中国医科大学学报  2023, Vol. 52 Issue (3): 253-256, 262

文章信息

班允超, 朗觉, 吴亮, 多吉, 刘辉, 尼玛欧珠
BAN Yunchao, LANG Jue, WU liang, DUO Ji, LIU Hui, NIMA Ouzhu
超高海拔地区脑出血患者血肿量及预后的影响因素
Factors influencing hematoma volume and prognosis in patients with cerebral hemorrhage at ultrahigh altitude area
中国医科大学学报, 2023, 52(3): 253-256, 262
Journal of China Medical University, 2023, 52(3): 253-256, 262

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-10-13
网络出版时间:2023-03-20 10:21:21
超高海拔地区脑出血患者血肿量及预后的影响因素
班允超1 , 朗觉2 , 吴亮2 , 多吉2 , 刘辉2 , 尼玛欧珠2     
1. 中国医科大学附属第一医院神经外科, 沈阳 110001;
2. 那曲市人民医院外二科, 西藏 那曲 852000
摘要目的 探讨4500 m以上超高海拔地区脑出血患者血肿量及预后的影响因素。方法 收集2017年1月至2022年1月那曲市人民医院神经外科住院治疗的126例脑出血患者的临床资料,包括性别、年龄、民族、病史、出血部位及入院体征等指标,采用线性回归分析各指标与血肿量的相关性,多元线性回归分析血肿量的影响因素。根据预后情况将患者分为预后不良组、预后良好组,采用t检验或χ2检验比较2组各项指标的差异,将单因素分析有统计学意义(P < 0.05)指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析预后的影响因素。结果 患者入院时收缩压、入院血红蛋白(HGB)、入院红细胞压积(HCT)与血肿量存在相关性,多元线性回归分析显示入院时收缩压是血肿量的影响因素(P < 0.05)。预后良好组与预后不良组入院时血肿量、是否脑疝、入院时HCT及格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)比较差异均具有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);多因素logistic回归分析显示,入院GCS评分和入院HCT是患者预后的独立危险因素(均P < 0.05)。结论 超高海拔地区脑出血患者入院时收缩压是血肿量的影响因素,收缩压越高,血肿量越大。入院时GCS评分和HCT可能会影响患者的预后。
关键词超高海拔地区    脑出血    预后    影响因素    
Factors influencing hematoma volume and prognosis in patients with cerebral hemorrhage at ultrahigh altitude area
1. Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
2. The Second Department of Surgery, People's Hospital of Naqu, Naqu 852000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the factors that affect hematoma volume and the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage in an area above 4500 m at an ultrahigh altitude. Methods A total of 126 patients with cerebral hemorrhage were hospitalized from January, 2017 to January, 2022 in the Department of Neurosurgery of People's Hospital of Naqu; the patients' sex, age, nation, medical history, location of hemorrhage, and admission signs were collected, and the correlation between the patients and the volume of hematoma was analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to their prognosis, and the different characteristics were analyzed using t test or chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the influence of meaningful independent variables on prognosis. Results Through linear regression, the patients' systolic blood pressure, admission hemoglobin value, hematocrit (HCT), and hematoma were correlated, among which the effect of systolic blood pressure on hematoma volume at admission was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the groups with good and poor prognoses in terms of hematoma volume at admission, brain hernia, HCT at admission, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that admission GCS score and admission HCT may be independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The volume of intracerebral hemorrhage at 4500 m altitude may be related to systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin, and HCT at admission, and systolic blood pressure at admission has a positive impact on the hematoma volume. GCS score and HCT at admission may affect patient prognosis.

自发性脑出血是指在没有明显外因情况下的脑内出血,其发病率占所有脑卒中的30%~40%[1],具有极高的致死率和致残率[2]。我国脑出血发病率高于欧美国家[3],西藏地区脑出血占本地区脑卒中总数的74.1%,远高于全球平均水平[4-5]。目前,超高海拔(3 500~5 500 m)地区脑出血研究鲜有报道。西藏自治区那曲市平均海拔4 500 m以上,是世界上海拔最高的城市。本研究收集那曲市人民医院2017年1月至2021年1月收治的126例自发性脑出血患者的临床资料,探讨血肿量及预后的影响因素,旨在为超高海拔地区脑出血的治疗及预防提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料及分组

