2. 桂林理工大学环境科学与工程学院,桂林 541004
2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin 541004
具有生物富集和生物蓄积作用的亲脂性化学物质,通过长期暴露对食物链中较高营养级别的生物产生的直接或间接毒性效应,称为次生毒性(ECB,2003).由于通过食物链传递的食物摄入如饮食和经口暴露途径,对较高营养级别生物产生的次生毒性效应很难以急性毒性表现出来,因此评估主要考虑对较高营养级别生物产生的长期毒性效应. 次生毒性的浓度-效应的评估结果一般以预测无效应浓度(PNEC经口)表示.对于某一化学物质暴露于水环境中,其生物浓缩因子BCF≥100或生物放大因子BMF>1,通过水(—水生生物)-鱼-食鱼鸟类或哺乳动物的传递途径对食物链产生富集或蓄积效应,则需要对该物质通过食物链的暴露进行次生毒性评估(Vlaardingen et al., 2007). 一般通过对水生生物食物链中鱼和食鱼的高端捕食者的预测环境浓度(PEC)与次生毒性PENC经口的比值,评估鱼类和捕食者的次生毒性风险.
全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是广泛用于工业和日常生活领域的一种全氟化合物(Giesy and Kannan, 2002).各种PFOS产品的大量使用,使其存在于各种环境介质(Sepulvado et al., 2011; So et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2012; 金一和等,2004)和生物体内(Taniyasu et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2012).由于PFOS具有持久性、长距离迁移、生物富集等特性(Lau et al., 2007; Prevedouros et al., 2006),2009年斯德哥尔摩公约把PFOS及其盐列为新增POPs物质之一. PFOS对水生生物(曹莹等,2012)如大型植物(Desjardins et al., 2001)、绿藻(Boudreau et al., 2003)、甲壳动物(Li,2009)、软体动物(Li,2009)、两栖动物(苏红巧等,2012)、环节动物(Stevens and Coryell, 2007)、昆虫(MacDonald et al., 2004)和鱼类(Ji et al., 2008)产生急性和慢性毒性作用.基于慢性毒性最敏感物种心斑绿蟌(Enallagma cyathigerum)120d幼体成活率无观测效应浓度(NOEC)值0.01 mg · L-1,计算水体中预测无效应浓度PNEC水为1 μg · L-1(张亚辉等,2013). 据报道,蓝鳃太阳鱼对PFOS的BCF为2796(3M Company,2010),虹鳟鱼的BCF为1100(Martin et al., 2003),鲤鱼的BCF值范围为818~2180(Moermond et al., 2010). PFOS对美国大湖区的淡水鱼类(Furdui et al., 2007; Houde et al., 2006;Kannan et al., 2005)的生物富集因子(BAF)的范围为2500~95000,对淡水龟(Trachemys scripta elegans和Chinemys reevesii)的BAF(基于血清浓度)达到11000(Morikawa et al., 2006).另外,PFOS在水生高等捕食生物体中的含量显著高于低营养级生物(Kannan et al., 2002),具有显著的生物放大效应.通过对美国纽约水体中秋沙鸭及其主要食物中PFOS的含量进行监测,得到PFOS的BMF值为8.9(Sinclair et al., 2006).采用营养级放大因子(TMF)评估PFOS对加拿大安大略湖中鱼类和哺乳动物构成的淡水生物链达到5.9(Martin et al., 2004).在海洋生物食物链的TMF范围为1.8~11(Houde et al., 2006; Kelly et al., 2009; Tomy et al., 2009).由此可见,PFOS会通过水生食物链的传递导致生物蓄积作用,对水中高等捕食生物造成次生毒性作用(ECB,2003).
英国对水生食物链和陆生食物链中PFOS的次生毒性造成的环境风险进行了评估(Brooke et al., 2004);荷兰RIVM(Moermond et al., 2010)基于次生毒性推导了最大允许浓度(MPCsp,water).国内,刘超等(2008)对镀铬企业周边PFOS的生态风险进行了初步评价.目前,我国还未对PFOS的次生毒性进行评估.本研究采用欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件(TGD)(ECB,2003)推导次生毒性的预测无观测效应浓度(PNEC经口)的方法,对我国PFOS的次生毒性PNEC经口值进行计算,以期为我国进行PFOS的次生毒性的风险评价提供基础.
