中国医科大学学报  2023, Vol. 52 Issue (12): 1131-1134, 1149

文章信息

邹佳运, 张树玲, 王颖
ZOU Jiayun, ZHANG Shuling, WANG Ying
曲氟尿苷替匹嘧啶在消化道肿瘤中的研究进展
Progress of research on trifluridine-tipiracil usage in gastrointestinal malignancies
中国医科大学学报, 2023, 52(12): 1131-1134, 1149
Journal of China Medical University, 2023, 52(12): 1131-1134, 1149

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-07-16
网络出版时间:2023-12-06 16:52:52
曲氟尿苷替匹嘧啶在消化道肿瘤中的研究进展
邹佳运 , 张树玲 , 王颖     
中国医科大学附属盛京医院肿瘤科,沈阳 110004
摘要:曲氟尿苷替匹嘧啶(TAS-102) 是一种由曲氟尿苷(FTD) 和胸苷磷酸化酶抑制剂(TPI) 组成的口服化疗药物。体外和异种移植模型均证实TAS-102对5-氟尿嘧啶耐药的肿瘤具有抗肿瘤活性。基于Ⅲ期临床试验中TAS-102为患者带来生存获益,目前已被批准用于转移性结直肠癌和胃癌患者的三线治疗。近年来,有研究初步表明TAS-102在各种消化道肿瘤中均有一定疗效。本文总结了TAS-102在消化道肿瘤中的临床应用,并对TAS-102联合其他抗肿瘤药物的合理性及临床获益进行综述。
关键词曲氟尿苷替匹嘧啶    消化道肿瘤    联合治疗    结直肠癌    
Progress of research on trifluridine-tipiracil usage in gastrointestinal malignancies
Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Trifluridine-tipiracil (TAS-102) is an oral chemotherapeutic agent combination comprising a fluoropyrimidine (FTD) and a potent thymidine phosphorylase (TPI) inhibitor. TAS-102 is novel due to its antitumor activity against 5-fluorouracil resistant tumors, demonstrated both by in vitro models and xenografts. TAS-102 is currently approved as a third-line therapeutic strategy for metastatic colorectal and gastric cancer based on phaseⅢ randomized clinical trial data confirming survival benefits with TAS-102. Preliminary data from recent studies suggest a potential expanding role of TAS-102 in various gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. This article summarizes the clinical applications of TAS-102 in the treatment of GI cancers. Additionally, we discuss the rationale and clinical benefits of combining TAS-102 with other anticancer agents in patients with GI cancers.

消化道肿瘤是全球常见的恶性肿瘤,包括结直肠癌、胃癌、食道癌、胆囊癌、肝癌、胆管癌和胰腺癌等,也是导致死亡最常见的恶性肿瘤之一[1]。自1957年以来,氟尿嘧啶一直是治疗消化道肿瘤最主要的化疗药物之一。然而,由于药物代谢增加、药物靶点改变、阻断细胞凋亡和DNA损伤修复能力下降,基于氟尿嘧啶的化疗耐药成为临床中面临的主要问题[2]。曲氟尿苷替匹嘧啶(trifluridine-tipiracil,TAS-102) 是一种新型的口服化疗药物,由曲氟尿苷(trifluridine,FTD) 和胸苷磷酸化酶抑制剂(tipiracil hydrochloride,TPI) 按1∶0.5摩尔比组成。FTD是一种胸苷酸类似物,能够活化成三氟单磷酸脱氧胸苷酸替代胸苷碱基,与胸苷酸合成酶共价可逆结合,阻断DNA的合成而发挥抗肿瘤作用[2-3]。盐酸替匹嘧啶能够抑制FTD的降解从而增强抗肿瘤活性[4]。在体外和异种移植模型中,TAS-102对氟尿嘧啶敏感和耐药的肿瘤均有疗效[5-6]。TAS-102为既往标准治疗失败的转移性结直肠癌(metastatic colorectal cancer,mCRC) 及胃癌患者带来生存获益[7-8]。基于此,TAS-102被批准用于晚期肠癌及胃癌患者的三线治疗。此外,临床前研究[9-11]表明,TAS-102与多种抗肿瘤治疗方法有协同作用,为联合治疗提供了理论依据。本文综述了TAS-102在消化道肿瘤中的临床应用及联合其他抗肿瘤药物所带来的临床获益。

