帕金森病实验室诊断生物标志物的研究进展

徐奉江,  毛诗慧,  贾音,  刘善荣

引用本文: 徐奉江,毛诗慧,贾音,等.帕金森病实验室诊断生物标志物的研究进展[J]. 海军军医大学学报,2026,47(9):1227-1233.DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250879.
Citation: Xu F, Mao S, Jia Y, et al. Laboratory diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: research progress[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2026, 47(9): 1227-1233. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250879.

帕金森病实验室诊断生物标志物的研究进展

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250879
基金项目: 

全军临床医学检验重点专科项目 .

详细信息
    作者简介:

    徐奉江,硕士生. E-mail: 1342870612@qq.com.

    通讯作者:

    刘善荣,E-mail: liushanrong01@126.com.

Laboratory diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: research progress

Funds: 

Project of Key Clinical Laboratory Medicine Specialties of PLA .

  • 摘要:

    帕金森病(PD)是一种患病率较高的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,严重影响患者的运动功能与生活质量。近年来,研究发现α-突触核蛋白、免疫炎症因子及线粒体功能与氧化应激相关生物标志物等在PD诊断中显示出良好的潜力。本文系统综述了PD实验室诊断及相关生物标志物的研究进展,同时探讨了基于多组学、多模态生物标志物整合及人工智能分析的实验室诊断新策略,并展望了该领域尚待解决的关键问题及未来生物标志物的发展方向,以期为PD的精准诊断、病情监测与治疗评估提供思路。

     

    Abstract:

    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that severely impairs patients' motor function and quality of life. Recent studies have demonstrated the promising potential of α-synuclein, immune-inflammatory factors, and biomarkers related to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress for the diagnosis of PD. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in laboratory diagnostics and related biomarkers for PD, and discusses novel diagnostic strategies based on the integration of multi-omics, multi-modal biomarkers, and artificial intelligence analysis. Furthermore, it also addresses the key unresolved issues in the field and outlines future directions for biomarker development, with the aim of informing the precise clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, and treatment evaluation for PD.

     

  • 帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是仅次于阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的全球第二大神经退行性疾病。随着人口老龄化进程加剧,PD患病率持续攀升,已成为日益严峻的公共卫生问题。流行病学数据显示,2021年全球PD患病人数约为1 177万,预计到2050年将增长至2 520万,增幅高达约112%[1-2]。从病理机制上看,PD的核心病变是中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元的进行性丢失,其发生与α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein,α-Syn)的异常折叠和聚集密切相关,由α-Syn所形成的神经毒性寡聚体及路易体会破坏神经元正常功能[3]。同时,线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激及神经炎症等多种因素相互交织、彼此影响,共同推动神经退行性进程[4]。

    PD临床表现复杂多样,多数非运动症状可在典型运动障碍出现前数年甚至十余年即已发生,但因缺乏特异性表现,常导致早期识别与诊断困难[5-7]。目前,PD的诊断仍以临床表现为主要依据,主观性较强,难以实现与多系统萎缩、进行性核上性麻痹等其他神经系统退行性疾病的精准鉴别,也无法在疾病早期明确病理诊断,致使早期筛查、鉴别诊断、病程监测均面临较大挑战。因此,临床迫切需要客观、可靠且具备高灵敏度和高特异度的生物学标志物,以弥补现有诊断体系的不足。本文系统梳理了PD实验室诊断相关生物标志物的最新研究进展,旨在为构建PD精准诊疗体系提供理论依据。

    α-Syn是PD的核心病理蛋白,其检测是实现疾病特异性诊断的关键。近年来,基于种子扩增实验的检测技术已经实现脑脊液中病理性α-Syn聚集体的超灵敏检测。一项纳入1 123名参与者的大规模多中心研究证实,该技术不仅在区分PD患者与对照人群方面表现出优异的灵敏度与特异度,更重要的是,其能够反映PD潜在的分子异质性,可在临床症状出现前成功识别出处于前驱期的个体[8]。这一突破为PD的早期诊断、亚型分型及疾病预测提供了强有力的参考依据。

