中国医科大学学报  2023, Vol. 52 Issue (2): 110-114

文章信息

赵楠, 薛晖, 苏晗, 吴伟
ZHAO Nan, XUE Hui, SU Han, WU Wei
胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7在急性心力衰竭所致呼吸困难诊断中的应用
Diagnostic value of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 in dyspnea caused by acute heart failure
中国医科大学学报, 2023, 52(2): 110-114
Journal of China Medical University, 2023, 52(2): 110-114

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-07-04
网络出版时间:2023-01-31 15:39:51
胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7在急性心力衰竭所致呼吸困难诊断中的应用
赵楠1 , 薛晖1 , 苏晗2 , 吴伟3     
1. 中国医科大学附属第一医院妇科, 沈阳 110001;
2. 中国医科大学附属盛京医院设备科, 沈阳 110004;
3. 中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科, 沈阳 110001
摘要目的 探讨血浆胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7(IGFBP7)以及IGFBP7联合N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)在急性心力衰竭所致呼吸困难中的诊断价值。方法 选取2018年3月至2020年9月中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科就诊的154例急性呼吸困难患者为研究对象,根据临床诊断结果,将患者分为非急性心力衰竭组(n = 93)和急性心力衰竭组(n = 61)。2组患者均进行血常规,肝、肾功能,胸部X线片、心电图和超声心动图检查及左心室射血分数(LVEF)、血浆IGFBP7和NT-proBNP水平检测。采用t检验或χ2检验比较2组各项临床指标的差异,对有统计学意义(P < 0.05)指标采用logistic回归分析急性心力衰竭的危险因素。采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析IGFBP7、NT-proBNP以及二者联合对急性心力衰竭患者呼吸困难的诊断价值。结果 与非急性心力衰竭组比较,急性心力衰竭组患者合并高血压、冠状动脉疾病、心房颤动比例,血浆IGFBP7和NT-proBNP水平显著增高,而合并哮喘/慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)比例、LVEF和肾小球滤过率估算值(eGFR)则显著降低(均P < 0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示,IGFBP7、NT-proBNP升高及LVEF降低是急性心力衰竭的危险因素(均P < 0.05)。ROC曲线分析表明,IGFBP7的ROC曲线曲线下面积(AUC)为0.878(0.821~0.935)。IGFBP7最佳截断值为98.4 ng/mL,诊断心力衰竭性呼吸困难的灵敏度为85.2%,特异度为82.8%。NT-proBNP的ROC曲线AUC为0.879(0.818~0.940)。NT-proBNP的最佳截断值为1 366 ng/L,诊断心力衰竭性呼吸困难的灵敏度为85.2%,特异度为89.2%。二者联合诊断的AUC为0.952(0.918~0.986),灵敏度为88.5%,特异度92.5%。结论 单独使用IGFBP7或联合NT-proBNP是诊断急性心力衰竭所致呼吸困难的有效方法,IGFBP7可作为一种新型的急性心力衰竭的生物学标志物。
Diagnostic value of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 in dyspnea caused by acute heart failure
ZHAO Nan1 , XUE Hui1 , SU Han2 , WU Wei3     
1. Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
2. Department of Equipment, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
3. Department of Emergency, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of plasma insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP7)and IGFBP7 combined with N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)in dyspnea caused by acute heart failure (HF). Methods A total of 154 patients with dyspnea, who were admitted to the emergency department of our hospital from March 2018 to September 2020, were divided into non-acute HF group(n = 93)and acute HF group (n = 61)according to the clinical diagnosis results. Blood routine indexes, liver and kidney function, chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiography were performed, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)was determined. In addition, plasma levels of IGFBP7 and NT-proBNP were also measured. t test or chi-square test were used to compare the differences of various clinical indicators between the two groups, and logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of acute HF for the indices with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of IGFBP7, NT-proBNP and their combination for dyspnea in patients with acute HF. Results Compared with the non-acute HF group, the proportion of patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, plasma IGFBP7 and NT-proBNP levels were significantly increased in the acute HF group. The proportion of patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), LVEF and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)were significantly decreased (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the increase of IGFBP7 and NT-proBNP level and the decrease of LVEF level were risk factors for acute HF (all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC)of IGFBP7 was 0.878 (0.821-0.935). The optimal cut-off value of IGFBP7 was 98.4 ng/mL, and the sensitivity and specificity of IGFBP7 in the diagnosis of cardiac exhaustion dyspnea were 85.2% and 82.8%. The AUC of NT-proBNP was 0.897 (0.818-0.940). The optimal cut-off value of NT-proBNP was 1 366 ng/L, and the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of cardiac fatigue dyspnea were 85.2% and 89.2%. The AUC of the combined diagnosis was 0.952 (0.918-0.986), the sensitivity was 88.5%, and the specificity was 92.5%. Conclusion Concentrations of IGFBP7 alone or in combination with NT-proBNP could accurately predict dyspnea caused by acute HF. IGFBP7 can be used as a novel cardiovascular biomarker for acute HF.

