南京农业大学学报  2015, Vol. 38 Issue (2): 248-254   PDF    
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.02.011
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文章信息

张薇, 崔为体, 段星亮, 汪瑾, 沈文飚, 谢彦杰. 2015.
ZHANG Wei, CUI Weiti, DUAN Xingliang, WANG Jin, SHEN Wenbiao, XIE Yanjie. 2015.
UV-B胁迫下紫花苜蓿qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选
Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR normalization in alfalfa under UV-B irradiation
南京农业大学学报, 38(2): 248-254
Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 38(2): 248-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7685/j.issn.1000-2030.2015.02.011

文章历史

收稿日期:2014-05-20
UV-B胁迫下紫花苜蓿qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选
张薇1, 崔为体1, 段星亮1, 汪瑾2, 沈文飚1, 谢彦杰1     
1. 南京农业大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210095;
2. 南京农业大学生物学实验教学中心, 江苏 南京 210095
摘要[目的]在植物代谢通路关键调控基因表达的相关研究中,筛选各种条件下合适的内参基因至关重要。[方法]以UV-B为主要胁迫,运用荧光定量PCR技术以及geNorm和NormFinder软件,对不同取样时间(处理后0、1、2和5 d)的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)幼苗根、茎、叶组织中Actin2GAPDHMSC2718S RNAβ-tublin、bZIP、UBQ、PPPrep、Ms03_50f03Ms03_69f07等候选内参基因表达的稳定性进行研究。[结果]geNorm软件显示:紫花苜蓿幼苗根部UV-B胁迫下MSC27UBQ的稳定值(M)较小,增加第3个内参基因后变异值(V)基本不变,表明选用2个内参基因即可;茎部则是MSC27Actin2的M值较小,同时相应的V值也满足要求;而使用M值较小的Actin2GAPDH为内参,在研究叶片基因表达时可以获得更加准确的结果,当增加第3个内参基因时,V值变大,反而影响结果。同时发现,18S RNAβ-tublin在根和茎叶中的稳定性均较差,因此不适宜作为内参基因使用。NormFinder的结果与上述结果相似,结果差异部分的原因可能是因为算法不同。[结论]在UV-B胁迫下,紫花苜蓿幼苗根部中MSC27UBQ的表达较为稳定,而在茎部则以MSC27Actin2为宜,使用Actin2GAPDH为内参在研究叶片基因表达时可以获得更加准确的结果。本研究对UV-B胁迫下紫花苜蓿中关键基因的定量表达分析具有重要的实用价值。
关键词紫花苜蓿     实时荧光定量PCR     内参基因     geNorm     NormFinder    
Reference gene selection for qRT-PCR normalization in alfalfa under UV-B irradiation
ZHANG Wei1, CUI Weiti1, DUAN Xingliang1, WANG Jin2, SHEN Wenbiao1, XIE Yanjie1     
1. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
2. Biological Experiment Teaching Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Abstract: [Objectives]In order to acquire accurate results of the expression of genes during different metabolism processes in plants, it is critical to perform the selection of suitable reference genes under different conditions. [Methods]We analyze the stabilities of 10 reference genes(Actin2, GAPDH, MSC27, 18S RNA, β-tublin, bZIP, UBQ, PPPrep, Ms03_50f03 and Ms03_69f07)within different tissues(roots, stems and leaves)of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)through geNorm and NormFinder softwares, which were collected at different times(samples were collected after UV-B irradiation for 0, 1, 2 and 5 d). [Results]The results illustrated that MSC27 and UBQ were suitable for alfalfa roots analysis upon UV-B irradiation, as revealed by their lowest stability values. Furthermore, when another reference gene was added, corresponding variation(V)value(V3/4)was not significantly altered when compared with that of V2/3, which only contained two reference genes. These results further suggested that two reference genes were enough in alfalfa roots analysis under UV-B stress. MSC27 and Actin2 was appropriated for the alfalfa stems analysis since the lowest M values were obtained. Meanwhile, the analysis of alfalfa leaves was advised to use Actin2 and GAPDH as internal genes under UV-B stress. The variation(V)value(V3/4)was higher than that of V2/3 when another reference gene was added, The 18S RNA and β-tublin had the hightest M values in the analysis of all three alfalfa tissues, which suggested that they were not suitable for reference genes. The results analyzed by Normfinder were almost the same as that of geNorm. The differences between these two softwares might be their different algorithms. [Conclusions]In alfalfa seedlings, MSC27 and UBQ were suitable in root analysis;MSC27 and Actin2 were appropriate in stem analysis;while we used Actin2 and GAPDH as internal genes to get more precise gene expression in leaf analysis. The results of the study have important practical value in the analysis of key genes under UV-B irradiation.
Keywords: alfalfa     qRT-PCR     reference genes     geNorm     NormFinder    

