


2. 南京军区总医院麻醉科,江苏 南京 210002
2. Dept of Anesthesiology, Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command, Nanjing 210002,China
越来越多的证据表明,单侧神经的损伤会导致双侧神经的细胞和分子结构的变化,并导致双侧痛觉高敏,把这种现象称为镜像痛(mirror image-pain,MIP),它是神经病理性痛(neuropathic pain,NP)中的一种特殊现象[1]。
到目前为止,MIP的发生机制尚不清楚,随着对胶质细胞研究的不断深入,胶质细胞在NP中的作用越来越受到关注,神经的损伤或炎症可导致胶质细胞的活化及增生,这些胶质细胞会释放一些物质,反过来调控伤害性神经元的兴奋性[2]。研究发现,星形胶质细胞在MIP的发生中可能扮演着更重要角色。星形胶质细胞之间信号传递的一个重要机制是缝隙连接(gap junction,GJ),损伤侧的伤害性信号可以通过GJ以钙波的形式传递到对侧脊髓,从而促进疼痛的传导[3-4]。
甘珀酸(carbenoxolone,CBX)是一种GJ阻滞剂,使用CBX阻滞GJ可以抑制多种持续性疼痛动物模型中的痛觉高敏。
本实验通过鞘内注射不同剂量的CBX来观察对腰5脊神经切断(SNT)大鼠的双侧机械痛阈(mechanical withdraw threshold,MWT)的影响,以及双侧脊髓背角胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)和TNF-α、IL-1β表达的变化,来探讨星形胶质细胞及炎性介质参与大鼠MIP的可能机制。
1 材料与方法 1.1 动物模型体质量160~180 g的成年♂ Sprague-Dawley大鼠60只(由南京军区总医院动物实验中心提供,清洁级),单笼饲养。动物饲养室温为(23±3)℃,周期光照8 ∶00~20 ∶00,大鼠自由进食,饮水。所有实验均在光照期间完成。以2%的戊巴比妥(Sigma公司,美国)50 mg·kg-1腹腔注射麻醉,根据Kim[5]方法创建模型。
1.2 药物及分组甘珀酸(Sigma,美国);兔抗大鼠和胶原纤维酸性蛋白(anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)抗体(Sigma,美国);ELISA试剂盒。随机分成5组(n=12),Ⅰ. 假手术组 (Sham+NS),Ⅱ.模型组(SNT+NS),Ⅲ. SNT+CBX(0.05 μg),Ⅳ. SNT+CBX(0.5 μg),Ⅴ. SNT+CBX(5 μg)。
1.3 鞘内注射参照Mestre等[6]所建立的方法。大鼠麻醉后用连有PE-10导管的稍钝针头经腰5(L5)和腰4(L4)椎间隙行椎管穿刺,以动物出现突然地侧向甩尾运动,作为穿刺成功的标志,鞘内注射采用微量进样器进行。术后10 d,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组鞘内注射生理盐水10μL,Ⅲ至Ⅴ组鞘内注射CBX 0.05 μg(10 μL)、0.5 μg(10 μL)和5 μg(10 μL),CBX浓度的选择参考既往文献。
1.4 机械痛阈的测定5组大鼠,每组随机取6只固定进行行为学测定,分别于术前1 d,术后1 、3、5、7、10 d及给药后1、2、4、6 h测定双侧MWT。MWT测定:将大鼠分别放置于金属筛网上的有机玻璃箱里,安静15 min,以Von Frey 纤维垂直刺其后肢足底中部皮肤,持续≤4 s,大鼠出现抬足、舔足、躲避等反应时,读Electrovon Frey 读数器上显示的最大值(g),每只大鼠重复测量5次,间隔5 min,去除最大和最小值,计算3 次的平均值即为大鼠的MWT值。
1.5 免疫组织化学染色5组大鼠术后10 d鞘内注射CBX 2 h后,随机取3只按以下方法取材检测。2%的戊巴比妥钠50 mg·kg-1经腹腔注射麻醉,开胸后经左心室插管至升主动脉,依次灌注生理盐水250 mL、4%多聚甲醛(pH 7.4)0.1 mL·L-1、PBS缓冲液250 mL,约1 h后取大鼠脊髓腰膨大,于上述固定液中固定24 h。经梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明石蜡包埋,进行连续切片,片厚40 μm,每个蜡块连续切5片。以ABC法作GFAP免疫组化染色。染片用半自动图像分析仪进行图像分析,计算各切片GFAP阳性细胞数表示星形胶质细胞表达的强度。胞质出现棕黄色颗粒沉积为GFAP免疫组化阳性反应细胞。
1.6 TNF-α和IL-1β表达检测ELISA测定双侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β浓度。按照试剂盒说明书操作,并在波长为450 nm,参考波长为 620 nm处,用酶标仪(美国 Bio-Rad公司)测定光密度,根据标准曲线算出TNF-α和IL-1β浓度。
1.7 统计分析计量资料以x±s表示,以SPSS13.0统计软件处理。各组机械痛阈值组内比较采用重复测量方差分析,组间比较,若方差齐采用LSD检验,方差不齐则采用Dunnett’s T3检验,GFAP阳性细胞数和TNF-α和IL-1β表达值组间比较采用单因素方差分析。
2 结果 2.1 MWT测定结果与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ至Ⅴ组损伤侧术后1、3、5、7、10 d MWT均明显下降(P<0.05),术后5 d降至最低,持续到10 d,而对侧术后7 d降至最低,持续到10 d;与术后10 d给药前1 h相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组给药后1、2、4、6 h双侧MWT均无明显差异(P>0.05);Ⅳ组给药后1、2、4、6 h损伤侧MWT无明显差异(P>0.05),而对侧给药后1 h MWT即开始提高(P<0.05),2 h时达高峰(P<0.05),6 h时与给药前无明显差异(P>0.05);Ⅴ组给药后1、2、4 h双侧MWT均明显提高(P<0.05),2 h时达高峰(P<0.05),6 h时与给药前无明显差异(P>0.05)。见Fig 1。