组织衰老在多种疾病的病理生理过程中具有重要的意义[1]。衰老相关分泌表型(senescence-associated secretory phenotype,SASP)的活化是细胞衰老的典型特征之一。细胞周期的永久性停滞是衰老的特征,可导致细胞功能丧失,组织更新减少,而衰老在组织学水平上表现为进行性纤维化[2]。胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7(insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7,IGFBP7)是SASP的组成成分之一,是诱导细胞停滞于G1期的多肽类激素。IGFBP7与多种疾病[肿瘤、肥胖、糖尿病、急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)和阻塞性气道疾病]有关[3-4]。心肌病动物模型的蛋白质组学研究[5]表明IGFBP7是心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)的候选生物学标志物。通过对慢性稳定性HF患者血浆IGFBP7水平测量后发现,IGFBP7与更多失代偿性疾病和更差的预后有关[6-8]

血浆N末端B型利钠肽原(N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)是HF的有效心肌标志物,目前广泛用于HF的诊断和预后评价。然而,血浆NT-proBNP水平增高并非急性HF特有,临床上血浆NT-proBNP经常用于排除心源性呼吸困难的诊断。1项针对射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,HFpEF)患者的研究[3]显示,IGFBP7的浓度与心室舒张期充盈异常和左心房扩大相关;接受沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗的患者血浆IGFBP7浓度显著低于接受缬沙坦治疗的患者。另1项针对HFpEF患者的研究[9]显示,较高的IGFBP7基线浓度与左心室舒张功能障碍相关。在射血分数降低的HF患者中,高浓度IGFBP7不仅与舒张功能受损有关,还可预测心血管事件的发生风险[8]。IGFBP7水平与慢性稳定性HF有关,但是,IGFBP7与急性HF关系尚不明确。本研究探讨血浆IGFBP7水平以及IGFBP7联合NT-proBNP在急性HF呼吸困难中的诊断价值。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料及分组

选取2018年3月至2020年9月中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊科就诊的154例急性呼吸困难患者为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥22岁;(2)以急性呼吸困难为主诉;(3)主观感觉呼吸费力或空气不够用,呼吸频率 > 24次/min,呼吸深度及节律异常(快而浅或慢而深);(4)起病时间 < 12 h。排除标准:(1)肾功能不全需要透析或肾小球滤过率估算值(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR) < 15 mL/(min·1.73 m2);(2)因胸部外伤导致的呼吸困难;(3)怀孕或哺乳期妇女;(4)有酗酒史、药物滥用史、严重精神障碍以及不愿遵守本研究协议者;(5)临床资料不全。本研究获得医院医学伦理委员批准,患者或家属均已知情同意并签署知情同意书。

由中国医科大学附属第一医院2名心内科医生在不知晓本研究的目的和患者血浆IGFBP7水平的前提下,综合患者的血浆NT-proBNP水平、临床资料、胸部X线片、心电图、超声心动图、肺功能检查以及其他辅助检查结果,依据中国医师协会急诊医师分会2017年制定的《中国急性HF急诊临床实践指南》 [10]做出是否为急性HF的诊断。根据诊断结果将患者分为非急性HF组(n = 93)和急性HF组(n = 61)。

