中国医科大学学报  2023, Vol. 52 Issue (1): 73-76, 80

文章信息

于彦超, 金镇, 孙磊
YU Yanchao, JIN Zhen, SUN Lei
妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素及其妊娠结局
Risk factors associated with pancreatitis severity and pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy
中国医科大学学报, 2023, 52(1): 73-76, 80
Journal of China Medical University, 2023, 52(1): 73-76, 80

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-11-24
网络出版时间:2023-01-18 08:44:09
妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素及其妊娠结局
于彦超 , 金镇 , 孙磊     
中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇产科, 沈阳 110004
摘要目的 探讨妊娠合并急性胰腺炎(APIP)患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素及其妊娠结局。方法 收集2012年1月至2019年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的资料完整的APIP患者113例。按照胰腺炎严重程度分为中度重症、重症急性胰腺炎组(MASP/SAP组,n=88,其中中度重症36例,重症52例)和轻症急性胰腺炎组(MAP组,n=25)。采用t检验和秩和检验比较2组各项临床指标。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的独立危险因素。采用Fisher确切概率法分析胰腺炎不同严重程度对APIP患者妊娠结局的影响。结果 2组发病孕周、产次、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数、血小板计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇比较差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。非初产妇(OR=4.496;95% CI:1.352~14.957;P=0.014)、高CRP(OR=1.009;95% CI:1.001~1.017;P=0.021)是中度重症、重症急性胰腺炎发生的独立危险因素。不同严重程度的APIP患者妊娠结局[治疗性引产(< 28周)、医源性早产、足月产、胎死宫内]比较无统计学差异(P=0.338)。结论 产次和高CRP是APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素。对于APIP的非初产妇早期监测CRP有利于指导临床治疗及病情评估。
Risk factors associated with pancreatitis severity and pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy
YU Yanchao , JIN Zhen , SUN Lei     
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with pancreatitis severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy (APIP) and evaluate pregnancy outcomes. Methods A total of 113 patients with APIP with complete data who were admitted to Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from January 2012 to December 2019 were enrolled. Based on APIP severity, patients were divided into the moderately severe acute pancreatits (MSAP) and severe acute pancreatits (SAP) group (collectively known as the MASP/SAP group, n=88; including 36 MSAP cases and 52 SAP cases) and the mild acute pancreatitis group (MAP group, n=25). The t test and rank sum test were used to compare the clinical indicators of the two groups of pregnant women. Independent risk factors of pancreatitis severity in patients with APIP were further analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods. Fisher's exact test was used to analyze the effects of pancreatitis severity on pregnancy outcomes in patients with APIP. Results There were significant differences in gestational age, parity, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count, platelet count, triglyceride, and total cholesterol between the two groups (all P < 0.05). Non primiparity (OR=4.496; 95% CI: 1.352-14.957; P=0.014) and high CRP (OR=1.009; 95% CI: 1.001-1.017; P=0.021) were independent risk factors for moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis. There were no significant differences in pregnancy outcomes such as therapeutic induction of labor (< 28 weeks), iatrogenic preterm labor, term labor, and fetal intrauterine death among patients with APIP with different pancreatitis severity (P=0.338). Conclusion Parity and high CRP are risk factors associated with pancreatitis severity in patients with APIP. Early monitoring of CRP in non-primiparous women with APIP may be helpful for guiding clinical treatment and disease assessment.

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis in pregnancy,APIP)是罕见的重症妊娠期急腹症,严重威胁孕产妇及胎儿的健康。APIP的发病率为1/10 000~1/1 000[1-2],导致孕产妇死亡率为3.3%,胎儿死亡率为11.6%~18.7%[3-4]。APIP时腹膜刺激可能会诱发分娩。APIP孕妇存在先兆早产、早产和胎儿死亡的风险[5]。APIP早期出现的临床症状可能与其他与腹痛或分娩的疾病相似,而妊娠晚期增大的子宫使母体器官向上或横向移位,疼痛感知的生理变化均使妊娠腹痛情况复杂[6]。APIP可发生于妊娠各个时期,大多发生在妊娠晚期或产后早期[2],孕早、中、晚期发病率分别为19%、26%、53%[7]。目前尚无产科指南指导APIP规范化管理,急性胰腺炎国际指南中没有提及怀孕相关指导。目前,相关研究多是对APIP发病特点、诊疗经过及母婴妊娠结局的报道。本研究回顾性分析113例APIP患者的临床资料,探讨APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素及其妊娠结局。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料与分组

收集2012年1月至2019年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的APIP患者的临床资料。入选标准:(1)发病48 h内,符合APIP临床诊断标准[8],符合以下3项中的2项,①腹痛(急性发作的持续性、严重的上腹部疼痛,常常放射到背部);②血淀粉酶和(或)淀粉酶活性比正常值上限高3倍;③CT或MRI具有急性胰腺炎特征性改变。(2)资料完整。排除标准:(1)慢性胰腺炎急性发病后保守治疗;(2)产后发病;(3)胎儿畸形;(4)具有子痫前期、胎膜早破等其他感染情况。本研究获得中国医科大学附属盛京医院伦理委员会批准(2020PS721K)。共纳入113例。根据胰腺炎严重程度[8]分为轻症急性胰腺炎组(MAP组,n = 25)和中度重症、重症急性胰腺炎组(MSAP/SAP组,中度重症36例,重症52例;n = 88)。

