肿瘤防治研究  2016, Vol. 43 Issue (5): 409-412
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

ASPP调控肿瘤细胞凋亡作用的研究进展
Research Advances of ASPP in Regulating Apoptosis of Tumor Cells
肿瘤防治研究, 2016, 43(5): 409-412
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2016, 43(5): 409-412
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2016.05.019
收稿日期: 2015-07-30
修回日期: 2015-10-10
ASPP调控肿瘤细胞凋亡作用的研究进展
马云龙 , 祝斌 , 刘晓光     
100191 北京,北京大学第三医院骨科
摘要: p53基因作为机体重要的凋亡调控因子,在受到致癌因素刺激后可诱导细胞出现细胞周期阻滞或凋亡。细胞凋亡或程序性死亡过程受到干扰或破坏时,可引起细胞异常增殖及恶性转化而导致肿瘤的发生。近期研究发现了一类新的p53相互作用蛋白ASPP家族,它们能够特异性调控p53家族分子的细胞凋亡诱导功能,揭示了p53诱导细胞凋亡的新机制,为脊柱肿瘤发生和靶向治疗研究提供了新思路。本文针对ASPP基因结构特点、调控肿瘤细胞凋亡作用和其临床意义等方面的研究进展进行综述。
关键词: ASPP家族     肿瘤发生     p53     凋亡    
Research Advances of ASPP in Regulating Apoptosis of Tumor Cells
MA Yunlong , ZHU Bin , LIU Xiaoguang     
Department of Orthopaedics,Peking University Third Hospital,Beijing 100191,China
Corresponding author: LIU Xiaoguang,E-mail: xgliuspine@sina.cn
Abstract: Under the stimulus of carcinogenic factor,p53 acts as an important apoptotic regulator to induce the cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. When the progress of cell apoptosis or programmed death is disturbed or damaged,the abnormal proliferation,malignant transformation of cells are initiated,which lead to the tumorigenesis. Recent studies have found a new gene family named ASPP which could interact with p53 family and specifically regulate the apoptosis function of p53 molecules. The findings reveal a new apoptosis regulating mechanism of p53 and provide a novel research strategy of the spinal tumorigenesis and their targeted therapy. In this paper,we aim to review the recent advances about the structure characteristics of ASPP genes,their apoptosis regulation effect on tumor cells,and the clinical significance in the diagnosis and therapy of tumors.
Key words: ASPP genes     Tumorigenesis     p53     Apoptosis    
0 引言

p53凋亡刺激蛋白(apoptosis stimulating protein of p53,ASPP)是一类p53家族相互作用蛋白,可以特异性调控p53家族分子的细胞凋亡诱导功能。该家族目前发现的分子有3种,分别是:ASPP1、ASPP2和iASPP。三者C末端拥有同源锚蛋白重复序列(Ankyrin-repeat,Ank),Src同源3结构域(Src homology 3 domain,SH3)和富含脯氨酸域蛋白(proline-rich domain protein)[1,2]。其中,ASPP1和ASPP2可以激活p53功能,而iASPP则发挥抑制p53作用。p53凋亡调控机制的异常是肿瘤发生的重要病理基础。那么,ASPP基因功能及在肿瘤中的作用和机制研究为临床肿瘤诊疗提供了新思路,相关研究结果取得了较大进展。

1 ASPP基因结构特点和功能

人类中的ASPP1和ASPP2分别由ppp1r13b和tp53bp2基因编码,iASPP由ppp1r13l基因编码[1-2]。ASPP1蛋白由1 090个氨基酸组成,是P53BP2的同源蛋白类似物;ASPP2蛋白即P53BP2蛋白,由1 128个氨基酸组成;iASPP进化最为保守,因可与核因子kappa B(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)p65 Rel A结合并抑制其功能,最初称为Rel相关抑制蛋白(Rel-associated inhibitor,RAI)[2]。目前发现的iASPP至少有3个亚型,包括iASPP/RAI(含351个氨基酸),全长型iASPP(含828个氨基酸)和iASPP剪接变异体(iASPP splice variant,iASPP-SV,含407个氨基酸)[3]。ASPP分子C末端内含多个蛋白结合位点,可与p53、RelA/p65、腺瘤性息肉样蛋白及丙肝病毒核心蛋白等结合影响细胞的增殖和凋亡[4]。ASPP的C末端(尤其是Ank和SH3结构域)是与p53结合必不可少的结构,缺少SH3和(或)Ank序列的截短型iASPP均不能和p53结合。