1 TAS-102在消化道肿瘤中的临床应用 1.1 结直肠癌

日本的一项Ⅱ期研究[12]中,169例经标准治疗失败的mCRC患者按照2∶1随机分配接受TAS-102或安慰剂,TAS-102和安慰剂组中位总生存期(median overall survival,mOS) 分别为9个月和6.6个月,中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS) 分别为2个月和1个月,差异均有统计学意义。RECOURSE是一项Ⅲ期临床研究[7],共纳入800例难治性mCRC患者,结果显示,与安慰剂组相比TAS-102组的mOS更长(7.1个月vs. 5.3个月),mPFS也有所延长(2个月vs. 1.7个月)。亚组分析结果显示TAS-102在455例既往接受过氟尿嘧啶的患者中有生存获益,再次验证了TAS-102与氟尿嘧啶药物代谢机制不同,对氟尿嘧啶耐药的肿瘤仍有作用。另一项亚洲的Ⅲ期临床试验[13]中,TAS-102组和安慰剂组的mOS分别为7.8个月和7.1个月(P = 0.035);mPFS分别为2个月和1.8个月(P < 0.001)。基于以上2项研究结果,TAS-102在多个国家获批用于mCRC的三线治疗。meta分析[14]结果显示,与安慰剂组相比,TAS-102组mOS (HR = 0.70) 和mPFS (HR = 0.46) 均有显著提高,在KRAS突变患者中同样获益(HR = 0.46)。另一项荟萃分析[15]纳入了9项研究共1 008例患者,结果显示TAS-102组的生存获益与RECOURSE研究[7]相似,但低于另外2项研究[12-13]结果。

目前,除了TAS-102,呋喹替尼和瑞戈非尼也获批用于mCRC的三线治疗,这3种药物之间不良反应表现不同,但疗效无明显差异[16]。在mCRC后线治疗中,如何序贯或联合以进一步提高疗效是后续研究的重点。

1.2 胃癌

TAS-102在晚期胃癌中的疗效也逐步被证实。一项多中心Ⅱ期临床研究[17]表明TAS-102为既往系统治疗失败的晚期胃癌患者带来生存获益且耐受性良好。为了进一步验证上述结果,TAGS研究[8]入组507例患者,其中60%患者既往接受过三线及以上治疗。TAS-102组mOS显著高于安慰剂组(5.7个月vs. 3.6个月,HR = 0.69);在无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)方面,TAS-102组和安慰剂组分别为2.0个月和1.8个月(P < 0.000 1);疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR) 为44%和14% (P < 0.000 1)。亚组分析结果显示,在年龄65岁及以上、胃食管结合部及既往胃切除手术的患者中均有生存获益[18-19]。基于TAGS研究,TAS-102已被多个国家批准用于晚期胃癌的三线及后线治疗。

目前阿帕替尼和免疫检查点抑制剂均已获批用于晚期胃癌的三线治疗,仍需要大型临床研究对比三者之间的疗效和安全性。由于胃癌的高度异质性,在临床中应根据患者个体情况、基因分型、药物不良反应等因素综合选择治疗策略。