在生物合成、代谢和降解速率的研究中,判定相关代谢通路中关键调控基因的表达量非常重要。通常有2种手段研究相关基因表达量:RNA印迹(Northern blotting)和反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-RCR)。RNA印迹是通过溴乙锭染色或者rRNA探针杂交进行定量,通常用于检测表达水平较高的基因。实时定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)因为具有灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好等特点,因此应用范围更加广泛[1, 2]。因此,qRT-PCR仍然是研究基因表达量过程中接受度最高的方法之一。

qRT-PCR过程中,通常需要选取表达稳定的内参基因对待检测基因进行标准化,因此内参基因的选择变得尤为重要。近几年研究表明,几乎不存在表达量一直稳定的基因[2],常用的内参基因有Actin 2GAPDH、18 S RNA、β-tublinUBQ[3]。其中:Actin 2 编码细胞骨架结构蛋白[4];GADPH为糖酵解过程中的关键酶[5]; 18 S RNA与胞质核糖体小亚基及翻译相关[6];β-tublin参与细胞生长[7];UBQ与蛋白质修饰、结合和降解有关[8]。一般来说,在不同的细胞、组织,不同的生理阶段,它们的表达量可能存在较大差异[9]。因此在试验过程中,通常由所研究的对象和需要来寻找适合的特异性稳定表达的内参基因。

迄今已对拟南芥、土豆、番茄、花生和香蕉等在不同的胁迫(如重金属、缺铁等)以及不同的生长阶段(如成熟期等)进行内参基因的筛选[2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]。辐射条件下对微藻内参基因筛选的结果表明,β-actinGAPDH可以作为双内参,而 18 S RNA稳定性则较差[16]。紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L.)由于蛋白质含量高而作为优质牧草在全世界广泛种植。研究紫花苜蓿对环境适应的机制具有重要的农业价值。目前,臭氧层空洞使植物面临UV-B辐射的威胁增强。研究UV-B辐射胁迫下紫花苜蓿内参基因的筛选,对 探究紫花苜蓿逆境适应变化过程中的关键调控基因具有重要意义,也对如何提高牧草种植的产量提供一定理论基础。 1 材料与方法 1.1 材料培养

本试验所用紫花苜蓿为商业品种‘维多利亚’,种子使用前经5% NaClO表面消毒10 min,随后蒸馏水冲洗15 min,然后于25 ℃的培养箱中黑暗培养1 d。选择长势一致的幼苗转移到塑料盒中,每2 d更换1/4 Hoagland营养液,pH 6.0。光/暗培养时间为14 h/10 h,光照强度为200 μmol · m-2 · s-1,培养温度为(25±1)℃。培养14 d后,进行10.8 kJ · m-2强度UV-B处理,分别在处理后0、1、2和5 d时对根、茎和叶进行取样。 1.2 方法

以Trizol(Invitrogen,USA)提取RNA,通过分光光度计(NanoDrop 2000,Thermo Scientific,USA)测定RNA质量,选取A260/A280为1.9~2.1的RNA为模板,通过AMV反转录酶[宝生物工程(大连)有限公司]将RNA反转录为cDNA,对所得cDNA进行qRT-PCR分析。qRT-PCR体系:2×SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM 7.5 μL[宝生物工程(大连)有限公司],上、下游引物(10 μmol · L-1)各0.12 μL,cDNA 0.5 μL,ddH2O 6.76 μL。反应条件为:95 ℃ 10 min;94 ℃ 20 s,50 ℃ 20 s,68 ℃ 20 s(40个循环);60~94 ℃每隔0.5 s升高0.5 ℃,检测熔解曲线。所有引物见表 1

