林业科学  2019, Vol. 55 Issue (6): 74-80   PDF    
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20190609
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文章信息

刘萌萌, 李泽建, 唐也, 魏美才.
Liu Mengmeng, Li Zejian, Tang Ye, Wei Meicai.
危害白榆的中国突瓣叶蜂属(膜翅目:叶蜂科)一新种
A New Species of Nematus Panzer (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), a Defoliator of Ulmus pumila in China
林业科学, 2019, 55(6): 74-80.
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2019, 55(6): 74-80.
DOI: 10.11707/j.1001-7488.20190609

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-09-18
修回日期:2019-01-03

作者相关文章

刘萌萌
李泽建
唐也
魏美才

危害白榆的中国突瓣叶蜂属(膜翅目:叶蜂科)一新种
刘萌萌1,2, 李泽建2,3, 唐也4, 魏美才5     
1. 中南林业科技大学昆虫系统进化与综合管理湖南省普通高校重点实验室 长沙 410004;
2. 丽水学院生态学院 丽水 323000;
3. 丽水市林业科学研究院 丽水 323000;
4. 中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 北京 100081;
5. 江西师范大学生命科学学院 南昌 330022
摘要: 记述采自中国境内危害白榆的突瓣叶蜂属(膜翅目:叶蜂科)一新种:白榆突瓣叶蜂Nematus pumila Liu,Li&Wei,sp.nov.。该种幼虫取食白榆的叶片,当虫口密度较大时,可将寄主叶片蚕食殆尽,对寄主产生严重危害。本研究对林业有害生物的鉴定、监测与防治工作奠定了基础。新种与申氏突瓣叶蜂N.sheni Wei,1999十分相似,二者的主要区别是:新种上唇、前胸背板和翅基片完全黑色;前足胫节、中足胫节基部3/4和后足胫节基部3/5白色;单眼后区宽长比为1.9;前翅无Rs脉;锯腹片15锯刃,锯刃内侧亚基齿明显,外侧亚基齿粗大;1-11节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约2/3于锯节宽;锯根0.7倍于锯端;申氏突瓣叶蜂上唇黄白色;前胸背板后缘、翅基片基小部黄褐色;前中足胫节腹侧大部和背侧基部1/4、后足胫节基部1/3黄白色;单眼后区宽长比约等于3;前翅Rs脉痕状;锯腹片23锯刃,内齿亚基齿不明显,外侧亚基齿细小;2-15节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约1/3于锯节宽;锯根0.4倍于锯端。采用DNA试剂盒法提取了新种基因组DNA,测序获得COⅠ基因序列,长度为810 bp。另外,从GenBank数据库中下载突瓣叶蜂属、槌缘叶蜂属、厚爪叶蜂属已知种类COⅠ序列10条,与新种序列构成COⅠ序列数据集,分析其碱基组成,结果显示:A+T含量均大于G+C含量,且均高于65%;基于贝叶斯法构建了COⅠ基因系统发育树,树图结果显示:白榆突瓣叶蜂与突瓣叶蜂属内其他6个已知种聚为一支,构成单系群。分子分析结果与形态鉴定结果一致,均支持新种成立。新种模式标本保存于湖南长沙中南林业科技大学昆虫模式标本室。
关键词:突瓣叶蜂亚科    新种    寄主榆树    中国    森林昆虫    
A New Species of Nematus Panzer (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), a Defoliator of Ulmus pumila in China
Liu Mengmeng1,2, Li Zejian2,3, Tang Ye4, Wei Meicai5     
1. Key Laboratory of Insect Evolution and Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha 410004;
2. College of Ecology, Lishui University Lishui 323000;
3. Lishui Academy of Forestry Lishui 323000;
4. Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081;
5. College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022
Abstract: In this study, a new species, Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae:Nematinae), from China is described. The larvae feed on leaves of Ulmus pumila and even can defoliate an entire tree with high densities, and recurrent defoliation can cause major dieback. This work laid a foundation for identification, monitoring and control of the forest pest. The new species is very similar to N. sheni Wei, 1999, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters:labrum, pronotum and tegula of the new species are entirely black; fore tibia, basal 3/4 of middle tibia and basal 3/5 of hind tibia have white maculae; The ratio of width to length of postocellar area is approximately 1.9; fore wing has no Rs vein; petiole of hind anal cell is 1.2 times as long as cu-a; lancet with 15 annuli, serrulae with proximal part distinct, distal teeth big and strong; 1st-11th sutures with ctenidia, the longest ctenidium of lancet is 2/3 length of annulus; radix 0.7 times as long as lamnium. N. sheni Wei, 1999 is recognized as follow:labrum yellowish white; the posterior margin of pronotum, basal margin of tegula yellowish brown; greater part of the ventral side and basal 1/4 of the dorsal side of fore and middle tibiae, basal 1/3 of hind tibia yellowish white; postocellar area approximately 3.0 times broader than long; vein Rs of fore wing vestigial; lancet with 23 annuli, serrulae with proximal part indistinct, distal teeth small; 2nd-15th sutures with ctenidia, the longest ctenidium of lancet is 1/3 length of annulus; radix 0.4 times as long as lamnium. The genomic DNA of the new species was extracted by using the DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and the sequence data of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase (COI) were obtained by sequencing, and the length was 810 bp; another 10 COI sequences of known Nematus, Pristiphora, Stauronematus species are available in GenBank and used in phylogenetic analyses with that of the new species. The results of nucleotide composition of the all 12 COI sequences showed that the content of A+T was 65% and higher than that of G+C. Phylogenetic tree of Nematus and related genera species based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences was constructed, and the results showed that all the Nematus species form a monophyletic group, and Nematus is the sister group of Pristiphora. The holotype and all paratypes of the new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China (CSCS).
Key words: Nematinae    new species    host Ulmus    China    forest insect    

