地球物理学报  2016, Vol. 59 Issue (7): 2356-2361   PDF    
磁岛合并研究
王晓 , 黄灿     
中国科学院近地空间环境重点实验室, 中国科学技术大学地球和空间科学学院, 合肥 230026
摘要: 本文采用二维全粒子模拟来研究无碰撞等离子体中的磁岛合并过程.结果表明,磁岛合并分为两个阶段,在第一个阶段,两个磁岛因同向电流丝之间的吸引力而缓慢地相互靠近,在这个过程中,合并线附近的电子被面外电场加速,形成薄电流片,同时电流片两侧形成磁场堆积.第二个阶段为快速重联阶段,合并线附近的电磁场结构和以Harris电流片为初态的重联扩散区的电磁场结构很相似,其中最显著的特点为面外磁场的四极型结构.
关键词: 磁重联      磁岛      磁岛合并      粒子模拟     
The process of the coalescence of magnetic islands
WANG Xiao, HUANG Can     
Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
Abstract: In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are performed to investigate the coalescence process of magnetic islands in collisionless plasma. We find that the merging of magnetic islands have two stages: In the first stage, the two islands approach each other slowly due to the attractive force between the homodromous currents. The electrons around the merging line are accelerated by the out-of-plane electric field, and then a thin current sheet is formed, where the magnetic field is also piled up. In the second stage, the fast magnetic reconnection occurs in the thin current sheet around the merging line, and the resulted electromagnetic structures around the merging line are similar to those in reconnection diffusion region formed in a Harris current sheet, where the most characteristic is the quadrupole structure of the out-of-plane magnetic field..
Key words: Magnetic reconnection      Magnetic island      Island coalescence      Particle simulation     
1 引言

磁重联是空间等离子体中的一个基本过程,它提供了一种将磁场能量快速地转化为等离子体动能和热能的有效机制(Vasyliunas,1975; Wang and Lee,1999; Biskamp,2000; Priest and Forbes,2000). 因此,很多空间等离子体中的爆发现象都可以用磁重联来解释,如地球磁层亚暴和太阳耀斑(Masuda et al.,1994; Tsuneta et al.,1992; Cargill and Klimchuk,1997; Nishida et al.,1978; Ge and Russell,2006; Wesson,1997; Angelopoulos et al.,2008). 基于电阻MHD理论的磁重联模型Sweet-Parker模型由于重联率太低而无法解释实际空间等离子体中的瞬时爆发现象(Sweet,1958; Parker,1957; Petschek,1964),然而,无碰撞磁重联理论提供了一种磁场快速重联的方式.研究表明,Hall效应在无碰撞磁重联中起着主导作用(Birn,2001).同时,无碰撞磁重联的扩散区有着多层次的结构,包括离子扩散区和电子扩散区(Sonnerup,1979; Shay et al.,2001; Lu et al.,2010; Wang et al.,2010a2010b),在离子惯性尺度以内、电子惯性尺度以外的区域,电子仍然冻结在磁力线上,而离子可以横越磁力线,因此,电子和离子的运动是分离的,这样会产生面内的Hall电流和面外的四极型磁场结构,这部分区域即为离子扩散区.在电子惯性尺度以内,电子和离子均不冻结在磁力线上,这部分区域为电子扩散区(Ma and Bhattacharjee,2001; Pritchett,2001; Fu et al.,2006; Lu et al.,2011).

高能电子的产生是无碰撞磁重联的一个重要特征(Wang et al.,20082010a2010b2014; Lin and Hudson,1971; Savrukhin,2001; Guo et al.,2005). 高能电子的激发不仅发生在重联扩散区(Guo et al.,2005; Hoshino et al.,2001; Hoshino,2005),收缩的磁岛(Drake et al.,2006; Huang et al.,2013)以及磁偶极化锋面(dipolarization front,简称DF)区(Wu et al.,2013; Huang et al.,2015)也可以产生大量高能电子.最近,有学者提出磁岛合并的过程中也可以观察到明显的电子加速,Pritchett(2008)利用二维particle-in-cell(PIC)模拟研究了多个磁岛相互合并的过程,发现当多个磁岛最终合并成为一个大磁岛的过程中,产生了大量高能电子.另外,Oka等(2010a2010b)和Tanaka等(20102011)也发现了磁岛合并中高能离子的显著增多,是由细长的薄电流片中的撕裂模不稳定性所引起.近年来的磁岛合并研究大多只是单纯地关注高能电子的产生,对磁岛合并过程中流场以及电磁场位形的演化并没有详细涉及.本文利用二维PIC模拟,以磁岛链为初态讨论了磁岛合并中电磁场结构的演化,整个过程分为两个阶段:在第一个阶段,合并线附近会形成磁场堆积并产生一个薄电流片;在第二个阶段,两个磁岛快速合并成一个大磁岛.