表 1 UV-B胁迫下用于紫花苜蓿qRT-PCR分析的候选内参基因及其引物序列 Table 1 Reference genes and primer sequence for expression stability evaluation during UV-B irradiation in alfalfa
基因
Gene
GenBank序列号
GenBank accession No.
引物序列(5′→3′)
Primer sequcence
PCR产物大小/bp
PCR product size
Actin2JQ028730F:AAAAGGATGCCTATGTTGGTG;R:TAAGTGGAGCCTCAGTTAGAAGTA186
GAPDHGQ398120F:TCATTCCGTGTCCCAACCG;R:CCACATCATCTTCAGTGTAACCCA151
MSC27X63872F:AGAATGGAATGTTGTGGGAGG;R:GTCATCAACACCCTCATCTTCTC113
18S RNAKJ507198F:GCTCTGCCCGTTGCTCTGATGAT;R:CCTTGGATGTGGTAGCCGTTTCT195
β-tublinAJ319667F:CACATTGGTCAAGCCGGTAT;R:ACCGGTCTCACTGAAGAACG157
bZIPHQ911778F:TGCTTCACCAACTCCGCAT;R:CAGGTCCCTTCCCTTCAAACT179
UBQXM_003629847F:GCAGCAACCAACGAAGCAAGA;R:CACCACGAAGACGTAGGACAAGG246
PPPrepXM_003620228F:GGAAAACTGGAGGATGCACGTA;R:ACAAGCCCTCGACACAAAACC112
Ms03_50f03XM_003613901F:ATGCACTGGAGGAAGAGCAC;R:TCCTCCGACTCTGACTCTGC133
Ms03_69f07XM_003601618F:GAAGGTTCGCGTGAAGTGC;R:CACCGAGAGTGATGTGATCC140
1.3 数据分析

为了更好地挑选稳定的内参基因,对UV-B处理后不同时间每个内参候选基因的相关CT值求平均值后进行后续分析。所有结果均为3次以上独立试验结果,所有结果均为恢复生长5 d采集数据的整合数据分析。将所得CT值进行转换后,通过geNorm、NormFinder等分析软件进行分析。其中geNorm是由Vandesompele等[17]于2002年开发的软件,一般默认阈值M等于1.5,当某个基因M大于1.5时,剔除该基因;只有M值小于1.5的基因可以考虑作为内参基因。因此,geNorm输出M值折线图的横坐标从左至右代表了基因依次筛选和逐个删除的过程,最终保留下的即为最稳定的内参基因。 2 结果与分析 2.1 10个候选内参基因在不同组织中CT值的比较

即使是在不同组织或同一组织不同生长阶段中,同一个基因的表达丰度都可能存在差异。当某一个基因表达量高时,其CT值反而低。 本试验中,分别对紫花苜蓿10个候选内参基因在根、茎和叶组织中的表达进行分析(图 1)。各内参基因CT值为10~35。其中传统的内参基因 18 S RNA表达丰度最高,其CT值范围为11.58~14.58;UBQMs 03_69f07GAPDHActin2和Ms03_50f03表达丰度居中;而候选内参基因PPPrep表达丰度在各组织均为最低。在根和茎组织中,除18 S RNA和PPPrep之外,所有检测基因的表达量均相近(CT值差异为0.3~1.0);在叶片中,各内参基因表达量与根或茎 组织中的差异度较大(CT值差异为1.2~2.4)。因此,需要分别对根、茎、叶的候选内参基因进行筛选分析。

图 1 10个候选内参基因在不同苜蓿组织中的CT Fig. 1 Average cycle threshold(CT)values for the 10 candidate reference genes in different alfalfa tissues
2.2 UV-B胁迫下根部qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选分析

图 2可知:非UV-B胁迫下,MSC 27和Ms03_69f07 的稳定性较高(图 2-A),UBQ次之;但UV-B胁迫下,MSC 27 和UBQ较稳定,Ms 03_69f07 次之(图 2-B)。β-tublin18 S RNA在2种情况下稳定性都较差。为了更准确地挑选UV-B处理下合适的内参基因,于是将对照组和UV-B处理组的M值合并整合,进行总M值分析。结果(图 2-C)显示:MSC 27UBQ较稳定,Ms03_69f07次之,而β-tublin和18 S RNA的稳定性依然较差,因此可以将这2个基因排除在候选内参基因之外。

