中国医科大学学报  2023, Vol. 52 Issue (2): 141-146

文章信息

杨煜华, 马晶茹
YANG Yuhua, MA Jingru
NLR联合胱抑素C对急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉介入治疗术后发生对比剂急性肾损伤的预测价值
Predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio combined with cystatin C on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention
中国医科大学学报, 2023, 52(2): 141-146
Journal of China Medical University, 2023, 52(2): 141-146

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-05-09
网络出版时间:2023-01-31 14:05:48
NLR联合胱抑素C对急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉介入治疗术后发生对比剂急性肾损伤的预测价值
杨煜华 , 马晶茹     
沈阳医学院附属第二医院心血管内科, 沈阳 110035
摘要目的 探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、胱抑素C(CysC)及二者联合对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后发生对比剂急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的预测价值。方法 选取2015年1月至2020年12月在沈阳医学院附属第二医院心血管内科住院诊断为AMI并行PCI治疗的患者583例。采用2012年改善全球肾病预后组织制定的急性肾损伤诊断标准,将所有患者分为CI-AKI组(51例)和非CI-AKI组(532例),比较2组临床资料的差异,通过二分类logistic回归模型分析AMI患者PCI术后发生CI-AKI的危险因素,并绘制受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线以评估NLR、CysC及二者联合对CI-AKI的预测能效。结果 583例患者中CI-AKI发病率为8.75%。将临床基线资料中有意义的变量进行单因素logistic回归分析后得出,高血压史、卒中史、急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变、造影剂剂量、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)、NLR、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、CysC、估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)等12项危险因素与CI-AKI密切相关,多因素logistic分析表明,NLR、CysC、eGFR、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变是AMI患者PCI术后发生CI-AKI的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析提示,NLR、CysC及二者联合预测AMI患者PCI术后CI-AKI的曲线下面积分别为0.729、0.777和0.853。NLR、CysC对CI-AKI的发生具有较高的预测价值,且二者联合预测CI-AKI的能效性明显高于单一指标。结论 术前较高的NLR和CysC水平对AMI患者PCI术后发生CI-AKI的预测价值较高,二者联合诊断CI-AKI具有更高的能效性。
Predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio combined with cystatin C on contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention
YANG Yuhua , MA Jingru     
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110035, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the predictive values of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), cystatin C (CysC), and combined NLR and CysC on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods This study included 583 patients diagnosed with AMI who were treated with PCI between January, 2015 and December, 2020 in the Department of Cardiology of the second affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College. All patients were divided into the CI-AKI (n=51) and non-CI-AKI groups (n=532) according to the diagnostic criteria of acute renal injury established by the Global Nephropathy prognosis Organization in 2012, and the differences in clinical data between the two groups were compared. The risk factors of CI-AKI after PCI in patients with AMI were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the efficiency of NLR, CysC, and combined NLR and CysC on CI-AKI. Results The overall incidence of CI-AKI among all study participants was 8.75%. After a univariate logistic regression analysis was performed using significant variables from the clinical baseline data, 12 risk factors, such as history of hypertension, history of stroke, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, Killip classification ≥ 2, multivessel disease, contrast volume, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), NLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), CysC, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), were closely related to CI-AKI. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that NLR, PLR, CysC, eGFR, Killip classification ≥ 2, and multivessel disease were independent risk factors for CI-AKI in patients with AMI after PCI. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of NLR, CysC, and combined NLR and CysC in predicting CI-AKI after PCI in patients with AMI were 0.729, 0.777, and 0.853, respectively. Both NLR and CysC had a high predictive value for the occurrence of CI-AKI, and the efficiency of combined NLR and CysC for predicting CI-AKI was significantly higher than that of a single index. Conclusion Higher preoperative levels of both NLR and CysC have high predictive value for CI-AKI in patients with AMI after PCI, and the diagnosis of CI-AKI using combined NLR and CysC has a higher efficiency than that of NLR or CysC alone.