收集2017年1月至2022年1月那曲市人民医院神经外科住院治疗的脑出血患者的临床资料。纳入标准:(1)符合美国心脏协会(AHA)/美国卒中协会(ASA)2022年自发性脑出血/出血脑卒中治疗指南[6]中自发性脑出血的诊断标准;(2)接受保守或手术治疗的住院患者;(3)本地世居居民或外地患者(入藏5年以上);(4)患者及家属均知情同意。排除标准:(1)患有心、肺、肾功能不全;(2)入院时双侧瞳孔散大及呼吸衰竭;(3)凝血功能异常。本研究已获得中国医科大学附属第一医院伦理委员会批准。共纳入126例。男94例(74.6%),女32例(26.4%);年龄25~78岁,平均(55.55±9.11)岁;藏族98例(84.1%),汉族28例(15.9%);否认高血压病史6例,有明确高血压病史112例。非手术治疗32例(25.4%),手术治疗94例(74.6%)。基底节区出血77例,其他部位(脑叶、丘脑、脑室、小脑)出血49例。发病至入院时间2~72 h(15.63±14.85)h。发生脑疝35例(27.8%),未发生脑疝91例(72.2%)。根据入院治疗1个月后格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)[7]分为预后不良组(1~2分,n = 38)和预后良好组(3~5分,n = 88)。

1.2 检测指标

患者入院后行头CT检查,明确出血部位(基底节区、脑叶、丘脑、脑室、小脑)。依据简化多田公式[6]计算血肿量,记录患者发病至入院时间、是否发生脑疝等情况。收集患者入院时血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HGB)、红细胞压积(hematocrit,HCT)、血小板计数(platelet count,PLT)等实验室数据。

采用患者入院治疗1个月后GOS评分进行预后评价。GOS评分[7]标准:5分,恢复良好(恢复正常生活,尽管有轻度缺陷);4分,轻度残疾(残疾但可独立生活;能在保护下工作);3分,重度残疾(保持清醒状态;残疾,日常生活需要照料);2分,植物生存仅有最小反应(随着睡眠和清醒的周期,眼睛能睁开);1分,死亡。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0进行统计分析。计量资料采用x±s表示,计数资料采用率(%)表示,应用线性相关分析患者年龄,性别,民族,发病到入院时间,入院血压、HGB、HCT等指标与血肿量相关性。采用独立样本t检验、χ2检验比较预后良好组和预后不良组各项临床指标的差异;采用多因素logistic回归分析影响预后的危险因素,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 血肿量与各项临床指标的相关分析

结果显示,患者血肿量10~100 mL,平均(45.39±17.97)mL,入院时收缩压、HGB和HCT与血肿量相关(均P < 0.05),见表 1

表 1 患者血肿量与各项临床指标的相关分析 Tab.1 Correlation analysis of hematoma volume and clinical data
Item Data r P
Sex [n(%)] -0.053 0.558
  Male 94(74.6)
  Female 32(26.4)
Age(x±s,year) 55.55±9.10 0.006 0.946
Nation [n(%)] -0.012 0.892
  Han 28(15.9)
  Tibetan 98(84.1)
Systolic pressure(x±s,mmHg) 176.72±28.09 0.214 0.016
Diastolic pressure(x±s,mmHg) 112.01±18.93 0.106 0.238
PLT(x±s,×109/L) 205.33±79.61 -0.068 0.449
HGB(x±s,g/L) 178.19±51.73 0.199 0.025
HCT(x±s,%) 58.92±11.90 0.189 0.034
Time of onset(x±s,h) 15.63±14.85 -0.105 0.241
The site of hemorrhage [n (%)] -0.099 0.270
  Basal ganglia area 77(61.1)
  Other sites 49(38.9)
Brain hernia [n (%)] 0.008 0.928
  Yes 35(27.8)
  No 91(72.2)

根据临床经验及文献,发病到入院时间也可能是影响血肿量的相关因素。因此以入院时收缩压、入院HGB、入院HCT及发病至入院时间为自变量,血肿量为因变量进行多元线性回归分析。结果显示,入院收缩压是血肿量的影响因素。见表 2

表 2 血肿量影响因素的多元回归分析 Tab.2 Multivariate regression analysis of the influencing factors of hematoma volume
Variable Coefficient SE Standardized coefficient P VIF
Constant 1.156 14.218 - 0.935 -
Systolic pressure 0.132 0.057 0.206 0.023 1.100
HGB 0.060 0.031 0.174 0.051 1.077
HCT 0.206 0.134 0.137 0.127 1.089
Time of onset -0.125 0.108 -0.103 0.250 1.094
VIF,variance inflation factor.

