文章信息
- 张晓岚, 刘霄霄, 耿龙
- 以硬斑病样皮损为表现的线状皮肤型红斑狼疮1例报道并文献复习
- Linear cutaneous lupus erythematosus with morphea lesions as the manifestation: a case report and literature review
- 中国医科大学学报, 2024, 53(11): 1043-1046
- Journal of China Medical University, 2024, 53(11): 1043-1046
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文章历史
- 收稿日期:2023-10-26
- 网络出版时间:2024-11-21 11:10:05
2. 中国医科大学附属第一医院皮肤科, 沈阳 110001
线状皮肤型红斑狼疮(liner cutaneous lupus erythematosus,LCLE)是红斑狼疮中一种极为罕见的亚型,主要发生于儿童和青年人,无明显的性别差异[1]。皮损通常沿Blaschko线分布,主要见于面部及四肢。临床表现通常为非对称性分布的线状红斑或丘疹,预后相对较好[2]。目前,国内外的相关病例报道很少。本文报道了中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的1例以硬斑病样皮损为表现的LCLE病例,并复习相关文献,探讨该病的发病机制及诊断与治疗方法,以期为LCLE的诊疗提供参考依据。
1 临床资料患者,男,5岁,以“枕部及后颈部线状白斑伴脱发1年”为主诉来中国医科大学附属第一医院皮肤科门诊就诊。患者1年前于枕部出现白斑,呈线状分布,伴有皮损处毛发脱失,无痛痒感,皮损逐渐蔓延至后颈部。于当地医院就诊,考虑为“硬斑病”,给予自制外用药物治疗,病情未见好转,故来我院就诊。患者病来无发热,无关节肿痛,无乏力等其他伴随症状。既往健康,足月儿,生长发育正常。家族中无遗传疾病。
体格检查:发育正常,营养状况良好,系统查体未见异常。皮肤科查体:枕部及后颈部可见长度约10 cm线状白斑,白斑表面可见灶状萎缩,无鳞屑附着,枕部白斑处毛发缺失(图 1)。
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| 图 1 患者枕部及后颈部皮损 |
实验室检查:血尿常规未见异常。抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA),抗史密斯(anti-Smith,Sm)抗体、抗干燥综合征A(anti-Sjӧgren syndrome A,SSA/Ro)抗体,抗干燥综合征B(anti-Sjӧgren syndrome B,SSB/La)抗体,抗双链DNA(anti-double-stranded DNA,ds-DNA)抗体,抗核糖核蛋白(anti-ribonucleoprotein,RNP)抗体,抗组氨酰-tRNA合成酶(anti-histidyl-tRNA synthetase,Jo-1)抗体,以及抗硬皮病70(anti-scleroderma 70,SCL-70)抗体检测均为阴性。
皮肤组织病理:表皮轻度萎缩,基底层灶状液化变性,真皮内血管及毛囊周围致密淋巴细胞浸润,呈结节状分布(图 2)。免疫组织化学检查:真皮内淋巴细胞主要表现为CD3、CD4、CD8阳性表达,毛囊周围见CD20和CD21阳性细胞呈结节状分布。EB病毒编码RNA(Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNA,EBER)阴性(图 3)。直接免疫荧光检查:IgA、IgM、IgG、C3在真皮、表皮内均为阴性表达。
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| A,皮损处组织病理表现为表皮轻度萎缩,基底层灶状液化变性,真皮内血管及毛囊周围致密淋巴细胞浸润(×40);B,毛囊及血管周围可见结节状分布的淋巴细胞浸润(×100). 图 2 皮损处组织病理图像 HE染色 |