对比剂急性肾损伤(contrast-induced acute kidney injury,CI-AKI) 是急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI) 患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneou coronary intervention,PCI) 术后的常见并发症,据文献[1]报道,CI-AKI与急性冠脉综合征患者PCI术后全因死亡率、主要不良心脑血管事件和支架内再狭窄的风险增加相关。如何预测AMI患者行PCI治疗后发生CI-AKI并早期防治,一直是研究的热点。中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR) 作为一种简单有效且低成本的复合型炎症标志物,已被证明与CI-AKI、肾脏替代治疗和住院死亡率的综合结果独立相关[2]。胱抑素C (cystatin C,CysC) 是急性肾损伤的早期预测因子,其预测CI-AKI的发生具有较高的灵敏度和准确度[3]。然而,关于NLR和CysC及二者联合能否预判AMI患者行PCI后发生CI-AKI,目前的研究相对较少。本研究拟通过回顾性分析相关临床资料,以评估NLR、CysC及二者联合检测AMI患者PCI术后发生CI-AKI的预测价值。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象和分组

回顾性收集2015年1月至2020年12月在我院心内科住院确诊为AMI并接受PCI治疗的583例患者的临床资料。纳入标准:年龄 > 18岁;根据2013年美国心脏病学会《ST段抬高心肌梗死治疗指南》 [4]和2014年美国心脏协会《非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者治疗指南》 [5]诊断为AMI并行PCI治疗的患者。排除标准:术前2周内接触过造影剂或使用肾毒性药物;明确的细菌和真菌感染等感染性疾病;有严重肝病、甲状腺功能障碍、恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病;术前肾功能不全(慢性肾病史或术前已发生急性肾损伤);术前、术后血清肌酐值缺失,无法诊断急性肾损伤。

根据改善全球肾病预后组织(Kidney Disease:Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO) 颁布的指南[6]中关于CI-AKI的诊断标准,将所有患者分为CI-AKI组(51例) 和非CI-AKI组(532例),其中,CI-AKI组男35例,女16例,非CI-AKI组男385例,女147例。

1.2 研究方法

1.2.1 急性肾损伤定义和肾功能评估

根据KDIGO制定的指南标准[6],CI-AKI被定义为48 h内血清肌酐绝对值升高≥26.5 μmol/L (0.3 mg/dL),或经证实或推测在7 d内血清肌酐值较基线升高≥50%。采用估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR) 评估肾功能,eGFR中的血清肌酐值以本次住院术前首次测得值为准,并使用CKD-EPI公式精确计算。

1.2.2 资料收集

收集入选患者的一般资料,包括姓名、年龄、性别、既往病史(包括高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、心肌梗死、卒中等)、入院Killip分级等。实验室指标包括中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、NLR、血小板、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、血红蛋白、红细胞分布宽度、术前血清肌酐、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、CysC、血浆N末端B型利钠肽原(n-terminal pro- B-type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP) 以及左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)。PCI资料包括手术时长、造影剂剂量、造影剂类型、多支血管病变、侧支循环建立情况等。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行数据处理。正态分布计量资料以x±s表示,偏态分布计量资料采用M (P25~P75) 表示,正态分布和非正态分布的变量组间比较分别采用t检验和Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以n (%) 表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。用二分类logistic回归模型分析CI-AKI发病的危险因素。采用受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC) 曲线评估NLR、CysC及二者联合对AMI患者CI-AKI发病的预测价值。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 基线临床特征

本研究纳入的583例患者中,51例(8.75%) 发生CI-AKI。如表 1所示,与非CI-AKI组比较,CI-AKI组高血压、卒中、急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(acute ST-ele-vation myocardial infarction,STEMI)、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变患者所占比例明显升高,CysC、NLR、PLR、NT-proBNP水平明显升高,而LVEF、eGFR明显降低,造影剂剂量、手术时长明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。其他变量2组之间无统计学差异。