突瓣叶蜂属(Nematus Panzer, 1801)隶属于膜翅目(Hymenoptera)叶蜂科(Tenthredinidae)突瓣叶蜂亚科(Nematinae),模式种为Nematus lucidus (Panzer, 1801)。Taeger等(2010)记载该属全世界共259种,但Prous等(2014)基于COⅠ、Cytb、EF-1α和NaK 4个基因序列的分析结果重新界定了该属的分类系统,移出了Pteronidea Rohwer, 1911, Kontuniemiana Lacourt, 1998和Lindqvistia Lacourt, 1998 3个亚属,同时将大跗叶蜂属(Craesus Leach, 1817)并入突瓣叶蜂属。依据Prous等(2014)的分类系统,目前在中国境内分布突瓣叶蜂属15种,分别是白氏突瓣叶蜂(Nematus baii Liu, Li & Wei, 2018)、邓氏突瓣叶蜂(N. dengi Wei, 2003)、无带突瓣叶蜂[N. eglabratus(Wei, 1999)]、贺氏突瓣叶蜂(N. hei Wei & Niu, 2008)、河曲突瓣叶蜂(N. hequensis Xiao, 1990)、胡桃突瓣叶蜂(N. juglandis) (Beneš, 1990)、白跗突瓣叶蜂(N. leucotarsalinia Wei, 2002)、环腹突瓣叶蜂(N. princeps Zaddach, 1876)、杏突瓣叶蜂(N. prunivorous Xiao, 1995)、黑胸突瓣叶蜂(N. ruficephalima Wei, 2002)、绿柳突瓣叶蜂(N. ruyanus Wei, 2002)、申氏突瓣叶蜂(N. sheni Wei, 1999)、小须突瓣叶蜂[N. trochanteratus (Malaise, 1931)]、武夷突瓣叶蜂(N. wuyishanicus Wei, 2003)、于氏突瓣叶蜂(N. yuae Wei, 2002)(Prous et al., 2014Wei et al., 2006)。