    然而,脑脊液采集具有侵入性,限制了该技术在临床上的广泛应用,也促使目前的研究重心逐渐向外周生物标志物转移。研究表明,基于血液的α-Syn种子扩增实验在前驱期PD检测中展现出良好潜力[9]。血浆中的α-Syn能够以高灵敏度和高特异度有效区分PD与路易体痴呆[10];同时,早期PD患者红细胞中总α-Syn及寡聚α-Syn水平显著升高,且这一现象在长达3年的随访周期中持续存在[11]。这些发现共同表明,基于血液的α-Syn检测有望成为PD早期诊断与鉴别诊断的重要工具。此外,基于唾液、尿液的无创标志物检测也备受关注。研究表明,PD患者唾液中总α-Syn水平较健康对照人群显著降低,提示其具有一定预测价值[12]。有证据指出,PD患者尿液中特定类型的α-Syn寡聚体水平显著升高,显示出辅助诊断的潜力[13]。然而,这类无创检测的临床应用仍面临双重挑战。一方面,α-Syn及其亚型检测的稳定性与结果可靠性受采血管类型、离心条件、保存温度等因素影响[14-15],因此从样本采集到分析的全流程需建立统一规范,但目前仍缺乏标准化的检测流程。另一方面,α-Syn的诊断效能及临床价值需通过大规模的临床队列进行验证。因此,克服这些挑战,建立可靠的α-Syn标志物检测体系对于实现PD的精准诊断具有重要意义。

    神经免疫炎症在PD发病机制中的作用日益受到重视,相关生物标志物构成了一个从中枢到外周的联动网络。在中枢神经系统内,异常聚集的α-Syn可激活NOD样受体家族含pyrin结构域蛋白3(NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体,促进IL-1β和IL-18等介质的成熟与释放,驱动炎症反应并加剧多巴胺能神经元损伤[16-18]。此类中枢炎症反应所伴随的分子变化在外周循环中也能被检测到,研究表明PD患者血清与脑脊液中NLRP3炎症小体及多种细胞因子、CRP等水平均升高,提示其具有作为评估PD炎症状态的潜在价值[19-21]。除炎症因子外,外周免疫细胞组成的改变也不容忽视。有研究发现,PD患者外周血中同时存在单核细胞增殖能力增强与T淋巴细胞数量显著增加的现象,进一步印证了系统性免疫失调参与了PD的病理进程[22]。

    线粒体功能障碍与氧化应激在PD发病过程中形成相互加剧的恶性循环。研究表明,支链α-酮酸脱氢酶激酶(branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase,BCKDK)缺失会损害线粒体复合物Ⅰ的活性,从而导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)过量生成,继而驱动α-Syn病理性聚集[23]。过量的ROS不仅直接诱导多巴胺能神经元死亡,还会进一步加重线粒体损伤,形成正反馈环路[24]。这一过程所引发的氧化损伤可表现为丙二醛水平升高、谷胱甘肽水平降低,提示脂质过氧化与抗氧化系统衰竭[25-26];同时,同型半胱氨酸异常增高可进一步放大氧化应激损伤效应[27-28]。此外,作为内源性抗氧化剂,尿酸水平偏低也被证实是PD的重要风险因素[29]。了解这些标志物的特性,有助于揭示PD的发生和发展机制,并为神经保护策略的研发提供依据。

    外泌体是直径约40~160 nm的细胞外囊泡,可携带蛋白质、mRNA、miRNA及脂质等多种生物活性分子,并将其运载至受体细胞,从而参与细胞间通讯[30]。在神经系统内,外泌体能够介导神经元与神经胶质细胞之间的信息传递。研究表明,α-Syn能够诱导小胶质细胞释放外泌体,进而促进神经元凋亡[31]。PD患者血液中外泌体α-Syn水平显著升高,且与疾病严重程度呈明显正相关[32-33]。血液中外泌体α-Syn的浓度差异还有助于PD与多系统萎缩的鉴别诊断[34]。另有研究发现,血浆外泌体中N-乙酰-α-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase,NAG)的水平与PD的进展呈显著负相关,且NAG能够有效抑制α-Syn的异常聚集并减轻神经毒性,有望成为PD诊断与病情监测的生物标志物[35]。Manna等[36]基于血清外泌体研究发现,一个包含6种miRNA(miRNA-21-3p、miRNA-199a-5p、miRNA-425-5p、miRNA-483-5p、miRNA-22-3p和miRNA-29a-3p)的生物标志物组合能够有效区分PD与进行性核上性麻痹,其AUC高达0.91。这些研究共同表明,外泌体及其所携带的内容物在PD的机制研究、疾病监测与鉴别诊断中均展现出重要的潜在价值。然而,目前外泌体提取方法尚不统一、稳定性有限,为了实现外泌体生物标志物的临床转化,建立并执行标准化检测与质量控制体系至关重要。规范的样本前处理、不断优化的高回收率分离技术(如尺寸排阻色谱法)、严格的保存流程(-80 ℃稳定储存、避免反复冻融)可共同提高外泌体的获取效率与纯度[37-39]。这类标准化操作体系的建立不仅能够保证外泌体本身的完整性与均一性,也有利于其内容物的稳定检出,从而为外泌体相关生物标志物的临床转化提供有力支持。