1.2 检测指标

患者入院后1 h内采集静脉血(5 mL)置于EDTA抗凝管中,分离血浆,使用荧光免疫定量分析仪检测NT-proBNP水平,ELISA法检测IGFBP7水平。所有患者入院3 d内进行胸部X线、心电图和超声心动图[左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)检查。采用慢性肾脏病流行病合作研究(chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration,CKD-EPI)基于肌酐的方程[11]计算eGFR。

1.3 统计学分析

利用SPSS 20.0和GraphPad软件对数据进行统计分析。经Shapiro-Wilk检验后,符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法或χ2检验。对单因素分析差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)的指标进行二元logistic回归分析。受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线分析IGFBP7及其与NT-proBNP联合诊断对急性HF所致呼吸困难的诊断价值。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组各项临床指标比较

结果显示,2组糖尿病史、高血压史、冠状动脉旁路搭桥手术史、冠状动脉疾病、心房颤动、哮喘/慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、LVEF、eGFR、IGFBP7及NT-proBNP比较差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 2组患者各项临床指标比较 Tab.1 Comparison of the clinical data between two groups
Item No-acute HF group(n = 93) Acute HF group(n = 61) t2 P
Age(year) 61.0±5.8 62.7±7.3 1.60 0.111
Male [n(%)] 42(45.16) 35(57.38) 2.20 0.138
BMI(kg/m2 29.6±3.2 30.4±3.1 1.54 0.127
Diabetes mellitus [n(%)] 24(25.81) 28(45.90) 6.65 0.010
Hypertension [n(%)] 31(33.33) 40(65.57) 15.41 < 0.001
Peripheral arterial disease [n(%)] 3(3.23) 5(8.20) 1.84 0.175
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator [n(%)] 4(4.30) 6(9.84) 1.85 0.174
Cardiac resynchronization therapy [n(%)] 1(1.08) 2(3.28) 0.93 0.335
Coronary artery bypass graft [n(%)] 4(4.30) 8(13.11) 3.96 0.047
Coronary artery disease [n(%)] 12(12.90) 22(36.07) 11.49 0.001
Prior myocardial infarction [n(%)] 10(10.75) 12(19.67) 2.39 0.122
Renal insufficiency [eGFR < 60 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2n(%)] 6(6.45) 7(11.48) 1.20 0.273
Atrial fibrillation [n(%)] 6(6.45) 15(24.59) 10.29 0.001
Asthma/COPD [n(%)] 28(30.11) 6(9.84) 8.80 0.003
LVEF(%) 58.9±6.1 39.6±3.8 12.75 < 0.001
eGFR(mL·min-1·1.73 m-2 84.7±42.4 63.4±26.7 3.49 < 0.001
NT-proBNP(ng/L) 731.1±271.9 4 480.0±1 441.0 24.47 < 0.001
IGFBP7(ng/mL) 85.0±20.3 163.5±35.4 17.47 < 0.001

2.2 多元logistic回归分析急性HF所致呼吸困难的影响因素

以急性HF作为因变量,将单因素分析有统计学意义(P < 0.05)指标(糖尿病史、高血压史、冠状动脉旁路搭桥手术史、冠状动脉疾病、房颤、哮喘/COPD、LVEF、eGFR、IGFBP7及NT-proBNP)作为自变量进行多元logistic回归分析结果显示,IGFBP7和NT-proBNP升高及LVEF下降是急性HF所致呼吸困难的危险因素(均P < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 多元logistic回归分析急性HF所致呼吸困难的影响因素 Tab.2 Multiple logistic regression analysis of influence factors for dyspnea caused by acute HF
Viriable OR(95%CI P
Diabetes mellitus 1.159(0.517-2.600) 0.720
IGFBP7 1.290(1.034-1.608) 0.024
Asthma/COPD 2.062(0.576-7.381) 0.266
Atrial fibrillation 1.575(0.801-3.095) 0.188
Hypertension 0.924(0.093-5.487) 0.749
Coronary artery bypass graft 1.072(0.688-1.346) 0.083
Coronary artery disease 1.041(0.704-1.348) 0.077
LVEF 0.606(0.418-0.878) 0.008
eGFR 1.027(0.737-1.782) 0.065
NT-proBNP 1.089(1.019-1.164) 0.012