图 2 UV-B胁迫下紫花苜蓿根部qRT-PCR内参基因的geNorm分析 Fig. 2 Ranking of candidate reference genes based on stability values calculated by geNorm for UV-B irradiation of alfalfa rootsA.非UV-B胁迫下苜蓿根部候选内参基因M值的geNorm分析;B.UV-B胁迫下苜蓿根部候选内参基因M值的geNorm分析;C.非UV-B和UV-B胁迫下苜蓿根部候选内参基因总M值的geNorm分析;D.苜蓿根部候选内参基因V值的geNorm分析
A.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa roots without UV-B irradiation by geNorm;B.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa roots with UV-B irradiation by geNorm;C.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa roots with and without UV-B irradiation by geNorm;D.Average expression pairwise variation(V)analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa roots by geNorm

为了进一步确定合适的内参基因,geNorm软件引入新的变量——配对差异值(V值),只有当Vn/n+1小于阈值0.15时,可以不用引入新的基因作为内参基因。从根部内参结果(图 2-D)分析可得知:在3种情况下V2/3均小于0.15,这表明只需使用稳定性较高的2个内参基因可以满足试验要求。 2.3 UV-B胁迫下苜蓿茎部qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选分析

图 3-ABC可知:对照组和UV-B处理组紫花苜蓿茎部候选内参基因稳定性分析结果略有差异,但内参基因MSC 27Actin2和Ms03_50f03均较为稳定,而β-tublin、18 S RNA和PPPrep的稳定性都较差。UV-B胁迫下UBQ稳定性较高,但它在正常条件下并不稳定,因此UBQ可能不适合作为内参基因使用。V值检测(图 3-D)表明:与根部内参基因分析结果相似,2个稳定性较高的内参基因已经符合筛选条件可以作为内参基因使用,但是从总和统计的V值结果可以发现,引入第3个内参基因,V值进一步下降,这表明在试验过程中选用3个内参基因,可以使结果更加符合实际情况。

图 3 UV-B胁迫下苜蓿茎部qRT-PCR内参基因的geNorm分析 Fig. 3 Ranking of candidate reference genes based on stability values calculated by geNorm for UV-B irradiation of alfalfa stemsA.非UV-B胁迫下苜蓿茎部候选内参基因M值的geNorm分析;B.UV-B胁迫下苜蓿茎部候选内参基因M值的geNorm分析;C.非UV-B和UV-B胁迫下苜蓿茎部候选内参基因总M值的geNorm分析;D.茎部候选内参基因V值的geNorm分析
A.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa stems without UV-B irradiation by geNorm;B.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa stems with UV-B irradiation by geNorm;C.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa stems with and without UV-B irradiation by geNorm;D.Average expression pairwise variation(V)analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa stems by geNorm
2.4 UV-B胁迫下苜蓿叶片qRT-PCR内参基因的筛选分析

图 4-ABC可知:GAPDH和Actin 2的稳定性都较高,而β-tublin、18 S RNA和PPPrep的稳定性都较差,可以排除这3个基因作为内参基因的可能。相应的V值结果表明:选取稳定性较高的2个内参基因组合符合筛选条件,而引入第3个内参基因时,3种情况下V值均上升,因此仅使用2个内参基因在本试验条件下最佳(图 4-D)。

图 4 UV-B胁迫下苜蓿叶片qRT-PCR内参基因的geNorm分析 Fig. 4 Ranking of candidate reference genes based on stability values calculated by geNorm for UV-B irradiation of alfalfa leavesA.非UV-B胁迫下苜蓿叶片候选内参基因M值的geNorm分析;B.UV-B胁迫下苜蓿叶片候选内参基因M值的geNorm分析;C.非UV-B和UV-B胁迫下苜蓿叶片候选内参基因总M值的geNorm分析;D.苜蓿叶片候选内参基因V值的geNorm分析
A.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa leaves without UV-B irradiation by geNorm;B.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa leaves with UV-B irradiation by geNorm;C.Average expression M values analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa leaves with and without UV-B irradiation by geNorm;D.Average expression pairwise variation(V)analysis of candidate reference genes of alfalfa leaves by geNorm
2.5 UV-B胁迫下苜蓿qRT-PCR内参基因筛选的NormFinder分析