    代谢组学可系统分析生物体内小分子代谢物的变化,为阐明PD的病理机制、挖掘新型生物标志物提供独特视角。研究表明,PD患者体内存在显著的代谢紊乱,涉及能量代谢、神经递质平衡、脂质代谢和肠道菌群-脑轴交互等多个方面[40-41]。在多巴胺代谢通路中,高香草酸与3, 4-二羟基苯乙酸等代谢物水平出现异常,一方面反映了黑质纹状体通路的损伤,另一方面也进一步印证了多巴胺能神经元变性在PD早期发病中的关键作用[42]。脂质组学分析显示,PD患者血浆中多种脂质分子(如鞘磷脂、磷脂酰胆碱和神经酰胺等)水平发生显著改变[43-44]。这类脂质代谢异常不仅影响细胞膜稳定性与突触传递功能,还可能通过扰乱线粒体功能、加剧神经炎症反应等机制共同推动神经退行性进程。此外,PD患者还存在能量代谢障碍,表现为三羧酸循环中间产物(如柠檬酸、延胡索酸)的紊乱[45]。另有研究指出,精氨酸水平在早期与晚期PD患者外周血中存在显著差异,提示其可作为监测疾病进展的潜在生物标志物[46]。近年研究进一步发现,特定肠道微生物及其代谢产物与PD发病风险密切相关,这为从“肠-脑轴”角度解析PD的病理机制提供了重要线索[47]。

    蛋白质组学在揭示PD分子机制与挖掘生物标志物方面展现出重要作用。研究表明,PD患者血浆及脑脊液中存在大量差异表达蛋白质,其中涉及氧化应激、线粒体功能及神经炎症通路的蛋白质尤具潜力[48-49]。例如一项基于血液标本的系统性研究发现,与健康对照组相比,PD患者血浆中载脂蛋白A1、载脂蛋白A4等7种蛋白质水平持续下调,而转甲状腺素蛋白、维生素D结合蛋白等5种蛋白质则显著上调[50]。另一项研究通过深度脑脊液蛋白质组学分析,识别出一个能够显著区分PD患者与健康对照组的特异性蛋白质组合[51]。此外,一项大规模血浆蛋白质组学研究采用机器学习方法,成功构建了一个仅含8种蛋白质的预测模型,该模型能够在临床症状出现前7年预判个体患PD的风险,充分展现了蛋白质组学在PD超早期预警方面的巨大应用前景[48]。

    PD是一种由衰老、环境和遗传因素共同引发的多因素神经退行性疾病。遗传标志物在PD的病因阐释与疾病分型中具有重要价值。研究发现,富含亮氨酸重复序列激酶2(leucine rich repeat kinase 2,LRRK2)、空泡分选蛋白35(vacuolar protein sorting 35,VPS35)、葡萄糖脑苷脂酶(glucocerebrosidase,GBA)等基因突变与常染色体显性遗传PD密切相关,而帕金蛋白(parkin,PRKN)、磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物诱导激酶1(phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1,PINK1)等基因突变则多见于隐性遗传PD病例[3]。Diaz-Ortiz等[52]研究发现,糖蛋白非转移性黑色素瘤蛋白B(glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B,GPNMB)基因是PD的风险基因,其编码蛋白能够与α-Syn相互作用并参与PD的病理进展,在PD患者血浆中表达升高且与疾病严重程度显著相关,提示其兼具生物标志物与治疗靶点的潜力。此外,全基因组关联研究表明,大量散发性PD患者相关的风险基因在内溶酶体通路、线粒体稳态及神经炎症等关键生物学过程中显著富集,系统阐释了PD发病机制潜在的遗传学基础[53]。

    PD生物标志物的研究模式正在发生显著演变。传统单一分子标志物往往受到疾病的异质性与个体生物学差异的制约,面临着重复性及特异性不足的挑战,而基于多维度信息的综合分析为PD的精准诊断与疾病分层提供了新思路。例如,Tuersong等[54]利用全血样本进行孟德尔随机化和转录组分析,发现泛素特异性蛋白酶8(ubiquitin-specific protease 8,USP8)与突触融合蛋白结合蛋白6(syntaxin binding protein 6,STXBP6)对PD痴呆具有显著的诊断价值。Wang等[55]通过多组学方法筛选出PD关键基因并构建预测模型,该模型在2个血液样本验证数据集中AUC分别高达0.937和0.975,具有较高的判别性能。这些研究表明,构建融合多组学数据的生物标志物体系可能是推动PD精准诊疗发展的重要方向之一。