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| Fig 1 The bilateral MWT of rats in five groups at each time point compared with group Ⅰ,the bilateral MWT in group Ⅱ~Ⅴ was significantly decreased. vs the MWT 1 h before intrathecal administration,the values at 1,2,4,6 h after administration of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ showed no marked difference. The ipsilateral MWT in group Ⅳ showed no significant difference at 1,2,4,6 h after administration,while the contralateral MWT was significantly increased at 1,2,4 h. In group Ⅴ the bilateral MWT was significantly improved at 1,2,4 h after administration.*P<0.05 vs group Ⅰ;#P<0.05 vs MWT 1h before intrathecal administration. |
与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组双侧脊髓背角GFAP的染色明显增强,Ⅳ组损伤侧脊髓背角GFAP的染色明显增强;与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅳ组对侧脊髓背角GFAP的染色明显减弱,损伤侧无明显变化,Ⅴ组双侧脊髓背角GFAP的染色均明显减弱。GFAP阳性细胞数的比较,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ和Ⅲ组双侧脊髓背角GFAP的阳性细胞数均明显增多(P<0.05);且Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ组损伤侧增加最明显;与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ组及Ⅳ组损伤侧脊髓背角GFAP阳性细胞数无明显变化(P>0.05),而Ⅳ组对侧脊髓背角GFAP的阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.05),Ⅴ组双侧脊髓背角GFAP阳性细胞数均明显降低(P<0.05)。见Fig 2,3。
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| Fig 2 GFAP expression in bilateral dorsal horns of the spinal cord in rats compared with group Ⅰ(A),the bilateral expressions of GFAP in group Ⅱ(B) and Ⅲ(C) were significantly enhanced. In group Ⅳ(D),the ipsilateral expressions of GFAP were significantly enhanced; compared with group Ⅱ (B),the bilateral expressions of GFAP in group Ⅴ(E) were significantly decreased. In group Ⅳ (D),the contralateral expression was abviously reduced. |
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| Fig 3 Number of GFAP-positive cells in bilateral spinal dosal horns of spinal cord in five groups(x±s ) compared with group Ⅰ,the number of GFAP-positive cells in the bilateral dosal horns of the spinal cord was significantly increased in group Ⅱ~Ⅴ; compared with group Ⅱ,the contralateral spinal dorsal horn of GFAP positive cells was significantly reduced in group Ⅳ,the bilateral spinal cord dorsal horn of GFAP-positive cells was significantly decreased in group Ⅴ.*P<0.05 vs group Ⅰ;#P<0.05 vs group Ⅱ. |
与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ~Ⅴ组双侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β的水平均明显提高(P<0.05);与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ和Ⅳ组损伤侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β的水平无明显变化(P>0.05),对侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β的水平明显降低(P<0.05),且Ⅳ组降低的更明显;Ⅴ组双侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β的水平均明显降低(P<0.05)。见Tab 1。