表 1 CI-AKI组和非CI-AKI组的基线临床特征比较 Tab.1 comparison of baseline clinical characteristics between CI-AKI group and non-CI-AKI group
Variables CI-AKI group Non-CI-AKI group t/Z2 P
Age (year) 67 (60-77) 65 (58-73) -1.71 0.087
Male [n (%)] 35 (68.6) 385 (72.4) 0.323 0.570
History [n (%)]
  Hypertension 36 (70.6) 298 (56.0) 4.04 0.044
  Diabetes mellitus 16 (31.4) 184 (34.6) 0.21 0.644
  Hyperlipidemia 23 (45.1) 221 (41.5) 0.24 0.623
  Stroke 16 (31.4) 78 (14.7) 9.61 0.002
Previous myocardial infarction [n (%)] 7 (13.7) 59 (11.1) 0.32 0.570
LVEF (%) 57 (46.5-60.0) 61 (56.0-63.0) -4.11 < 0.001
Killip classification ≥ 2 [n (%)] 28 (54.9) 80 (15.0) 49.00 < 0.001
STEMI [n (%)] 33 (64.7) 200 (37.6) 14.26 < 0.001
Laboratory findings
  Scr (μmol/L) 77.65±18.17 73.97±15.27 1.39 0.168
  eGFR (mL·min-1·1.73m-2) 80.56 (66.74-96.02) 89.33 (77.33-98.61) -2.27 0.023
  BUN (mmol/L) 6.05 (5.0-7.13) 5.6 (4.8-6.9) -1.51 0.13
  UA (mmol/L) 344.2 (294.6-424.5) 330 (274.5-387.8) -1.65 0.099
  CysC (mg/L) 1.22 (0.93-1.61) 0.9 (0.71-1.06) -6.55 < 0.001
  NT-proBNP (pg/mL) 2 870 (864-7 440) 844 (386.9-2 072.6) -5.25 < 0.001
  NLR 6.08 (3.02-9.32) 2.78 (1.90-4.45) -5.40 < 0.001
  PLR 158.72 (106.81-199.57) 114.08 (86.83-151.87) -3.13 0.002
  Hemoglobin (×1012/L) 136.5 (125.5-147.25) 141 (129-151) -1.40 0.163
  RDW (%) 13.1 (12.58-13.53) 12.8 (12.4-13.3) -1.63 0.103
PCI within 72 h [n (%)] 46 (90.2) 478 (89.8) 0.01 0.938
The length of PCI (min) 60 (47-75) 70 (55-85) -2.35 0.019
Contrast volume (mL) 120 (90-150) 150 (120-160) -3.02 0.003
Types of contrast media [n(%)]
  Iohexol 34 (66.7) 393 (73.9) 1.23 0.267
  Iodixanol 17 (33.3) 139 (26.1)
Multivessel disease [n (%)] 49 (96.1) 384 (72.2) 13.91 < 0.001
Collateral circulation [n (%)] 16 (31.4) 178 (33.5) 0.09 0.763

2.2 CI-AKI的危险因素分析

将基线资料中P < 0.05的变量代入logistic回归模型,单因素logistic回归分析后共有12个变量与PCI后CI-AKI显著相关(P < 0.05),包括高血压、卒中史、STEMI、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变、造影剂剂量、LVEF、NT-proBNP、NLR、PLR、CysC、eGFR。多因素logistic回归分析显示,NLR、CysC、eGFR、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变仍然是AMI患者PCI术后CI-AKI的独立预测因素。见表 2表 3