研究表明ASPP的N末端也具有重要作用。ASPP1和ASPP2的N端143位、123位残基可能与某些蛋白结合,影响p53的反式激活功能[1]。ASPP2还可通过N末端与蛋白酶激活受体3结合维持细胞极性和黏合连接的完整性[5]。另外,由于含长N末端的ASPP1、ASPP2和全长型iASPP胞浆和胞核都有分布,而含短N末端的iASPP(RAI)和iASPP-SV仅表达于胞核中,提示长N末端可能调控ASPP分子向胞浆内分布[3,6]。以往认为ASPP2的N末端仅含α-螺旋或是无结构化的,但Tidow等[7]利用核磁共振波谱法对ASPP2的N末端1-83区分析发现该区存在泛素样折叠结构,可能与ASPP2和凋亡相关蛋白结合及其自身选择性促凋亡作用有关。最近,Wang等[8]研究也表明ASPP1和ASPP2可以通过N末端Ras相关结构域(ras-association domains,RAD)结合并激活Ras癌基因,共同增强p53基因的转录和促凋亡作用。

2 ASPP基因与p53家族的相互作用

人类超过50%的肿瘤存在p53突变和(或)缺失,还有近一半肿瘤的p53是野生型的。p53主要功能是诱导细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡,其功能缺陷是导致多种肿瘤发生的原因。ASPP1和ASPP2的缺乏或iASPP的过表达能够影响p53的正常凋亡调控功能。ASPP主要通过Ank序列和SH3结构域与p53的DNA结合区结合形成ASPP-p53复合物来发挥作用。ASPP1和ASPP2是p53选择性刺激因子,与p53结合后可诱导促凋亡基因启动子区的反式激活促进细胞凋亡,而iASPP与p53结合发挥抑凋亡活性[9-10]。虽然ASPP家族分子的C末端高度同源,但实际上ASPP2和iASPP与p53等相互作用蛋白的结合区域并不完全相同。对ASPP分子本身的蛋白结合域Ank-SH3的生物物理学分析发现,ASPP2和iASPP与结合蛋白相互作用的Ank-SH3域存在细微差别,ASPP2通过其第一段Ank重复序列和SH3域中的n-Src环与蛋白结合,而iASPP通过第四段Ank重复序列和其SH3域中的RT环与蛋白结合[11]。这也揭示了iASPP与ASPP2凋亡调控作用不同的原因。

p53家族分子的DNA结合域进化保守,因此,p53的许多靶基因也可能被该家族中另两个分子p63和p73激活而产生与p53类似作用。由于ASPP主要结合于p53蛋白DNA结合区,那么,ASPP可能也与p63和p73相互作用。学者应用ASPP1和ASPP2特异性抗体可将p53以及p63γ和p73α转录活化亚型一起免疫沉淀出来[12]。Robinson等[13]利用固态结合分析法研究也发现iASPPΔ625(625-828残基)能与p63核心区(123-323残基)和p73核心区(112-312残基)相互作用。

3 肿瘤中ASPP异常表达及临床意义

研究表明,ASPP在人非小细胞肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、血液肿瘤、前列腺癌和胃癌等多种肿瘤组织和细胞中表达异常,ASPP1和ASPP2常低表达,而iASPP表达往往增高[14-21]

ASPP表达和功能异常可能受到基因多态性、表观调控及转录后调控的影响。吸烟人群中iASPP基因A67T区存在至少1个T等位基因多态性位点,且与肺癌发生风险显著相关[22]。ASPP1和ASPP2基因在p53野生型肿瘤细胞中低表达,可能与两者CpG岛中5’非翻译区(untranslated regions,UTR)的高甲基化状态有关[23]。以往研究表明microRNA可在转录后水平调节ASPP分子水平,microRNA124与iASPP的3’UTR结合后可显著下调前列腺癌细胞中iASPP的表达,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖[20,24]