本文所描述的新种白榆突瓣叶蜂(N. pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov.)幼虫取食白榆(Ulmus pumila)的叶片,当虫口密度较大时,可将寄主叶片蚕食殆尽,对寄主产生严重危害。本文对该新种的形态学特征进行了详细描述,并提供了与其近似种申氏突瓣叶蜂的区别特征。本研究为林业有害生物的物种鉴定、监测与防治工作提供了基础数据。

本研究中新种描述所需仪器、软件等详见刘萌萌等(2018)。形态学术语参照Ross(1945)Viitasaari(2002)Takeuchi(1952)。新种模式标本保存于湖南长沙中南林业科技大学昆虫模式标本室。

正文中使用术语缩写目录如下。

POL(Postocellar line):侧单眼距,2个侧单眼内缘之间的距离。

OOL(Ocular-ocellar line):复眼单眼距,即侧单眼与复眼之间的距离。

OCL(Ocellar-occipital carina line):单眼后头距,侧单眼与后头边缘之间的距离。

白榆突瓣叶蜂Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov.(图 13)

图 1 白榆突瓣叶蜂,新种Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov. Fig. 1 Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov. a.雌成虫背面观Female, whole body in dorsal view; b.雄成虫背面观Male, whole body in dorsal view; c.雌成虫侧面观Female, whole body in lateral view; d.雄成虫侧面观Male, whole body in lateral view.
图 2 白榆突瓣叶蜂,新种Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov.局部特征 Fig. 2 Partial characteristics of Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov. a.雌虫头部,背面观Female, head in dorsal view; b.雌虫头部,前面观Female, head in front view; c.雄虫头部,背面观Male, head in dorsal view; d.雄虫头部,前面观Male, head in front view; e.雌虫触角Antenna of female; f.雄虫触角Antenna of male; g.雌虫中后胸侧板Mesopleuron and metapleuron of female; h.雌虫锯鞘背面观Female, ovipositor sheath, in dorsal view; i.雌虫锯鞘侧面观Female, ovipositor sheath, in lateral view; j.雄虫腹部末端,背面观Apex of male abdomen, in dorsal view; k.锯腹片Lancet; l.中部锯刃Middle serrulae; m.雄虫外生殖器,背面观Male genitalia, in dorsal view; n.阳茎瓣Penis valve.
图 3 白榆突瓣叶蜂,新种Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov.幼虫、虫茧、蛹和成虫 Fig. 3 Larva, cocoon, pupa and adult of Nematus pumila Liu, Li & Wei, sp. nov. a, b, c.幼虫Larva; d.虫茧Cocoon; e, f.蛹Pupa; g.成虫Adult.

雌虫:体长10.0 mm。

体色:体黑色;口须污褐色;前中足基节端缘、后足基节端部1/2、前中足转节大部、后足转节、后足股节基部1/3、前足胫节大部、中足胫节基部3/4、后足胫节基部3/5、前足跗节基跗节及1-3跗分节腹侧、中足跗节基跗节、淡漠区白色;前足股节端缘、胫节端缘浅黄褐色;触角腹侧黑褐色,背侧黑色。翅透明,前翅略带浅褐色烟斑,翅痣及翅脉大部黑褐色(图 1a1c)。

头部:上唇、唇基、头部背侧光亮,毛细刻点细弱稀疏,无刻纹(图 2a2b);上唇基部微隆起,端部圆钝;唇基短,几乎平坦,前缘缺口浅三角形,缺口深度约为唇基长的1/3,侧叶圆钝;颚眼距0.5倍于中单眼直径;复眼内缘向下稍收敛,间距2.2倍于复眼高(图 2b);中窝三角形,稍浅;侧窝小但较深,下端开放;额区稍隆起,前缘脊隆起并弯曲,侧脊明显但低钝;单眼顶面高于复眼平面;单眼中沟宽浅,单眼后沟较窄浅,无中单眼前凹,围沟不发育;POL:OOL:OCL=1.2:1.1:1.0;单眼后区隆起,中纵沟前1/3段明显,后2/3段不明显,宽长比为1.9,侧沟宽浅,稍弯曲,向后稍收敛;背面观上眶约0.5倍于复眼长,两侧缘相互亚平行(图 2a)。触角细丝状,短于胸腹部之和,端部尖细,第3节稍侧扁;第3节:第4节:第5节=1.0:1.1:1.0(图 2e)。