2.2 预后良好组与预后不良组各项临床指标比较

结果显示,预后良好组与预后不良组入院时血肿量、是否脑疝、入院HCT及GCS评分比较差异均具有统计学意义(均P < 0.05),见表 3

表 3 预后良好组与预后不良组患者各项临床指标比较 Tab.3 Comparison of clinical indicators between good and poor prognosis groups
Item Poor prognosis group(n = 38) Good prognosis group(n = 88) t/χ2 P
Age(x±s,year) 55.97±9.72 55.36±8.87 -0.287 0.774
Sex [n (%)] 3.012 0.222
  Male 26(70.1) 68(77.3)
  Female 11(29.9) 20(22.7)
Nation [n (%)] 2.756 0.097
  Han 12(31.6) 16(18.2)
  Tibetan 26(68.4) 72(81.8)
Time of onset(h) 14.84±13.79 15.97±15.35 -0.187 0.852
Systolic pressure(x±s,mmHg) 183.47±32.35 173.81±25.70 1.788 0.076
Diastolic pressure(x±s,mmHg) 115.45±22.98 110.52±16.81 -0.705 0.481
PLT(x±s,×109/L) 213.05±80.15 202.00±79.59 -0.784 0.433
HGB(x±s,g/L) 180.82±60.13 177.07±46.89 -1.366 0.172
HCT(x±s,%) 62.56±12.31 57.35±11.43 -2.050 0.040
Hematoma volume(mL) 53.01±20.99 42.22±15.49 -2.681 0.007
History of hypertension [n (%)] 0.231 0.631
  Yes 33(86.8) 79(89.8)
  No 5(13.2) 9(10.2)
Brain hernia [n (%)] 18.165 < 0.001
  Yse 20(52.6) 14(15.9)
  No 18(47.4) 74(84.1)
The site of hemorrhage [n (%)] 0.096 0.757
  Basal ganglia area 24(63.2) 53(60.2)
  Other sites 14(36.8) 35(39.8)
GCS 6.66±2.23 9.88±2.56 -5.894 < 0.001
Operation [n (%)] 0.084 0.772
  Yse 29(76.3) 65(73.9)
  No 9(23.7) 23(26.1)

2.3 多因素logistic回归分析脑出血患者预后的影响因素

将单因素分析有统计学意义(P < 0.05)指标(血肿量、入院GCS评分、入院HCT值、是否发生脑疝)纳入多因素logistic回归方程。结果显示,入院GCS评分(OR = 1.689,95%CI:1.689~1.306,P < 0.001)、入院HCT(OR = 0.963,95%CI:0.932~0.996,P < 0.05)是患者预后的影响因素。见表 4

表 4 脑出血患者预后影响因素的多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage
Variable B SE Waldχ2 P OR 95%CI
hematoma volume -0.011 0.017 0.334 0.563 0.990 0.958-1.024
GCS 0.520 0.131 15.968 < 0.001 1.689 1.689-1.306
HCT -0.038 0.017 4.949 0.026 0.963 0.932-0.996
Brain hernia 0.308 0.616 0.249 0.617 1.361 0.407-4.554

3 讨论

已有研究[8]显示高血压是自发性脑出血的独立危险因素。高海拔可引发血压升高,从而增加脑出血的发病率[9-10]。西藏3 000 m以上世居人群高血压的患病率为23%~56%,且海拔每增加100 m,高血压的患病率增加2%[11]。高海拔带来的低温也可致血压升高[12],温度每降低10 ℃,收缩压升高5.7 mmHg[13]

那曲市地处青藏高原北部,平均海拔4 500 m以上,全境为超高海拔地区,对血压影响尤为明显。当地的传统饮食偏重高盐高脂,盐摄入量达世界卫生组织推荐的5倍[14],同时过多酒精和极少的水果和蔬菜摄入,增加了高血压、高脂血症和卒中的风险[15]。除此之外,藏族具有与汉族人群不同的特殊易感基因,可能更易发生高血压,且高血压危险等级更高[16]。但本研究中藏族和汉族(均为常住那曲人口)脑出血患者血肿量和预后未见显著差异,可能是样本量偏小所致。

本研究结果显示,HGB及HCT与血肿量大小呈正向相关,说明高原性红细胞增多可能更易导致脑血肿量增加。入院收缩压是脑出血患者血肿量的影响因素(P = 0.023),入院时收缩压越高,患者血肿量越大,这提示超高海拔地区高血压防治有着重要意义,饮食中应改用低钠高钾盐以降低钠的摄入[15]

本研究结果显示,与脑出血患者预后相关的因素可能包括血肿量、入院时GCS评分、HCT以及是否发生脑疝;多因素logistic回归结果显示,入院时GCS评分和HCT是影响预后的独立危险因素(均P < 0.05),与以往研究[7]结果一致。

综上所述,4 500 m超高海拔地区脑出血患者血肿量可能与入院时收缩压、入院HGB、入院HCT、发病至入院时间相关,入院时收缩压是血肿量的影响因素。入院时GCS评分和HCT可能会影响患者的预后。本研究样本量较小,且仅纳入一所医院,今后需扩大样本量,扩大地域范围来进一步研究论证。

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