表 2 CI-AKI组和非CI-AKI组的单因素logistic回归分析 Tab.2 Univariate logistic regression analysis of CI-AKI group and non-CI-AKI group
Variables β SE Wald OR 95%CI P
History of hypertension 0.634 0.319 3.934 1.885 1.008-3.525 0.047
History of stroke 0.979 0.326 9.027 2.661 1.405-5.038 0.003
STEMI 1.113 0.306 13.195 3.043 1.669-5.548 0.001
Killip classification ≥ 2 1.928 0.306 39.600 6.878 3.773-12.541 < 0.001
Multivessel disease 2.245 0.728 9.516 9.443 2.268-39.323 0.002
The length of PCI -0.013 0.007 3.574 0.987 0.974-1.000 0.059
Contrast volume -0.012 0.004 7.626 0.989 0.980-0.997 0.006
NT-proBNP 0.256 0.041 38.379 1.292 1.192-1.401 < 0.001
LVEF -0.062 0.015 17.881 0.940 0.913-0.967 < 0.001
eGFR -0.021 0.009 5.408 0.979 0.962-0.997 0.020
CysC 2.775 0.428 42.081 16.037 6.934-37.089 < 0.001
NLR 0.279 0.044 41.086 1.322 1.214-1.440 < 0.001
PLR 0.008 0.002 16.935 1.008 1.004-1.011 < 0.001

表 3 CI-AKI组和非CI-AKI组的多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of CI-AKI group and non-CI-AKI group
Variables β SE Wald OR 95%CI P
History of hypertension 0.598 0.426 1.972 1.818 0.789-4.186 0.160
History of stroke 0.833 0.450 3.433 2.300 0.953-5.552 0.064
STEMI 0.497 0.415 1.431 1.644 0.728-3.710 0.232
Killip classification≥2 1.668 0.391 18.178 5.302 2.463-11.414 < 0.001
Multivessel disease 2.208 0.843 6.861 9.093 1.743-47.432 0.009
Contrast volume -0.005 0.005 0.791 0.995 0.985-1.006 0.374
NT-ProBNP 0.107 0.065 2.678 1.112 0.979-1.264 0.102
LVEF -0.025 0.022 1.263 0.976 0.934-1.019 0.261
eGFR 0.037 0.015 6.226 1.037 1.008-1.067 0.013
CysC 2.724 0.591 21.247 15.247 4.787-48.562 < 0.001
NLR 0.211 0.076 7.753 1.235 1.065-1.433 0.005
PLR 0.001 0.003 0.038 1.001 0.994-1.007 0.846

2.3 NLR和CysC对CI-AKI的预测价值

分别以NLR、CysC及新变量Ⅰ(NLR和CysC二者联合) 为检测变量,以AMI患者发生CI-AKI为状态变量,建立ROC曲线模型,计算灵敏度、特异度和最佳截断值。结果显示,NLR、CysC及新变量Ⅰ预测AMI患者PCI术后CI-AKI的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC) 分别为0.729、0.777和0.853,NLR、CysC对CI-AKI均有较高的预测价值,新变量Ⅰ的预测价值明显优于单一指标。见图 1表 4

图 1 NLR、CysC及二者联合预测CI-AKI的ROC曲线 Fig.1 ROC curve for NLR, CysC, and their combination to predict CI-AKI

表 4 各指标对应的AUC、灵敏度和特异度 Tab.4 AUC, sensitivity and specificity of each indicator
Indicator AUC Cut-off Sensitivity Specificity P
NLR 0.729 4.71 0.627 0.786 < 0.001
CysC 0.777 0.91 0.824 0.573 < 0.001
New variableⅠ 0.853 0.08 0.804 0.786 < 0.001

3 讨论

随着现代影像放射学技术和心血管介入诊疗医学的发展,CI-AKI的发生率伴随着造影剂使用的增多呈上升趋势[7],文献[8]报道为1.3%~37.7%。CI-AKI与不良临床预后密切相关[9]。本研究中,采用KDIGO诊断标准定义的CI-AKI发生率为8.75%,高于另1项纳入了3 450例中国人群且以相同诊断标准定义的发生率7.19%[10],这种差异可能来源于本研究纳入的人群总体病情相对较重,均为AMI患者,且相当一部分患者合并多种基础疾病,并均行PCI治疗。本研究结果显示,NLR、CysC、eGFR、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变是行PCI治疗的AMI患者发生CI-AKI的独立危险因素,也进一步间接证实了CI-AKI是多种危险因素共同作用的结果。

慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD) 是CI-AKI发展的强预测因子,CKD患者PCI术后CI-AKI的发生率是非CKD患者的2.6倍[11]。本研究纳入的人群为既往肾功能和术前肌酐值均正常的患者,CI-AKI组患者基线eGFR水平明显低于非CI-AKI组,提示在无CKD人群中术前eGFR值降低仍然是AMI患者行PCI术后发生CI-AKI的预测因素。而且CI-AKI组患者STEMI、Killip分级≥2级、多支血管病变比例明显高于非CI-AKI组,这可能是因为合并多支血管病变的AMI患者心肌供血整体较差,当出现某一支血管闭塞导致心肌供血部分或完全中断时,其他病变血管可能不能提供良好的侧支循环以代偿心肌供血,因此更容易出现心功能不全,且Killip分级越高,心功能不全程度越重。心功能恶化会导致血流动力学不稳定,导致肾动脉灌注不足,进一步引起不同程度肾小球滤过率降低,最终导致肾功能受损[12-13]

众所周知,炎症反应在CI-AKI的发生发展过程中起着重要作用[14]。近年来,反映与中性粒细胞水平升高相关的炎症急性状态和由于急性生理应激导致的淋巴细胞减少的指标NLR已被用作CI-AKI的预测因子。NLR是2个炎症标志物的组合,比单一标志物评估更能准确地预测CI-AKI的发生风险。WU等[15]的1项纳入26个研究涉及29 454例患者的meta分析显示,在所有行冠状动脉造影或PCI治疗的患者中,高水平的NLR显示出较高的CI-AKI发生率。本研究术前高NLR水平仍与CI-AKI风险增加有显著相关性,NLR每增加1个单位所对应的CI-AKI的风险将提升23.5%,NLR预测CI-AKI的AUC为0.729,灵敏度和特异度分别为0.627和0.786。因此,NLR作为一种复合炎症标志物在预测CI-AKI的发生上具有显著意义,且CI-AKI的发生率随着NLR的升高而增加。

CysC是一种由体内所有有核细胞合成并释放至血液中的内源性非糖基化半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂[16]。研究表明,CI-AKI时血清CysC可能比血清肌酐提前1~2 d升高[17],且CysC受非肾脏因素,如饮食、肌肉质量、体质量、炎症、肝脏疾病和药物的影响较小[18],这说明CysC能比肌酐更快速、准确地反映肾功能的变化,有利于早期预测CI-AKI [19]。BUDANO等[20]发现,冠状动脉造影前单次基线CysC测定比血清肌酐和eGFR更能准确预测CI-AKI。本研究中,术前血清基线CysC值与AMI患者PCI术后CI-AKI的发生显著独立相关,CysC水平每增加1个单位,发生CI-AKI的风险将增加15.247倍,特别是当CysC截断值> 0.91 mg/L时,发生CI-AKI的风险更高,此时对预测CI-AKI的灵敏度为82.4%,特异度为57.3%,AUC为0.777。因此,对行PCI术前CysC水平 > 0.91 mg/L的患者,有必要采取预防策略以降低CI-AKI发生的风险。在本研究中,CI-AKI组患者PCI术前NLR和CysC的水平均明显高于非CI-AKI组,说明基线NLR和CysC水平都可以在一定程度上反映CI-AKI的发生情况。因此,本研究利用ROC曲线首次将NLR和CysC二者联合以探讨其对CI-AKI的预测价值,结果显示,联合之后的AUC、灵敏度、特异度分别为0.853、0.804和0.786,显著高于单一指标对CI-AKI的诊断效能。因此,NLR和CysC这2项临床指标联合检测对早期诊断CI-AKI具有更高的准确度和特异度,提倡二者联合对CI-AKI进行风险预测。

综上所述,术前较高的NLR和CysC水平对AMI患者PCI术后CI-AKI的预测价值较高,二者联合诊断CI-AKI具有更高的效能。但临床上还需要更大规模的前瞻性研究进一步证实,以早期识别CI-AKI的高危人群,并采取必要的防治策略,以减少CI-AKI的发生,改善患者的临床预后。

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