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| 真皮内淋巴细胞主要表现为CD3(A)、CD4(B)、CD8(C)阳性表达,毛囊周围见CD20(D)和CD21(E)阳性细胞呈结节状分布. 图 3 皮损处免疫组织化学图像 ×100 |
结合临床表现,实验室检查及病理结果,诊断为LCLE。鉴别诊断见表 1。明确诊断后给予患者糠酸莫米松乳膏适量(2次/d)外用于皮损处,3周后皮损较前明显缩小,而后改为0.03%他克莫司乳膏适量(2次/d)外用于皮损处。目前患者仍在随访中。本研究获得锦州医科大学附属第一医院医学研究伦理委员会批准,患者及其家属知情同意。
2 讨论
LCLE是红斑狼疮中的一种罕见的变异型。1978年由UMBERT等[6]第一次作为皮肤型红斑狼疮的线性变异型提出,1998年ABE等[7]将其正式命名为LCLE。早期报道的案例通常多为沿Blaschko线分布的盘状红斑狼疮,不引起系统受累[8-9],而后逐渐发现狼疮性脂膜炎、大疱性红斑狼疮、亚急性红斑狼疮等皮损也可沿线状排列[10-12]。故2000年ABE等[13]将其统称为LCLE。该病多发生在儿童和青少年,男女发病比例约为1∶1.3[14]。该病的发病机制目前尚不明确。JIN等[15]曾提出LCLE发病模式与角质形成细胞出现遗传镶嵌/表观遗传修饰以及角质形成细胞凋亡学说等有关。其中,角质形成细胞凋亡学说是促进LCLE发病的一种重要因素。遗传变异的角质形成细胞缺乏调控细胞凋亡所需的蛋白,从而导致主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)表达异常和细胞因子异常释放,进而导致LCLE发生[16]。感染、药物、紫外线照射、创伤因素也会通过诱导Blaschko线上的角质形成细胞表达相关抗原,引起皮肤型红斑狼疮的发病[17-19]。
LCLE发病较少,近年来国外报道约60例,国内报道约20例。复习相关文献[20]发现,LCLE的平均发病年龄约9岁,病程不等,约2个月~20余年。LCLE的好发部位分别为头颈部(57%)、四肢(46%)和躯干部(14%),也有少数患者会在多个部位出现皮损[21]。其皮损特点通常为沿Blaschko线分布的红色或紫红色的斑块,表面可附着白色鳞屑,通常不伴有系统受累[22]。少数患者也会出现皮肤钙质沉积或粟丘疹的改变[23]。实验室检查方面,文献[24-25]报道中多数患者ANA表达阴性或弱阳性。而本例患者发病部位为头皮及颈部,皮损表现为线状分布的白斑,表面萎缩,呈羊皮纸状外观,且伴随局部脱发,曾于当地医院误诊为硬斑病,是LCLE的一种较为罕见的临床表现,目前尚无类似报道。
LCLE的组织病理学改变包括角化过度,表皮萎缩,基底细胞液化变性,真皮内血管、毛囊等附属器周围有密集的淋巴细胞浸润[26]。部分深在性红斑狼疮病理可见脂肪小叶内的淋巴细胞浸润[27]。直接免疫荧光可表现为IgG、IgM、IgA或C3在真皮、表皮交接处和附属器周围呈颗粒状沉积。但免疫荧光结果阴性并不能排除该病[28]。因此,临床中通过皮肤病理和直接免疫荧光结果可与硬斑病、线状银屑病、线状扁平苔藓等鉴别。本例患者的皮损符合皮肤红斑狼疮病理改变,且免疫组织化学检查结果提示附属器周围以T淋巴细胞及B淋巴细胞混合性浸润为主,结合患者的临床表现,诊断为LCLE。
局限性LCLE的治疗以外用强效激素及防晒为主[29],也可外用钙调免疫抑制剂作为维持治疗[30]。对于多发性LCLE则需要系统治疗,羟氯喹为首选药物[31]。对于羟氯喹反应差的患者,可选择氨苯砜或者甲氨蝶呤口服配合中强效激素软膏外用进行治疗[32-33]。本例患者皮损局限,且无其他系统症状,因此首选糠酸莫米松乳膏外用3周,治疗后皮损较前明显好转,而后改为0.03%他克莫司乳膏外用于皮损处维持治疗。
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2024, Vol. 53