2 材料和方法(Materials and methods) 2.1 鸟类和哺乳动物毒性数据筛选PFOS及其盐对鸟类和哺乳动物的毒性数据来自国内外已发表文献和报告,毒性数据原则上均选择我国已有的生物种,舍弃非中国物种如北方鹌鹑.毒性数据评估参照欧洲化学管理局(ECB)现有化学物质的数据评估方法(ECB,2003).
通过食物链的摄入途径如饮食或经口暴露的鸟类和哺乳动物的毒性数据用于次生毒性评估.次生毒性效应评估需要长期毒性数据如死亡率、繁殖或生长的NOEC值.如果无法获得鸟类或哺乳动物的毒性数据,则不能进行次生毒性评估.一般来说,急性致死剂量如LD50值不能用来外推慢性毒性,但是如果仅能获得鸟类急性毒性数据(参照OECD 205 鸟类饮食毒性试验标准),可用于外推鸟类的慢性毒性.对于哺乳动物,主要考虑啮齿类动物的毒性试验,如28 d经口毒性试验,90 d亚慢性经口毒性试验.鸟类和哺乳类动物的慢性毒性主要为繁殖毒性.
鸟类和哺乳动物的毒性数据以食物中的含量(mg · kg-1)或者剂量(mg · kg-1 · d-1)的NOEC值表示,如果毒性数据为无观测不良效应水平(NOAEL),需要将NOAEL通过公式(1)和公式(2)转化为NOEC,其中物种转换系数见表 1.


| 表1 哺乳动物和鸟类从NOAEL到 NOEC 的转换系数(ECB,2003) Table 1 Conversion factors from NOAEL to NOEC for several mammalian and one bird species(ECB,2003) |
PNEC经口由毒性数据除以评估系数得到:

| 表2 鸟类和哺乳动物毒性数据的外推评估系数(ECB,2003) Table 2 Assessment factors for extrapolation of mammalian and bird toxicity data(ECB,2003) |
通过NOAEL转换的NOEC与直接采用NOEC计算PNEC经口,具有相同的优先权,其中采用鸟类急性饮食毒性LC50推导PNEC经口时,评估系数AF经口最高为3000;采用慢性毒性如生殖毒性效应时,则AF经口最低为30.如果获得了鸟和哺乳动物的NOEC值,采用计算出的PNEC经口最低值用于次生毒性评估.
3 结果与讨论(Results and discussion)PFOS对哺乳动物和鸟类的毒性数据见表 3.PFOS对哺乳动物的毒性数据均为慢性与亚慢性毒性值,包括大鼠、小鼠、兔子和猴的NOEC或NOAEL值,其中大鼠的毒性数据最多,包括不同毒性终点的13个NOAEL数据,1个NOEC数据;小鼠的毒性数据为不同毒性终点的5个NOAEL数据;兔子的毒性数据均为2个NOAEL数据;猴的毒性数据包括食蟹猴的1个NOAEL数据与猕猴的2个NOAEL数据.鸟类的毒性数据仅有绿头鸭的1个NOAEL值.不同生物的NOAEL值,采用表 1中的转换系数转换为NOEC值.如表 3所示,采用不同转化系数获得的NOEC值24个.所有NOEC值中,最大值为180 mg · kg-1(大鼠90 d亚慢性毒性试验);最小值为>1.5 mg · kg-1(大鼠14 W饮食毒性试验).根据表 2中采用的外推评估系数,哺乳动物中3个大鼠慢性毒性数据和1个食蟹猴毒性数据,以及鸟类中绿头鸭的NOEC值,采用评估系数为30,其它数据均采用评估系数90,最后得到PNEC经口最大值为2.0 mg · kg-1,最小值为0.04 mg · kg-1.按照ECB方法的规定,采用PNEC经口最低值用于次生毒性PNEC计算,最终得到PFOS的PNEC经口为0.04 mg · kg-1.