胸部:中胸背板光亮,无刻纹,前叶刻点浅弱稍密集,侧叶及小盾片刻点十分稀疏;中胸小盾片附片光亮,刻点浅弱模糊且十分稀疏,刻纹不明显;中胸前侧片光亮,毛细刻点稀疏,无刻纹;中胸后侧片光亮,无明显刻点,后下侧片外侧具些许皱纹;后胸侧板光亮,无明显刻纹刻点(图 2g)。中胸背板前叶中纵沟较细浅,伸抵后端角;中胸小盾片平坦,中纵脊不明显,长0.9倍于宽,稍低于中胸背板平面;附片中纵脊不明显,长为小盾片长的1/5;后胸小盾片无中纵脊;中胸前侧片下部具光裸区;后胸后侧片后缘圆钝,无附片;淡膜区间距约1.4倍于淡膜区宽。前足基跗节约等长于其后3节之和;后足胫节外侧具纵沟,内端距0.6倍于基跗节长,后足胫节1.3倍于后足跗节长,基跗节不加粗,0.8倍于其后4跗分节之和,跗垫发达;爪内齿发达,稍短于外齿。前翅M脉亚基部弯曲,上端与倾斜的Sc脉顶接,M脉约等于R+M脉;前翅无Rs脉,2Rs室长1.8倍于宽,外缘倾斜,cu-a脉与1 M室基部1/2相交;后翅臀室柄长1.5倍于cu-a脉,cu-a脉弯曲。

腹部:腹部各节背板光亮,背侧刻点浅弱稀疏,刻纹不明显。锯鞘光亮,鞘端刻点细小稀疏,无刻纹。锯鞘长1.1倍于前足胫节,1.9倍于后足基跗节,锯鞘端约等长于鞘基,侧面观锯鞘弯曲,端部较圆钝(图 2i)。背面观锯鞘短宽,端部膨大,具浅缺口,尾须端部伸出锯鞘端部,锯鞘毛长(图 2h)。锯腹片共15锯刃,锯刃内侧亚基齿明显,外侧亚基齿粗大(图 2k),中部锯刃通常具4~6个外侧亚基齿,4~5个纹孔线,远离外侧亚基齿基部,近刺毛带处具1个明显突起(图 2l);第1节缝直,1—12节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约2/3于锯节宽;刃间膜较长,几乎无缺口;锯基腹索踵长,3.5倍于第1锯刃,锯根0.7倍于锯端,基角圆钝,背缘微微突起。

雄虫:体长7.5 mm。

体色与构造与雌虫近似(图 1b2c2d),但前中足股节端小部及腹侧小部浅黄褐色;后足股节基缘、胫节基部2/5白色(图 1d);触角腹侧黄褐色至黑褐色,第3—4节强烈侧扁(图 2f);后翅臀室柄1.4倍于cu-a脉;腹部第8背板背中突明显突起(图 2j);生殖铗如图 2 m,抱器短粗,长约等于宽,端部明显窄于基部;阳茎瓣(图 2n)背叶狭窄,端突圆钝;腹叶刺突直,较粗壮,肩状部很短,无前突。

正模:♀,河北承德双桥,2018-03-26,唐冠忠采。副模:1♀,安徽金寨天堂寨(31°08.679′ N,115°47.335′ E;海拔1 220 m),2006-06-02,周虎采;1♀,安徽九华山,1990-06-29,采集人不详;2♀♀,贵州花溪,海拔1 100 m,1995-07,魏美才采;1♀,浙江天目山,1994-06-04,林永丽采;1♀,河北蔚县赤崖堡,海拔1 300 m,2000-07-02,采集人不详;1♂,河北承德双桥,2018-03-26,唐冠忠采。

