于本试验中在观察期内猎物密度随时间而降低,故采用Rogers[16]针对该类试验设计以Holling Ⅱ型功能反应模型为基础建立的Ⅱ型随机捕食者方程(type Ⅱ Rogers random predator equation):

式中:Ne为被捕食的猎物数量;N0为初始猎物数量;α为瞬间搜寻率;Th为处理猎物耗时;T为捕食总时间(观测时间)。用非线性最小二乘法计算模型参数[17],用非参数自助法(bootstrap)模拟获得模型参数的置信区间[18, 19]。在不同植物上功能反应模型参数估计值的差异用Z测验。数据分析用R统计软件[20]2 结果与分析 2.1 斜纹夜蛾幼虫和植物对烟盲蝽生长发育的影响

非选择性饲喂试验表明:在没有斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物的情况下,烟盲蝽靠取食植物叶片只能发育到3龄(番茄)或4龄(烟草);而在有斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物的情况下,烟盲蝽可以顺利发育到成虫(表 1)。在有斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物的处理下,烟盲蝽若虫发育历期和存活率在番茄与烟草之间没有显著差异(表 1);羽化率(图 1-A)和雌性比例(图 1-B)在番茄与烟草之间也没有显著差异;但子代雌成虫后足胫节长度(图 1-C)和体干质量(图 1-D)在两种植物处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),取食烟草的子代雌成虫体型大于取食番茄的雌虫。

表 1 斜纹夜蛾幼虫和植物对烟盲蝽若虫发育历期(均值±标准误)和存活率的影响 Table 1 Effects of Spodoptera litura larvae and food plants on development time(x±SE) and survival of Nesidiocoris tenuis nymphs
d
处理
Treatment
1龄
1st instar
2龄
2nd instar
3龄
3rd instar
4龄
4th instar
5龄
5th instar
若虫历期
Nymph time
无幼虫食物Without larva food
番茄Tomato 3.54±0.22 4.11±0.56 2.67±1.20
(34.62%) (33.33%) (0.00%)
烟草Tobacco 3.96±0.19 3.50±0.48 4.00±0.41 1.50±0.50
(53.85%) (28.57%) (50.00%) (0.00%)
有幼虫食物With larva food
番茄Tomato 3.08±0.06 2.48±0.15 2.56±0.18 2.46±0.12 3.78±0.17 14.05±0.24
(100.00%) (96.00%) (96.00%) (96.00%) (96.00%) (84.00%)
烟草Tobacco 3.40±0.12 2.90±0.15 2.14±0.11 2.40±0.17 2.95±0.19 13.53±0.32
(100.00%) (88.00%) (96.00%) (96.00%) (100.00%) (80.00%)
注:括号内数值为存活率。Values in brackets are survival rate.
图 1 烟盲蝽取食添加斜纹夜蛾幼虫的番茄和烟草叶片的发育表现 Fig. 1 Developmental performances of N.tenuis between feeding tobacco and tomato leaves as well as Spodoptera litura caterpillar*表示番茄与烟草处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。Columns with * above bars indicate significant differences between tomato and tobacco treatments.
2.2 烟盲蝽在烟草和番茄上对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

烟盲蝽分别在烟草和番茄植株上对不同密度斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食反应均符合Holling Ⅱ功能反应模型的预测(适于Holling Ⅱ型功能反应的logistic回归;烟草:Z=13.03,P<0.001;番茄:Z=10.58,P<0.001)。在烟草上,当猎物密度从每株10头增大到每株30头时,被捕食的猎物数从平均(8.5±0.3)头增加到(20.0±0.9)头;当猎物密度继续增大到每株60头时,被捕食的猎物数仅多增加2~3头(图 2-A)。在番茄上,当猎物密度从每株10头增大到每株30头时,被捕食的猎物数从平均(7.9±0.2)头增大到(13.8±0.9)头;当猎物密度继续增大到每株60头时,被捕食的猎物数逐渐增加到(17.6±1.1)头(图 2-B)。在相同的猎物密度下在烟草上的被捕食猎物数量多于在番茄上的(图 2)。

图 2 烟盲蝽在烟草(A)和番茄(B)植物上的被捕食数量与斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫密度的关系 Fig. 2 Number of prey consumed by Nesidiocoris tenuis in relation to density of Spodoptera littura young larvae on plants of tobacco(A)and tomato(B)拟合线由Rogers Ⅱ型随机捕食者方程所得出,作图时为避免数据点重叠做了颤抖偏移。Lines are predicted by fitting the Rogers Ⅱ random predator equation. Jitter deviation was used to avoid overlapping data points.