2 计算方法

本文采用二维PIC全粒子模拟程序来研究两个磁岛的合并过程.在此次模拟中,电磁场随时间的演化通过蛙跳格式求解Maxwell方程得到,并且分配在固定的网格系统上,电子和离子是分开来处理的.本文采用的初始平衡态为x-z平面内的磁岛链位形,初始磁场为

其中B0为电流片两侧无限远处的磁场,L为初始电流片半宽度,ε决定了初始磁岛的半宽度,即Zi/L=cosh-1(1+2ε),本次模拟中我们取ε=0.7,同时,我们还加了一个小扰动来使系统快速达到磁岛合并阶段. 模拟区域x方向为周期性边界条件,z方向为反射性边界条件.相应的密度分布为

其中nb为背景均匀等离子体密度,n0为电流片中心等离子体密度.初始的电子和离子满足Maxwell速度分布,随机分布在网格中.初始等离子体只有y 方向上的宏观漂移速度,满足Vi0/Ve0=-Ti0/Te0(其中Vi0和Ve0分别为离子和电子的初始漂移速度,Ti0Te0为离子和电子的初始温度).在本次模拟中,我们取温度比为Ti0/Te0=5,密度比n0=5ne,光速取为c=15vA(其中vA为基于B0和n0的阿尔芬速度),离子和电子的质量比取为mi/me=25.模拟区域大小为Lx×Lz=25.6c/ωpi×25.6c/ωpi,网格总数为Nx×Nz=512×512,每个网格平均大约有100个粒子,初始电流片半宽L=Lx/4π,计算时间步长为 ΩiΔt=0.001,其中Ωi=eB0/mi为离子回旋频率.

3 模拟结果

图 1列出了两磁岛中心的间距,磁岛中心O点和合并点X点之间的磁通量差值,以及由重联电场表征的重联率分别随时间的演化过程.可以从图中看出,磁岛合并开始于Ωit=20,结束于Ωit=41,这段时间内,两磁岛中心距离以及O点和X点间磁通量差值一直在不断快速减小,这个过程中,重联率不断增大,到Ωit=38时达到最大值Ey/vAB0~0.27.

图 1 磁岛中心O点和合并点X之间的磁通量差值ψωpi/cB0(黑线),两磁岛中心O点的距离Lsep/L0(蓝线,其中L0为初始距离),重联率- Ey/vAB0(红线) 随时间的演化 Fig. 1 The time evolution of the magnetic flux difference between the X and O points ψωpi/cB0(the black line),the distance between the two island O points Lsep/L0(the blue line,where L0 is the initial distance),and the reconnection rate -Ey/vAB0(the red line)

图 2所示为面外电场Ey/vAB0(图 2a—2e)、面内极化电场Ex/vAB0(图 2f—2j)、面外磁场By/B0(图 2k—2o)的等值线图,图中实线为磁力线.可以看出,随着磁岛合并的开始,By在扩散区呈现出典型的四极型分布,并且当磁岛合并结束后这种结构仍然持续一段时间.与此同时,合并中心区附近出现负值的面外电场Ey,两边的正电场是磁岛运动所引起,平面内ExX点两侧呈现出对称的月牙形分布.这种扩散区的电磁场结构与Harris电流片重联的电磁场结构非常相似,均是由于电子和离子的运动分离所引起(Sonnerup,1979; Shay et al.,2001; Lu et al.,2010; Ma and Bhattacharjee,2001; Pritchett,2001; Fu et al.,2006; Oka et al.,2010b). 图 3所示为电子和离子在Ωit=35时的流场图,可以很明显看到,在离子扩散区中,电子和离子运动分离,并且离子速度远小于电子速度,电子从分离线内侧流入,经电子扩散区加速后,从分离线外侧流出.