肿瘤中ASPP的异常表达具有重要临床意义。Morris等[25]研究表明细胞核内iASPP的高表达与前列腺癌的高侵袭性和癌症相关死亡率有关。Kim等[26]发现口腔鳞状细胞癌复发患者的细胞质iASPP高表达,且其生存率显著降低。Cao等[17]对FIGO分级为ⅠB1-ⅡA级的宫颈鳞状上皮细胞癌患者组织分析结果显示,癌组织iASPP表达显著高于癌旁组织,而且细胞核内iASPP高表达影响患者的放、化疗耐受。此外,苏敏等[27]也证实span>ASPP表达异常影响非小细胞肺癌患者的预后,ASPP2阳性表达的患者预后较好,而iASPP阳性的患者预后较差。Kong等[28]对FIGO分级为ⅠA2-ⅡA级的宫颈腺癌患者接受肿瘤根治性切除的临床预后分析也得出,iASPP高表达是肿瘤患者预后不良的独立危险因素。这些结果都提示ASPP可能成为一类新的肿瘤诊断和预后评估指标。

4 ASPP调控肿瘤细胞增殖和凋亡机制

近年来,随着研究的不断深入,发现ASPP可以通过调节p53依赖性途径、p53非依赖性途径和与其他分子相互作用,共同干扰肿瘤细胞的增殖和凋亡过程。在某些肿瘤中,ASPP可以特异性调控野生型p53诱导的细胞凋亡,但似乎并不影响p53突变或缺失型肿瘤细胞的凋亡[1]。Chen等[14]应用慢病毒shRNA技术沉默非小细胞肺癌细胞系的iASPP后发现,高表达野生型p53的细胞增殖活力显著降低,而低表达野生型p53的细胞增殖活力无明显变化。根据ASPP结构特点得知,它们还可与其他分子相互作用间接影响p53凋亡调控功能。ASPP1和ASPP2通过N末端RAD结合活化的Ras癌基因增强p53的转录和促凋亡过程;同时,ASPP2还可被丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)磷酸化,磷酸化的ASPP2通过促进Ras与p53结合激活促凋亡基因的转录[8,29]。ASPP1和ASPP2也是转录因子E2F的作用靶点,E2F家族分子与ASPP1和ASPP2启动子结合后可以激活这两个分子的转录和表达,与p53凋亡途径协同诱导细胞凋亡[30]。此外,学者还发现ASPP1和ASPP2能够与p53辅助因子组蛋白乙酰化酶p300结合发挥协同作用,选择性增强p53对PIG3基因启动子区的转录活性[31]

然而,研究发现某些p53缺失型肿瘤细胞的增殖和凋亡也受ASPP表达的影响。利用小干扰RNA沉默iASPP后,p53基因缺失的肿瘤细胞增殖活力受到显著抑制[32-33],提示在该类细胞中存在p53非依赖性机制参与ASPP的凋亡调控过程。前述得知p53家族中另外两个分子p63和p73与ASPP分子也存在相互作用位点,而p63和p73与p53的不同在于它们在人类肿瘤中的突变率非常低。那么,在p53突变或缺失的肿瘤类型中,ASPP可能通过p63和p73介导的p53非依赖性途径发挥凋亡调控作用。研究发现,ASPP1和ASPP2可以刺激p63和p73对促凋亡基因Bax,PIG3和PUMA启动子区的反式激活功能,诱导这些促凋亡蛋白的表达,从而引起两种p53缺失的肿瘤细胞系SaOS-2和H1299的细胞凋亡[12]。相反,iASPP可以显著抑制H1299细胞系中p63和p73对促凋亡基因Bax和PUMA启动子区的反式激活功能抑制细胞凋亡[34]。当然,ASPP还可通过干扰其他信号通路间接调节p63或p73的表达来影响肿瘤的发生。有学者发现ASPP2与p63蛋白表达呈负相关,ASPP2可以通过结合IκB并诱导NF-κB转录复合体中RelA/p65亚单位的表达抑制p63的表达[35]