分布:中国(河北、安徽、贵州、浙江)。

变异:雌虫体长9.5~10.5 mm;上唇黑色或黑褐色;后足胫节基部1/2~2/3白色;后足胫节内端距0.5~0.7倍于基跗节;前翅M脉上端与Sc脉顶接或接近Sc脉,2Rs室长1.5~1.8倍于宽,后翅臀室柄1.2~1.5倍于cu-a脉。

寄主:白榆,幼虫取食状、蛹及成虫见图 3

词源:新种种名根据寄主植物种加词命名。

鉴别特征:本种与申氏突瓣中蜂近似,但上唇黑色;前胸背板、翅基片全部黑色;前足胫节、中足胫节基部3/4、后足胫节基部3/5白色;单眼后区宽长比为1.9;前翅无Rs脉;锯腹片15锯刃,锯刃内侧亚基齿明显,外侧亚基齿粗大;1—11节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约2/3于锯节宽;锯根0.7倍于锯端。后者上唇黄白色;前胸背板后缘、翅基片基小部黄褐色;前中足胫节腹侧大部和背侧基部1/4、后足胫节基部1/3黄白色;单眼后区宽长比约等于3;前翅Rs脉痕状;锯腹片23锯刃,内侧亚基齿不明显,外侧亚基齿细小;2—15节缝具刺毛带,刺毛带最宽处约1/3于锯节宽;锯根0.4倍于锯端。

线粒体COⅠ基因序列分析:

分子试验样本DNA提取、PCR扩增等方法详见刘萌萌等(2018)。COI引物序列为:C1-J-1718(5′-GGA GGA TTT GGA AAY TGA YTA GTW CC-3′)(Nyman et al., 2006)和A2590(5′-GCT CCT ATT GAT ARW ACA TAR TGR AAA TG-3′)(Normark et al., 1999)对所得COⅠ基因序列片段分别使用MAFFT 7.313(Katoh et al., 2013)和MEGA 7(Kumar et al., 2016)软件进行比对和调整,jModel-Test 2.1.7(Darriba et al., 2012)软件选择数据集的最优模型,MrBayes v. 3.2.6(Ronquist et al., 2012)软件构建分子系统发育树。突瓣叶蜂属6已知种、槌缘叶蜂属(Pristiphora)3已知种与厚爪叶蜂属(Stauronematus)1已知种的COⅠ数据均来自GenBank,序列号分别为KJ434921、KJ434917、DQ302197、HM237404、HM237434、DQ302209、DQ302224、DQ302227、DQ302229、DQ302221。

新种试验测序样本1雌1雄,共2号。GenBank序列号分别为MK190421、MK190422。试验后,样品残体均存放于含95%乙醇溶液的离心管中,保存于-20 ℃冰箱备查。

经测序校对后,所有样本序列有效长度均为810 bp,使用MAFFT 7.313软件对12条COⅠ序列进行比对,用MEGA 7对比对结果进行调整,使各序列长度相同,比对结果无插入和缺失位点,为810 bp。所有种COⅠ基因的碱基组成情况如表 1所示,A+T含量均大于G+C含量,且均高于65%。基于贝叶斯法构建了突瓣叶蜂属分子系统发育树(图 4),设置厚爪叶蜂属为外群。结果显示:白榆突瓣叶蜂与突瓣叶蜂属其他6已知种聚为一支,构成单系群,槌缘叶蜂属3已知种聚为一支,2个属互为姊妹群。综上所述:白榆突瓣叶蜂的分子数据分析结果与形态鉴定结果一致。

表 1 COⅠ基因序列碱基组成 Tab.1 Nucleotide composition of COⅠ gene
图 4 基于COⅠ基因的突瓣叶蜂属贝叶斯树 Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree of Nematus based on Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of COⅠ sequences
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