文章信息
- 膳食脂肪和脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌预后的研究进展
- Research Progress on Association of Dietary Fat and Fatty Acid Intake with Prognosis of Ovarian Cancer
- 肿瘤防治研究, 2023, 50(7): 717-720
- Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2023, 50(7): 717-720
- http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2023.22.1266
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-27
- 修回日期: 2023-01-09
2. 110004 沈阳,中国医科大学附属盛京医院临床研究中心;
3. 110004 沈阳,中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇产科
2. Clinical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
卵巢癌是最致命的妇科恶性肿瘤,2020年,全球约有313 959例新发卵巢癌患者和207 252例死亡病例[1]。其中,中国女性每年新发卵巢癌病例数约55 342例,死亡例数高达37 519例,给患者带来沉重的疾病负担[2]。由于缺乏对应筛检手段,且早期症状不明显,大多数患者在诊断时已进展至中晚期[3]。在大多数国家,卵巢癌年龄标准化的5年净生存率仍为30%~50%[4]。以往研究明确了一些影响卵巢癌预后的因素,包括肿瘤组织学类型[5]、初次细胞减灭术后病灶残余量[6]、诊断时的疾病分期[7]等,但这些因素难以通过行为而改变。有研究提示,即使临床特征相似的患者接受了相同治疗,预后也会不同[8-9],这表明除了不可改变的癌症特征外,可能还有其他因素影响卵巢癌预后。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,可改变的生活方式因素,尤其是膳食因素在卵巢癌预后中发挥重要作用[10-13]。一些膳食营养素摄入对卵巢癌预后的影响也逐渐被发现[13-15]。其中,脂肪和脂肪酸作为最常见的营养素之一,可能通过增加全身炎性反应[16]以及调节细胞代谢、膜结构、细胞内信号转导过程和转录因子活性等途径影响癌症的发生、发展[17]。但膳食脂肪和脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌预后的关联尚不明确,因此,本文综述膳食脂肪和脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌预后关系的相关研究, 以期为卵巢癌的积极防治提供膳食建议。
1 脂肪和脂肪酸概述脂肪是人类膳食中最常见的脂类,在人体内发挥重要的生理功能,如氧化供能等[18]。传统的观点认为膳食脂肪的摄入不利于人体健康。但现代观点表明膳食脂肪摄入不足可能会导致脂类消化吸收障碍而造成脂溶性维生素缺乏症,而摄入过量会诱发肥胖等慢性非传染性疾病[19-21]。膳食脂肪根据食物来源可分为动物来源脂肪和植物来源脂肪。脂肪由一分子甘油和三分子脂肪酸构成,其中,甘油分子结构比较简单,而脂肪酸的种类和长短却差异显著,因此,脂肪的性质及特点主要取决于脂肪酸[18]。
动植物中脂肪酸的种类很多,根据脂肪酸分子式中双键的有无及双键的数量可分为三类:(1)饱和脂肪酸;(2)单不饱和脂肪酸;(3)多不饱和脂肪酸[18]。此前,大量研究调查了膳食脂肪和较高的脂肪酸摄入与不同健康结局的关系。多项研究表明膳食饱和脂肪酸摄入与癌症、心血管疾病和全因死亡率发生风险增加有关[22-25]。但膳食单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与疾病之间关系的既往研究结论并不一致。大量研究提示,摄入较高的膳食单不饱和脂肪酸能降低多种癌症、心血管疾病和全因死亡的发生风险[22, 25-26],但也有研究发现摄入单不饱和脂肪酸与前列腺癌发病风险增加有关[23]。膳食多不饱和脂肪酸摄入的作用与单不饱和脂肪酸类似,摄入较高的多不饱和脂肪酸与较低的非酒精性脂肪性肝病、心血管疾病和全因死亡发生风险有关[25, 27],但也有研究报道,摄入较高的多不饱和脂肪酸可能增加非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病风险[28]。
2 脂肪和卵巢癌预后本综述共纳入三项前瞻性队列研究[11, 13, 29],其中,两项研究来自澳大利亚[13, 29],一项研究来自中国[11]。Nagle等[29]调查了609例卵巢癌患者的膳食摄入情况,结果提示膳食总脂肪及不同脂肪亚型(饱和脂肪、单不饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪)摄入与卵巢癌生存率无关。Playdon等[13]的研究结果与Nagle等的结果一致,在811例罹患卵巢癌的女性中,脂肪摄入与卵巢癌患者总体生存率无关,但该研究进一步探究了膳食多不饱和脂肪与单不饱和脂肪的摄入比例与卵巢癌生存率的关系,结果表明,较高的膳食多不饱和脂肪与单不饱和脂肪的摄入比例与较好的卵巢癌患者总体生存率有关(风险比:0.76,95%CI: 0.59~0.98)。一项调查了健康饮食指数与卵巢癌生存关系的研究也得到了类似的结果,饱和脂肪的评分(健康饮食指数的组分之一)与卵巢癌患者的生存率无关[30]。而来自中国703例卵巢癌患者的研究发现,奶及奶制品来源的脂肪摄入与较差的卵巢癌患者总体生存率有关(风险比:2.16,95%CI: 1.30~3.61)[11]。这提示膳食脂肪与卵巢癌预后的关系可能与食物来源有关。此外,一项大型的随机对照试验调查了低脂饮食模式与卵巢癌病死率和总体死亡率之间的关系[31]。所谓低脂饮食模式是指将脂肪摄入量减少到总能量的20%,并增加蔬菜、水果和谷物的摄入量,累计随访17.7年后,该研究并未发现低脂饮食干预与卵巢癌病死率或总体死亡率有关。