| 表3 PFOS对哺乳动物与鸟类的毒性数据 Table 3 Toxicity data of mammalian and birds of PFOS |
英国环境署对PFOS的次生毒性进行了评估(Brooke,2004),采用大鼠致癌率NOAEL值0.5 mg · kg-1 · d-1,没有采用转换系数,直接应用评估系数30,获得PNEC经口为0.0167mg · kg-1.由于该值没有将NOAEL值转化为NOEC值后计算PNEC经口,造成数值偏低,报告中也指出可能对PFOS的水生食物链的次生毒性风险评价造成“过保护”作用.荷兰RIVM(Moermond et al.,2010)采用了兔子毒性(Case,2001),基于次生毒性推导了PFOS的水质基准值——最大允许浓度MPCoral,water为0.037 mg · kg-1,该值相当于PNEC经口,与本文中PNEC经口相差不大.
对于水环境中水-水生生物-鱼-食鱼鸟类或哺乳动物食物链的次生毒性评估.通过对水生生物食物链中鱼和食鱼的高端捕食者(鸟类、哺乳动物)PEC与次生毒性PENC经口的比值,表征水体中鱼类和捕食者的次生毒性风险.由于我国缺乏PFOS的暴露场景中PEC的估计,本文通过直接采用PFOS的暴露浓度ci与PNEC比较,初步对太湖水体中PFOS的次生毒性风险进行了初步的评估.表 4列出了太湖中9种淡水鱼和1种捕鱼鸟类(白鹭)生物体中PFOS含量(Xu et al., 2013),鱼体内PFOS的含量范围为4.13~18.62 ng · g-1,平均值为11.08 ng · g-1,鸟类白鹭体中PFOS含量最高,达到20.96 ng · g-1.将生物体的浓度与PNEC经口相比较计算风险商(RQ)如表 4所示,各种生物的风险商较小,均小于1,其中白鹭的风险商最高为0.52,比各种鱼类都高;9种鱼的风险商均未超过0.5,其中黄颡鱼的风险商最高为0.47,鳙鱼最低为0.10.由此可见,PFOS对太湖中9种鱼和1种鸟类产生的次生毒性风险可以接受.
| 表4 太湖水生食物链中PFOS的含量(Xu,2013)及次生毒性风险 Table 4 Levels of PFOS(Xu,2013) and its risk of secondary poisoning of the freshwater food chain in Taihu lake |
英国环保署采用淡水鱼类的PEC对食物链的次生毒性风险进行了评估(Brooke,2004),结果发现,在PFOS的9种暴露场景中,PFOS对淡水食物链中鱼类产生的风险商均大于1,尤其含有PFOS的灭火器泡沫形成和使用过程中排放进入地表水体 PFOS产生的次生毒性风险商高达13400.本文中通过对PFOS对太湖水生食物链,包括9种鱼类和1种鸟类,产生的次生毒性风险进行了初步评价,结果显示PFOS对太湖水体生物的次生毒性风险可以接受,但是由于缺乏PFOS的暴露场景中PEC浓度估计,我国PFOS对水生食物链产生的次生毒性风险尚待进一步研究.
5 结论(Conclusions)1)采用PFOS对我国本土捕鱼鸟类与哺乳动物毒性数据,获得PFOS次生毒性的预测无效应浓度(PNEC经口)为0.04 mg · kg-1,该数值为我国PFOS对食物链产生次生毒性风险评价提供科学依据.
2)初步对PFOS在太湖水生食物链中9种鱼和白鹭产生的次生毒性风险进行评价,风险商均小于1,9种鱼的风险商均未超过0.5,捕食鸟类白鹭的风险商最高为0.52,根据本文收集的数据,PFOS对太湖水生食物链的次生毒性风险较小.
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2014, Vol. 34