| Group | n | TNF-α | IL-1β | ||
| Injury side | Contralateral side | Injury side | Contralateral side | ||
| Ⅰ | 3 | 9.68±2.91 | 7.55±2.11 | 25.73±2.73 | 23.15±6.79 |
| Ⅱ | 3 | 148.43±9.92* | 116.80±8.42* | 317.30±22.97* | 244.95±18.94* |
| Ⅲ | 3 | 146.47±30.30* | 94.56±9.55*# | 313.28±70.39* | 195.35±21.07*# |
| Ⅳ | 3 | 118.79±17.50* | 69.30±10.07*# | 249.60±39.51* | 140.39±21.59*# |
| Ⅴ | 3 | 69.15±9.27*# | 39.65±9.86*# | 140.06±19.84*# | 77.89±20.34*# |
| F | 36.93 | 77.18 | 31.53 | 68.38 | |
| P | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| vs group Ⅰ,the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β at 2 h after administration in group Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ was significantly increased;vs group Ⅱ,the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β on the contralateral side in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ was significantly reduced,while the ipsilateral side in groupⅣ had no significant changes. The bilateral expressions of GFAP,TNF-α and IL-1β in group Ⅴ were significantly decreased.*P<0.05 vs group Ⅰ;#P<0.05 vs group Ⅱ. | |||||
在临床和动物模型中都发现有MIP的现象,临床上如复杂区域疼痛综合症(complex regional pain syndrome,CRPS)、类风湿关节炎、纤维肌痛和NP;动物模型如神经损伤性疼痛、炎症性疼痛及癌性疼痛[7-8]。MIP的典型特点是镜像侧的机械痛觉高敏,所以本研究主要观察SNT大鼠的MWT值,研究发现,大鼠单侧神经损伤后,损伤侧术后1 d即出现明显的MWT值升高,对侧术后5 d表现出明显的MWT值升高。目前对MIP的机制仍然不清楚,被广泛接受的有三大主要假说:体液学说、神经学说及胶质细胞学说,近年来,中枢神经系统胶质细胞的激活,通过GJ、钙波及促炎性因子的释放3个途径在MIP的发生机制中受到越来越多的关注。GJ是相邻细胞膜之间的连接通道,允许离子和小分子如cAMP、IP3、ATP和小分子肽类在细胞间自由通过[9-11]。 在中枢神经系统内,GJ广泛分布于星形胶质细胞之间,星形胶质细胞通过GJ广泛偶联形成一种星形胶质细胞网络。有学者发现星形胶质细胞可以对因各种刺激而激活的神经元细胞做出快速电反应,表现为沿GJ传播的Ca2+波[12],伤害性刺激信号可能通过钙波的形式在星形胶质细胞GJ网络中传递,引起疼痛的扩散和传播,进而导致远处的神经胶质细胞和神经元的活化,导致域外和镜像效应的产生。本实验发现,Ⅱ组大鼠术后10 d脊髓背角双侧GFAP的表达明显增加,而鞘内注射大剂量CBX后,脊髓背角双侧GFAP的表达明显下降,提示GJ可能参与GFAP的激活。除此之外,促炎性因子在不同的NP模型及诱发或促进NP中的重要作用,在许多实验研究中都已经被证实[13-14],之前我们的研究也发现,SNT大鼠术后损伤侧脊髓背角TNF-α、IL-1β均明显增高,鞘内注射5 μg的CBX后MWT值明显提高,同时TNF-α、IL-1β的表达也降低[15]。然而,大多数的研究都主要集中在神经损伤侧的神经炎症反应,神经损伤对侧的炎症反应的研究却比较少,所以本实验就观察了大鼠双侧的神经炎症反应情况,结果发现,SNT大鼠术后10 d双侧MWT明显降低,同时双侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β的表达也明显升高,鞘内给予低剂量、中剂量及大剂量的CBX后,对侧脊髓背角TNF-α和IL-1β的表达都降低,且随着剂量的增加,炎性因子降低的越明显,因此我们推测神经损伤引起损伤侧星形胶质细胞的活化及增生,伤害性刺激信号通过GJ以钙波的形式传递到对侧,激活对侧的星形胶质细胞,引起对侧促炎性细胞因子的释放,这些细胞因子可以作为第二信使,进一步作用于激活的神经元和胶质细胞,导致持续的痛觉过敏和异常性疼痛。
本实验发现鞘内注射CBX可逆性地缓解大鼠双侧MWT,结合星形胶质细胞细胞和促炎性细胞因子在NP中的作用,因此,我们推测鞘内注射CBX后抑制了细胞之间的GJ,从而阻断伤害性信号向对侧脊髓背角的传递,抑制对侧胶质细胞的激活及TNF-α和IL-1β等炎性细胞因子的释放来逆转痛觉高敏。
( 致谢: 本实验在南京军区南京总医院比较医学科麻醉科实验室完成,在此衷心感谢我的导师李伟彦教授的耐心培养,实验室刘清珍老师的细心指导,许倩等各位同学的合作和帮助! )
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文章信息
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文章历史
- 收稿日期: 2016-02-01
- 修订日期: 2016-03-25