1.3 其他消化道恶性肿瘤

一项单臂Ⅱ期临床试验[20]评估了TAS-102在既往标准治疗失败的晚期食管鳞状细胞癌患者中的疗效,3个月和6个月PFS率分别为15.4%和7.7%,mPFS和mOS为1.3个月和4.5个月,DCR为23.8%。CHAKR-ABARTI等[21]评估了TAS-102在晚期胆管癌中的疗效和安全性,该研究入组了27例既往接受≥1种系统化疗后失败的患者,8例患者在随访16周时未发生疾病进展,mPFS和mOS为3.8个月和6.1个月,虽然客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR) 为0,但DCR达到48%。为了进一步探索TAS-102在胆管癌中的作用,TAS-102联合伊立替康二线治疗转移性胆管癌的疗效和安全性研究正在进行中(NCT04072445)。1项Ⅰ期试验[22]评估了TAS-102联合替莫唑胺在神经内分泌肿瘤中的疗效和安全性,在13例患者中,部分缓解(partial response,PR)率为8%,DCR为92%,并且耐受性良好。

2 TAS-102在消化道肿瘤中的联合治疗

临床前研究证实了TAS-102与放疗[23]、化疗(奥沙利铂[9]、伊立替康等[10]) 及靶向药物(贝伐珠单抗、西妥昔单抗等) [11]均有协同作用。目前主要探讨TAS-102用于前线治疗以及联合其他抗肿瘤疗法的效果。

2.1 联合放疗

体内和体外研究[23-24]表明TPI联合放疗能够抑制肿瘤的血管生成和DNA损伤修复从而增强抗肿瘤疗效,TPI或许可作为一种潜在的放疗增敏剂。1项TAS-102联合放疗治疗复发或转移性直肠癌的给药剂量和有效性的探索性研究已入组完成,期待后续结果的公布(NCT03297710)。另一项Ⅰb期试验进一步评估了TAS-102在直肠癌新辅助治疗中的放疗增敏作用(NCT04104139),未来应进一步探索最佳的给药浓度以最大程度增加放疗疗效。

2.2 联合抗血管生成药物

在结直肠癌异种移植模型中发现TAS-102联合贝伐珠单抗对肿瘤生长抑制率明显高于单药治疗[11]。C-TASK-FORCE是一项多中心、单臂、开放标签Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究[25],25例难治性mCRC患者行TAS-102联合贝伐珠单抗治疗,16周的PFS率为42.9%,mPFS及mOS为5.6个月和11.4个月。另一项Ⅱ期研究[26]比较了TAS-102联合贝伐珠单抗与TAS-102的疗效,联合治疗组的mPFS显著改善(4.6个月vs. 2.6个月,HR =0.45),mOS也明显提高(9.4个月vs. 6.7个月,HR = 0.55)。尽管联合治疗组发生≥3级粒细胞减少比例为67%,但只有3例患者出现粒缺伴发热,因此仍建议足剂量治疗以提高疗效。目前正在进行的SUNLIGHT研究旨在进一步评估联合治疗的疗效及安全性(NCT04737187)。

TASCO1研究[27]比较了TAS-102联合贝伐珠单抗与卡培他滨联合贝伐珠单抗一线不适合强烈治疗的mCRC疗效和安全性,TAS-102联合贝伐珠单抗mPFS为9.2个月;而卡培他滨联合贝伐珠单抗mPFS为7.8个月(HR = 0.71),mOS分别为18个月和16.2个月(HR = 0.56)。TAS-102联合贝伐珠单抗能带来生存获益且≥3级不良事件发生率低,可作为不适合强烈治疗mCRC患者的一线治疗方案。目前Ⅲ期研究(SOLSTICE) 正在进行中(NCT03869892),最终结果值得期待。TAS-102联合其他抗血管生成药物的临床研究也在进行中,包括联合瑞戈非尼(NCT03305913),雷莫芦单抗等(NCT03520946、NCT04517747)。

TAS-102联合雷莫芦单抗在晚期胃癌中显示出良好的疗效和耐受性,在31例既往接受过雷莫芦单抗的患者中DCR仍达到77%[28]。该研究为雷莫芦单抗后线跨线治疗提供了一定依据,在胃癌靶向治疗药物匮乏的当下,对诊疗实践产生重要影响,后续需要大样本数据进一步验证。