geNorm软件是基于内参基因互不影响的前提下,当内参基因在UV-B胁迫下存在相互影响的可能时,上述结果的准确性就有待进一步研究。因此,本试验还使用了Andersen等[18]设计的分析软件NormFinder(该软件得到的值越小代表了该基因越稳定)。NormFinder分析结果(表 2)与geNorm结果并不完全一致。在紫花苜蓿根和茎组织中,Actin 2和MSC27 稳定性都较高,其中茎组织的结果与geNorm软件结果一致,但根部的结果存在差异,这可能是2个软件算法不同造成的;叶片中稳定性较高的基因为Actin 2 和GAPDH,该结果与geNorm的分析结果一致。

表 2 UV-B胁迫下苜蓿qRT-PCR内参基因的NormFinder分析 Table 2 Ranking of candidate reference genes based on stability values calculated by NormFinder for UV-B irradiation in alfalfa
基因
Gene
根Root
稳定值
Stable value
标准差
Standard deviation
茎Stem
稳定值
Stable value
标准差
Standard deviation
叶Leaf
稳定值
Stable value
标准差
Standard deviation
18S RNA0.3760.1050.4980.1340.2370.071
MSC270.1100.0500.0490.0390.2300.069
UBQ0.1700.0590.1560.0500.2050.064
Ms03_69f070.1630.0570.1430.0470.2760.080
GAPDH0.2900.0850.2000.0600.1230.048
Actin20.1380.0530.0350.0460.1310.049
Ms03_50f030.2540.0760.1490.0490.1920.061
bZIP0.2250.0700.1050.0410.1990.062
β-tublin0.3970.1110.1800.0550.3320.093
PPPrep0.3380.0960.1480.0480.3690.103
3 讨论

近几年,qRT-PCR成为研究基因相对表达量的主要方法,关于内参基因的研究也显得尤为重要。理想的内参基因需要满足以下条件:在不同组织、不同生长阶段、不同的处理下均有表达,且表达稳定;与目的基因表达水平相似[18, 19, 20]。传统的内参基因包括 18S RNAMSC27UBQGAPDHActin2β-tublin等。这些基因广泛存在于各种细胞,它们是维持生物结构和代谢所必需的。传统的观点认为在各种细胞和生理过程中上述内参基因的表达较稳定。然而实际情况往往并非如此。例如,β-tublin在桃[20]和黄瓜[21]的不同组织中表达存在较大差异,这与本试验结果一致;在桃[13]和拟南芥[1]中稳定性较高的UBQ,在本研究中却并不是合适的内参基因。

Gutierrez等[1]的研究结果表明,拟南芥内参基因在不同组织、不同生长时期表达量存在较大差异。李钱峰等[22]发现在不同的水稻品种中,内参基因表达量存在差异。本研究中,即使是同一种胁迫,紫花苜蓿根、茎、叶不同组织合适的内参基因也不同,需要将不同组织分别进行分析[23]。因此,对不同胁迫条件下的内参基因进行筛选是很有意义的工作。此外,已有报道表明可以通过对模式生物全基因组进行搜索并进行试验验证的方法来获取可靠的内参基因[24]。本试验中 18 S RNA CT值最小,即表达丰度最高,但在实际应用过程中,18 S RNA的表达量远大于所研究的目的基因,因此很难消除基线对试验结果的影响[17]。即使该基因的稳定性较高,也并不适合作为紫花苜蓿的内参基因。

目前有多款软件用于内参基因结果分析,包括geNorm、NormFinder和Bestkeeper等。在本试验中,通过geNorm和NormFinder两种软件对内参基因稳定性进行分析,结果表明,在不同的植物组织中内参基因稳定性并不相同,这与Kakar等[25]研究结果是一致的,尤其是叶片中内参基因稳定性与根部和茎部差异较大。在3个组织中,Actin 2稳定性均较高,而18S RNA以及β-tublin稳定性较差,因此18 S RNA和β-tublin并不适合作为内参基因。UV-B胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗根部使用MSC 27UBQ较为适宜,而在茎部分析中,使用MSC27Actin2较为适宜,而叶片分析则宜使用Actin2GAPDH为内参基因,这与蔡文凯等[16]结果一致。

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