此外,细胞有丝分裂也是肿瘤细胞增殖、生长的重要环节。细胞有丝分裂初期,中心体连接器被打开,使得中心体及时分离和双极纺锤体的形成,而在有丝分裂后期又被重组。最近,Zhang等[36]发现在细胞有丝分裂后期ASPP1/2会受到蛋白磷酸酶PP1的调控,促使中心体连接蛋白C-Nap1磷酸化,诱导中心体连接器的重组,而沉默ASPP1/2后能够显著干扰此过程,导致细胞有丝分裂的停滞,从而干扰细胞的增殖过程。

5 ASPP影响肿瘤细胞放化疗敏感度及侵袭能力

ASPP异常表达能影响肿瘤细胞对放、化疗的敏感度。Jia等[19]通过建立高表达iASPP造血细胞的转基因小鼠模型发现,该模型小鼠的造血细胞在受到放射线损伤后,启动修复信号的分子γ-H2AX表达水平增高并能维持较长时间,这使得凋亡耐受细胞更容易出现突变累积,从而增加细胞恶性转化的潜在风险。Jiang等[18]研究也发现过表达iASPP可以通过活化分离酶,以p53非依赖性方式减少卵巢癌细胞的有丝分裂障碍而对紫杉醇药物产生耐受,而沉默iASPP后这些效应被逆转,使细胞在接受紫杉醇治疗后更易发生凋亡。然而,Kramer等[37]最新一项研究得出了相反的结果,他们发现在人黑色素瘤组织和7种黑色素瘤细胞系中iASPP呈低水平表达;进而过表达iASPP后发现,iASPP能够结合并稳定p300和其同源类似物CBP,诱导p300和TAp73蛋白与促凋亡基因启动子区结合,增强顺铂药物作用后的细胞凋亡活性,而应用shRNA沉默iASPP后,顺铂药物产生的细胞凋亡作用被削弱,提示黑色素瘤患者化疗耐受可能与iASPP表达降低有关。

近期,学者还发现ASPP异常表达与肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移有关。Tordella等[35]对原发和转移的头颈鳞状细胞癌组织检测发现,出现转移的原位癌组织和淋巴组织中ASPP2的表达明显低于原发癌组织。Mak等[38]研究结果也显示绒毛膜癌细胞的迁移能力在转染ASPP2后显著降低,这可能与ASPP2抑制了Src酪氨酸激酶信号通路活性有关。

6 总结与展望

ASPP家族的发现为肿瘤发生、发展机制揭开了新的面纱。肿瘤中ASPP的异常表达可以作为肿瘤早期诊断和预后评估的新指标,也可成为肿瘤治疗的新靶点。原发于脊柱部位的恶性肿瘤发病隐匿,不易早期发现,当患者出现明显神经或脊髓压迫症状时才就诊,往往需要手术切除。但脊柱部位肿瘤手术风险极高,而且经手术后病灶往往反复发生局部侵袭与转移,手术治疗存在一定局限。另外,部分脊柱原发恶性肿瘤对放疗和目前临床常用化疗药物不敏感。因此,针对这些肿瘤寻找合适的诊断指标和治疗靶点,可能帮助改善目前脊柱恶性肿瘤诊治的困境。ASPP家族分子不仅可以通过p53依赖性、非依赖性途径或与其他分子相互作用共同调控肿瘤细胞的增殖与凋亡,还可影响肿瘤细胞对放、化疗的敏感度及其侵袭能力,为脊柱原发恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、辅助治疗和预后评估研究提供了新思路,对其中可能涉及的作用和机制也值得深入探索。当然,需要注意的是,ASPP分子在不同类型肿瘤中的表达可能存在差异,而且ASPP调控肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用及机制也不完全相同,因此,对于不同类型肿瘤尚需分类研究和探讨。

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