用非线性回归拟合Rogers Ⅱ型随机捕食者方程获得的参数估计值(表 2)表明:烟盲蝽在烟草上对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的攻击率为3.056 h-1,处理猎物时间为0.034 h;在番茄上的攻击率为2.778 h-1,处理猎物时间为0.051 h;攻击率在烟草与番茄间没有显著差异(Z=1.51,P=0.13),猎物处理时间在烟草上显著短于在番茄上(Z=4.20,P<0.001)。

表 2 拟合烟盲蝽在不同处理植物上的Rogers随机捕食者功能反应模型的参数估计值 Table 2 Parameter estimates fitted by Rogers random predator of functional response model on tobacco and tomato plants in Nesidiocoris tenuis and tomato plants in Nesidiocoris tenuis
参数
Parameter
估计值
Estimate
标准误
SE
置信域
95% CI
Z
Z-value
P
P-value
烟草Tobacco
攻击率/h -1 Attack rate 3.056 0.349 2.464~3.704 8.76 <0.001
处理时间/h Handling time 0.034* 0.002 0.030~0.038 18.84 <0.001
番茄Tomato
攻击率/h-1 Attack rate 2.778 0.382 1.639~2.955 5.967 <0.001
处理时间/h Handling time 0.051 0.003 0.044~0.057 14.787 <0.001
注:*表示参数在不同植物处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。* indicates significant differences between plants at 0.05 level.
3 讨论

本研究表明:斜纹夜蛾幼虫食物对于烟盲蝽发育至关重要;在有猎物幼虫的情况下,番茄和烟草叶片食物对烟盲蝽发育有一定的影响,取食烟草的子代成虫体型大于取食番茄的。说明烟盲蝽首先依赖于动物性营养,其次才是植物性营养。这与此前对烟盲蝽的研究结论是一致的[8, 11]。烟盲蝽不仅依赖于动物性营养,而且对取食的植物也存在选择性[21],其他杂食性盲蝽也有类似表现[22, 23]。这说明在利用烟盲蝽防治害虫的实践中,应注意作物种类的影响,在有利于烟盲蝽生长发育的作物上应用可望获得更好的防治效果。

本研究表明:植物影响烟盲蝽对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应,在烟草上的捕食效率高于在番茄上。这说明植物可影响烟盲蝽的捕食行为。关于植物小生境影响捕食行为的现象也存在于其他捕食性昆虫中[2]

植物影响烟盲蝽捕食行为的原因可能有以下几方面:1)植物叶表物理特征可能影响烟盲蝽的搜寻和捕食行为。对某些瓢虫、草蛉、捕食性蝽和捕食螨的研究发现,植物表皮复杂的被毛或表皮蜡质可干扰昆虫的搜寻行为[24, 25, 26]。例如,Timms等[27]研究发现,2种瓢虫对在两种云杉叶上的蚜虫具有不同的功能反应表现。2)不同植物为烟盲蝽提供的营养差异可能影响烟盲蝽的捕食。烟盲蝽除主要捕食其他昆虫或螨外,还兼取食植物[8];若干研究发现烟盲蝽对不同植物存在取食选择性,而且取食不同植物对其产生的影响也不同[21, 23];类似这样的表现也存在于其他杂食性盲蝽中[4, 22]。3)斜纹夜蛾幼虫的取食可能诱导番茄产生对烟盲蝽取食的抗性。研究发现,植食性昆虫对植物的取食可诱导该植物产生次生防卫化学物质,从而影响杂食性盲蝽的取食[28]。本研究结果说明,在利用和评价烟盲蝽控害效果中,应予关注植物的影响。

山东农业大学植物保护学院郑方强、杨超和张小兵协助采虫,南京农业大学徐静参加部分试验,谨致谢意。

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