图 2 面外电场Ey/vAB0(a—e),面内极化电场Ex/vAB0(f—j),面外磁场By/B0(k—o)随时间的演化,实线为磁力线 Fig. 2 The time evolution of the out-of-plane electric field Ey/vAB0(a—e),the electric field in the x direction Ex/vAB0(f—j),and the out-of-plane magnetic field By/B0(k—o)at Ωit=0,17,27,37 and 42. The in-plane magnetic field lines are also represented
图 3 离子(a)和电子(b)的流场分布,实线为磁力线,Ωit=35 Fig. 3 The flow pattern of the ions(a)and electrons(b)at Ωit=35. The in-plane magnetic field lines are also represented for reference

图 4所示为z=0剖线上z方向磁场Bz/B0(a)、y方向总电流密度Jy/en0vA(b)、 y方向电场 Ey/vAB0(c)、 电子流体参考系下的电子电流密度和电场的点积 J e* ·E *的等值线(d).开始阶段,两磁岛由于同向电流吸引而相互靠近,可以看到,在Ωit=20时,X线附近开始出现一个负值的面外电流Jy,说明一个薄电流片开始形成(图 4b),同时,X线附近也开始产生负值的重联电场Ey,并且在y方向加速电子,这也是薄电流片形成的原因,这一点可以从图 5中看出.图 5所示为z=0剖线上沿x方向的总电子电流密度和漂移所产生的电子电流密度的分布.可以看出,在X线附近,电场加速在电子电流的产生中占有主导地位.与此同时,X线处 Je* ·E *呈现出明显的正值,这说明场的能量正转化为等离子体能量,加速和加热电子,而在X线两侧区域, J e* ·E *为负值,等离子动能转换为磁场能量,形成磁场堆积.图 6所示为z=0剖线上方向磁场 Bz/B0 在不同时刻的分布(a),dBz/dt的等值线(其中d/dt为电子流体坐标系下的随体导数)和电流片宽度随时间的演化(b).从图中可以很明显地看到,当两个磁岛不断接近时,电流片的半宽度也在不断缩小,在Ωit=39时达到最小值~0.2c/ωpi,这个尺度与局地的电子惯性长相当,在X线两侧,Bz不断增加,这意味着磁场正在堆积.

图 4 z=0剖线上(a)z方向磁场Bz/B0,(b)y方向总电流密度Jy/en0vA,(c)y方向电场Ey/vAB0,(d)电子流体参考系下的电子电流密度和电场的点积Je* · E*随时间的演化,实线为磁力线 Fig. 4 The time evolution of(a)the magnetic field in the z direction Bz/B0,(b)the total out-of-plane current density Jy/en0vA,(c)the out-of-plane electric field Ey/vAB0,(d)the dot product of the electron current density and theelectric field in the electron frame Je* · E* along the cut z=0. The in-plane magnetic field lines are also represented
图 5 z=0剖线上y方向电子电流密度Jey/en0vA(黑线)和漂移电子电流密度eneEx/Bz(红线)沿x方向的分布,Ωit=39 Fig. 5 The profiles of the electron out-of-plane currentJey/en0vA(the black line)and the electron drift current eneEx/Bz(the red line)along the cut z=0 at Ωit=39
图 6 z=0剖线上(a)z方向磁场 Bz/B0 在不同时刻的分布,Ωit=20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36(颜色从黑到红), 蓝色阴影部分为Ωit=39时的电流片宽度,(b)dBz/dt(其中d/dt为电子流体坐标系下的随体导数)和电流片宽度随时间的演化 Fig. 6 The demonstration of magnetic flux pileup.(a)Cuts of the magnetic field Bz/B0 in the z direction along z=0 at Ωit=20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36(the colors from the black to the red),the thickness of the current sheet in the x direction at Ωit=39 is also presented(the blue shadow).(b)The time evolution of dBz/dt(here d/dt is the material derivative in the electron frame)and the thicknessof current sheet from Ωit=18 to Ωit=41 along the cut z=0
4 结论

本文利用二维PIC模拟来研究无碰撞等离子体中两个磁岛的合并过程,结果显示合并过程可分为两个阶段:在第一个阶段,随着两个磁岛的相互靠近,合并线附近的电子在y方向被电场加速,形成一个薄电流片,同时,电流片两侧磁场开始堆积;在第二个阶段,电流片变得很薄,发生快速重联,扩散区电磁场结构与Harris电流片的重联扩散区结构非常相似.另外,从MHD的观点上看,重联的发生是撕裂模不稳定性发展的一个必然结果.电流片中撕裂模的发展,是系统磁自由能降低,让系统趋于较低能量态的要求.虽然本文的初态为两个磁岛结构,但相对于合并后的终态还是处于一个较高能量的状态,图 7所示为系统的总磁场能量随时间的演化,可以看出,随着第二个阶段磁岛快速合并的进行,磁场能量很快下降了约10%,转化为等离子体的动能与热能.

图 7 系统磁场能量随时间的演化,其中WB=∫B2dxdz/(B02LxLz) Fig. 7 Time evolution of magnetic field energy,which is calculated by WB=∫B2dxdz/(B02LxLz)
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