2.3 IGFBP7与NT-proBNP联合在急性HF诊断中的价值

ROC曲线分析结果显示,IGFBP7的ROC曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.878(0.821~0.935)。IGFBP7最佳截断值为98.4 ng/mL,诊断急性HF所致呼吸困难的灵敏度为85.2%,特异度为82.8%。NT-proBNP的ROC曲线AUC为0.879(0.818~0.940)。NT-proBNP的最佳截断值为1 366 ng/L,诊断急性HF所致呼吸困难的灵敏度为85.2%,特异度为89.2%。二者联合诊断的ROC曲线AUC为0.952(0.918~0.986),灵敏度为88.5%,特异度92.5%,见图 1表 3

图 1 IGFBP7、NT-proBNP及其二者联合对急性HF所致呼吸困难诊断的ROC曲线 Fig.1 ROC curve for IGFBP7, NT-proBNP, and their combination for diagnosis of dyspnea caused by acute HF

表 3 IGFBP7、NT-proBNP及其二者联合对急性HF所致呼吸困难的诊断价值 Tab.3 Diagnostic value of IGFBP7, NT-proBNP, and their combination for diagnosis of dyspnea caused by acute HF
Item Cut-off Sensitivity(%) Specificity(%) AUC(95% CI
IGFBP7 98.4 ng/mL 85.2 82.8 0.878(0.821-0.935)
NT-proBNP 1 366 ng/L 85.2 89.2 0.879(0.818-0.940)
IGFBP7+NT-proBNP - 88.5 92.5 0.952(0.918-0.986)

3 讨论

IGFBP7在衰老、细胞增殖和凋亡中的作用及其与胰岛素抵抗和肥胖的关系备受关注[12-13]。糖尿病与肥胖是HFpEF患者常见的合并症[14],以往研究[3]表明HFpEF的严重程度与IGFBP7水平之间存在相关性,随着IGFBP7基线四分位数的增加,左心房容积指数逐渐升高,IGFBP7水平与较高的二尖瓣口舒张早期血流峰值速度/二尖瓣环舒张早期速度之间存在适度的关联。此外,基线IGFBP7水平可独立预测左心房容积指数[3]。另有研究[7]表明,HFpEF患者较高的基线IGFBP7水平(> 219 ng/mL)与舒张功能不全相关,并与较低的基线最大耗氧量[≤11.7 mL/(kg·min)]相关。类似研究[8, 15]也发现LVEF降低的HF患者IGFBP7水平与心肌松弛受损相关。这些研究结果均表明了GFBP7可反映HFpEF的心肌功能。ICON-RELOADED临床试验[16]表明IGFBP7提高了NT-proBNP独立诊断急性HF的灵敏度,提示可以将二者联合检测以提高诊断的准确性。

本研究结果显示,血浆IGFBP7和NT-proBNP升高及LVEF下降是急性HF致呼吸困难的危险因素。此外,IGFBP7与NT-proBNP联用对于急性HF导致的呼吸困难具有更高的诊断价值。IGFBP7可作为新型的急性HF的生物学标志物,单独使用IGFBP7或与NT-proBNP联用在急性HF所致呼吸困难的诊断中具有潜在价值,与以往研究结果一致。

关于急性HF患者IGFBP7水平的研究鲜有报道,大多数研究集中在IGFBP7对AKI的预测作用[17-18]。越来越多的研究[19-21]发现IGFBP7在心血管疾病(冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、急性心肌梗死)的发病机制中具有重要作用。本研究结果显示,血浆IGFBP7和NT-proBNP升高及LVEF下降是急性HF致呼吸困难的危险因素,与以往研究结果一致。

综上所述,单独检测IGFBP7或联合检测NT-proBNP是诊断急性HF所致呼吸困难的有效方法。本研究为单中心研究,纳入的样本量相对较小,研究结论尚需多中心、大样本的临床研究进一步论证。

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