    近年来,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)技术在生物标志物挖掘与模型构建中展现出强大潜力,已被广泛应用于常规检验数据的整合分析[56],能有效识别潜在生物标志物并建立诊断预测模型[57-58]。Heo等[59]基于7种血浆蛋白质构建的机器学习模型能够辅助AD临床诊断,还能识别认知正常群体中未来有可能进展为症状性AD的高风险个体,显示出强大的早期诊断潜力。当前研究趋势逐渐聚焦于整合蛋白质组、代谢组与脂质组等多组学数据,并通过交叉验证构建生物标志物网络。在PD标志物研究中,AI模型可同时处理遗传、蛋白质、代谢与影像等多模态数据,提升诊断与预测的准确性。Liu等[60]通过整合临床特征与遗传信息构建了一个多基因评分模型,能够有效预测PD患者认知衰退;Makarious等[61]将临床数据信息、遗传风险评分与转录组特征相结合,构建了多模态整合分类器,显著提高了对PD的预测效能;Luo等[62]基于机器学习的多组学框架,整合放射组学、脑脊液生物标志物和基因组学信息构建了一个预测模型,能够成功预测早期PD患者的认知衰退。然而,多模态数据整合面临数据异质性、技术偏倚等挑战。为确保分析的可靠性,在数据预处理时应通过严格标准化与质量控制克服异质性(如采用分位数归一化、Z-score等方法消除偏倚),在建模时采用特征选择、交叉验证等方法规避过拟合,在整合多中心数据时需评估人群与数据差异对结果的影响并利用独立队列验证其泛化能力。目前,已有研究通过机器学习整合多模态数据,借助Shapley加性解释(Shapley additive explanations,SHAP)分析和贝叶斯网络显著提高了模型的可解释性与推断力[63]。这种融合多类标志物并借助AI进行整合分析的策略不仅提升了PD诊断与鉴别诊断的效能与准确性,也为揭示PD发生、发展的内在机制提供了新的视角与思路。

    PD生物标志物的研发重点正经历一场重要演变,即从辅助临床期诊断向实现症状前期预警延伸。多项突破性研究展示了这一方向的可行性:一项跨物种代谢组学研究基于6种血液代谢物组合构建的复合生物标志物不仅在PD临床期表现出高诊断效能,也在动物模型症状前期展现出预测价值[64]。另有一项基于英国生物样本库的研究显示,整合多种血浆蛋白与临床指标的预测模型对未来15年内的PD发病风险具有良好的预测能力[65]。开发早期预警标志物可为疾病干预提供潜在的时间窗,也能为PD的早期防控与治疗策略优化提供新思路。

    随着研究深入,生物标志物正从提供静态信息向实现动态监测转变。单次检测结果难以捕捉疾病背后复杂且持续的动态过程,而系列化、连续性的监测能够揭示疾病进展规律与治疗反应模式。例如,通过监测血液中神经丝轻链(neurofilament light chain,NFL)水平的动态变化可以了解PD患者的疾病进展情况,且其变化幅度与认知功能下降等临床结局密切相关[66]。另一项多中心横断面及纵向研究证实,C-X-C基序趋化因子配体12(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12,CXCL12)、C-X3-C基序趋化因子配体1(C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1,CX3CL1)、IL-8、C-C基序趋化因子配体15(C-C motif chemokine ligand 15,CCL15)等标志物的变化与PD的进展过程显著相关[67]。构建这类动态监测体系有助于为PD疾病进展及疗效评估提供客观依据,也是PD诊疗体系向精准医学方向迈进的体现之一。

    尽管PD的实验室诊断研究已取得显著进展,但其生物标志物在向临床应用转化过程中仍面临多重挑战。现有标志物在早期诊断的灵敏度与鉴别诊断的特异度方面尚有不足,多组学检测技术存在操作复杂、标准化程度低等问题,限制了其在临床中的广泛推广。未来研究应致力于发展高灵敏度、易操作的无创检测技术,推动单细胞测序、空间代谢组学等新方法在PD病理机制深度解析方面的应用,结合AI技术建立多模态、动态演进的生物标志物体系,并通过大规模多中心临床队列进行系统验证,以提升PD实验室诊断在早期预警、精准分型及疗效评估中的价值,为PD的精准防控与个体化治疗提供依据。

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-12-02
  • 接受日期:  2026-01-29
  • 优先发表日期:  2026-09-24

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