尽管上述研究的结果较为一致,但三项前瞻性队列研究仅纳入了来自澳大利亚和中国的人群,且由于不同国家和地区的饮食习惯存在差异,故目前研究结论具有人群代表性不足的局限性,不能很好地推论到全球人群。而低脂饮食模式未能对脂肪摄入进行定量评估,且无法进一步探究不同脂肪亚型的影响。同时,上述的研究均只探讨了膳食脂肪摄入对卵巢癌生存率的影响,未对其他预后指标,如卵巢癌无进展生存期、卵巢癌耐药和复发等进行评估。有证据表明,动植物来源的膳食脂肪对人体疾病和健康的影响是不同的[32-33]。另外,摄入膳食脂肪的质量也是需要考虑的因素之一,如Santiago等应用脂肪质量指数[(单不饱和脂肪酸+多不饱和脂肪酸)/(饱和脂肪酸+反式脂肪酸)]探究脂肪质量与全因死亡率之间的关联[34]。然而,尚没有研究关注过摄入膳食脂肪的质量与卵巢癌预后之间的关联。因此,仍需更多大样本多人群的前瞻性队列研究进一步探究脂肪摄入与卵巢癌预后的关系,同时需要关注脂肪的食物来源及质量与卵巢癌多种预后指标之间的关联。
3 脂肪酸和卵巢癌预后目前,尚无研究探究过膳食脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌预后的关系。但一项纳入了97项队列研究的荟萃分析表明,膳食饱和脂肪酸摄入与较高的卵巢癌发病风险有关,而膳食单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌发病风险无关[35]。在一项纳入了323 514例女性的欧洲癌症和营养前瞻性调查中,摄入总多不饱和脂肪酸和n-6系列顺式多不饱和脂肪酸可能会增加卵巢癌的发病风险[36]。此外,对1991—2001年在意大利和瑞士进行的一系列病例对照研究的数据分析结果表明,较高的n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与较低的卵巢癌发病风险有关[37]。
另一方面,诸多流行病学研究报道了膳食脂肪酸及其亚型摄入与人群死亡率之间的关系。例如,一项大型前瞻性队列研究报道了膳食饱和脂肪酸摄入与全因死亡率呈正相关,而单不饱和脂肪酸、植物来源单不饱和脂肪酸以及多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与全因死亡率呈负相关[38]。另一项纳入了521 120例参与者并进行了16年随访的队列研究发现,饱和脂肪酸摄入与较高的肿瘤特异性死亡率有关,而总多不饱和脂肪酸以及海洋来源n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与较低的肿瘤特异性死亡率有关[39]。此外,也有证据提示,海洋来源n-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸摄入与结肠癌患者较长的无病生存期和无复发生存期有关[40]。考虑到卵巢癌患者的预后不佳以及相应研究证据的缺乏,故膳食脂肪酸摄入对卵巢癌患者预后的影响值得进一步探究,并且需要考虑脂肪酸的多种亚型、碳链长度、不同食物来源以及多种预后指标等因素,为卵巢癌患者膳食摄入脂肪酸提供全面的理论依据。
4 膳食脂肪和脂肪酸与卵巢癌预后相关的生物学机制尽管膳食脂肪和脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌预后之间的潜在机制尚未完全阐明,但已有研究提出了一些合理的生物学机制。如激素调节机制可能在两者之间发挥主要作用。一项纳入了13项干预研究的荟萃分析显示,膳食脂肪摄入量与雌激素水平呈正相关[41],而升高的雌激素水平可能促进卵巢癌细胞的生长和增殖[42]。其次,高脂饮食已被证明会诱发全身慢性低级别炎性反应[16],且有证据表明较高的全身免疫-炎症指数与卵巢癌患者较差的生存率有关[43]。此外,研究表明人脂肪细胞对外源性脂肪酸的摄取和代谢与卵巢癌的进展和转移有关[44-46]。一项脂肪酸相关基因的生物信息分析也指出,脂肪酸代谢在卵巢癌预后和治疗反应中发挥关键作用[47]。最后,脂肪酸不仅能为癌细胞提供能量,还能通过调节细胞代谢、细胞膜结构、细胞内信号传递过程和转录因子活性等影响癌细胞的增殖[17]。
5 结论迄今为止,膳食脂肪和脂肪酸摄入与卵巢癌预后关系的研究较少,所得证据相对有限,故基于目前的流行病学证据,尚不能明确两者之间的关系。此外,研究人群仅来自于澳大利亚和中国,证据的外推性不足,因此,有必要开展更多大样本多人群的前瞻性队列研究以及随机对照试验,进一步探究两者之间的关系,为卵巢癌患者的预后提供更多有效的膳食建议,并且未来的研究需要考虑脂肪或脂肪酸的不同类型、来源和质量。
利益冲突声明:
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献:
魏逸凡:文献检索及筛选、文章构思及撰写
宫婷婷:文献检索及筛选
高嵩:文献分析及修改
吴琪俊:文章修改及审校
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