2.3 联合伊立替康

在结肠癌和胃癌的异种移植模型中发现TAS-102联合伊立替康能提高抗肿瘤活性,对氟尿嘧啶耐药的肿瘤同样有效[10]。一项Ⅰ期试验[29]探讨了TAS-102联合伊立替康治疗难治性mCRC的安全性和疗效,入组9例患者中有2例PR,持续缓解时间为112 d和799 d,DCR为55.6%。另一项Ⅰb期试验[30]显示TAS-102联合伊立替康和贝伐珠单抗的PR率为12%,疾病稳定(stable disease,SD) 率为67%且持续时间 > 4个月,mPFS为7.9个月。基于以上试验结果中TAS-102联合伊立替康在后线治疗达到的较高有效率,相信在前线应用会取得更好的疗效,为今后的临床试验设计提供了方向。TAS-102联合伊立替康在其他消化道肿瘤中也不断探索,如胃癌(NCT04074343)、胆管癌(NCT04072445)、胰腺癌(NCT04046887) 等。

2.4 联合奥沙利铂

临床前研究[9]发现TAS-102联合奥沙利铂可作为结直肠癌和胃癌的一种治疗选择。一项Ⅰ期试验[31]报告了TAS-102联合奥沙利铂用于既往治疗失败的14例mCRC患者,PR率达7%,SD率达50%。另一项ⅠB期试验[32]入组41例化疗难治性mCRC患者,ORR为2.4%,mPFS为2.7个月,mOS为6.8个月。2项研究均提示对既往接受过奥沙利铂耐药的患者,TAS-102联合奥沙利铂方案仍有效,但考虑奥沙利铂累计的神经毒性,应充分评估患者的身体情况后,尝试再引入治疗。

2.5 联合抗EGFR单抗

临床前研究[11]发现TAS-102联合西妥昔单抗或帕尼单抗后抗肿瘤活性增强。APOLLON是一项Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究[33],评估了TAS-102联合帕尼单抗治疗RAS野生型mCRC患者的疗效和安全性,6个月的PFS率为33.3%,mPFS为5.8个月,mOS为14.1个月,ORR为37%,DCR为81.5%;但3/4级不良反应发生率高(76.4%),导致治疗中断从而影响疗效。今后应进一步优化给药剂量及方法。

2.6 联合免疫治疗

动物实验[34]表明,TAS-102联合PD-1单抗能显著抑制肿瘤的生长。而一项多中心、单臂Ⅱ期试验[35]纳入了18例既往多线治疗失败的微卫星稳定型mCRC患者,发现TAS-102联合纳武利尤单抗治疗后没有明显的生存获益。因此,该联合治疗模式还有待大样本的临床试验进一步验证。

3 疗效预测

目前,仍在不断地寻找可靠的分子生物标志物来预测TAS-102的疗效。有研究[36]发现,由于TK1和脱氧UTP酶(DUT) 的底物特异性差异,导致FTD插入DNA及阻断DNA合成的效率不同,TK1高表达能够增强TAS-102的抗肿瘤活性。单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)分析也发现[37]ENT1MATE1OCT2 SNPs的联合或许能作为预测TAS-102疗效及预后的标志物。

4 总结及展望

TAS-102作为一种新型化疗药物,在治疗结直肠癌和胃癌方面展现出了良好的疗效,已获得我国国家药品监督管理局批准上市。随着临床研究的不断扩展,对其他消化道肿瘤的探索仍在进行中(如食管癌、胆管癌、胰腺癌等)。基于目前的数据,TAS-102与化疗、靶向治疗、放疗等联合应用可以进一步提高疗效,有望更广泛地应用在消化道肿瘤治疗中,然而其可行性还需要更多高质量的大样本随机对照研究进一步验证。未来应继续寻找分子生物标志物以预测TAS-102的疗效。此外,各种消化道肿瘤对TAS-102耐药的机制仍不清楚,应该进一步开展有关其耐药机制的研究并探寻逆转耐药的方法。

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