1.2 检测指标

通过电子病案系统收集孕产妇的一般信息和临床指标。一般信息包括发病孕周、生育史、胰腺炎严重程度、妊娠结局[治疗性引产(< 28周)、医源性早产、足月产、胎死宫内]等。临床指标包括C反应蛋白(C-reaction protein,CRP)、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血小板计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、肌酐、尿素、淀粉酶、脂肪酶。

1.3 统计学分析

应用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验评价数据分布。对于正态分布的计量资料采用x±s表示,2组比较采用t检验。非正态分布的计量资料采用MP25~P75)表示,2组比较采用秩和检验。采用单因素分析和二元logistic回归分析影响胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素。APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度对妊娠结局的影响应用Fisher确切概率法。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组各项临床指标比较

结果如表 1所示,2组孕次、产次、CRP、血小板计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖比较差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。

表 1 2组各项临床指标比较 Tab.1 Comparison of clinical data between the two groups
Item MAP group(n = 25) MSAP/SAP group(n = 88) P
Gestational age(week) 34.38±4.00 32.04±5.14 0.396
Gravida 1(1-2) 2(1-3) 0.013
Para 0(0-0) 0(0-1) 0.040
CRP(mg/L) 71.54±56.70 166.58±117.54 < 0.001
White blood cell count(×109/L) 13.03±4.40 15.63±5.02 0.652
Platelet count(×109/L) 198.52±56.29 246.75±101.54 0.025
Neutrophil count(×109/L) 11.35±4.46 12.91±4.53 0.985
Triglyceride(mmol/L) 3.23(2.04-4.52) 16.78(3.10-47.32) < 0.001
Total cholesterol(mmol/L) 5.54(4.56-6.41) 10.77(4.40-20.12) 0.007
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(mmol/L) 2.91(2.19-3.50) 2.07(1.38-3.23) 0.045
Fasting blood-glucose(mmol/L) 6.48(5.36-8.24) 8.15(5.91-11.08) 0.024
Serum creatinine(μmol/L) 46.10(36.55-52.20) 45.25(39.08-53.88) 0.504
Blood urea(mmol/L) 3.17(2.42-3.77) 3.17(2.48-4.10) 0.863
Amylase(U/L) 341.00(119.50-774.50) 548.00(226.75-857.00) 0.230
Lipase(U/L) 536.00(168.20-1792.45) 929.25(292.40-1823.30) 0.281

2.2 APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的单因素及多因素logistic回归分析

单因素分析结果显示,发病孕周、产次、CRP、白细胞计数、血小板计数、甘油三酯、总胆固醇是APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的影响因素(均P < 0.05),而胎次、空腹血糖、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇不是APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的影响因素(均P > 0.05),见表 2

表 2 APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的单因素分析结果 Tab.2 Univariate analysis results of pancreatitis severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy
Variable OR P 95%CI
Gravida 1.450 0.067 0.974-2.161
Para 2.872 0.044 1.027-8.028
CRP 1.012 0.001 1.005-1.019
White blood cell count 1.125 0.024 1.016-1.245
Platelet count 1.007 0.025 1.001-1.013
Fasting blood-glucose 1.018 0.113 0.976-1.259
Triglyceride 1.118 0.007 1.031-1.214
Total cholesterol 1.203 0.002 1.609-1.355
Gestational age 0.884 0.040 0.966-0.999
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 0.953 0.681 0.759-1.198

将单因素分析有统计学意义(P < 0.05)指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示,非初产妇(OR = 4.496,95%CI:1.352~14.957)、高CRP(OR = 1.009,95%CI:1.001~1.017)是影响APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素(均P < 0.05),见表 3

表 3 影响APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis results of pancreatitis severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy
Variable Coefficient P OR 95%CI
Gestational age -0.140 0.060 0.869 0.751-1.006
Para 1.503 0.014 4.496 1.352-14.957
CRP 0.009 0.021 1.009 1.001-1.017
White blood cell count 0.109 0.118 1.115 0.973-1.277
Platelet count 0.003 0.401 1.003 0.995-1.012
Triglyceride 0.097 0.173 1.102 0.958-1.267
Total cholesterol -0.014 0.912 0.986 0.762-1.275
Constant 1.251 0.657 3.610 -

2.3 APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度对妊娠结局的影响

结果显示,113例APIP患者中医源性早产发生率最高,为61.1%。APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度与妊娠结局无关(P = 0.338),见表 4。另外,发生新生儿窒息2例,产妇皆为轻症急性胰腺炎患者。

表 4 轻症、中度重症和重症APIP患者妊娠结局的比较[n(%)] Tab.4 Comparison of pregnancy outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis in pregnancy with mild, moderately severe, and severe pancreatitis [n (%)]
Item n Therapeutic induction of labor Iatrogenic preterm birth Full-term birth Fetal intrauterine death
MAP 25(22.1) 1(0.9) 15(13.3) 7(6.2) 2(1.8)
MSAP 36(31.9) 5(4.4) 20(17.7) 4(3.5) 7(6.2)
SAP 52(46.0) 6(5.3) 34(30.1) 5(4.4) 7(6.2)
Total 113(100) 12(10.6) 69(61.1) 16(14.1) 16(14.2)
MAP,mild acute pancreatitis;MSAP,moderately severe acute pancreatits;SAP,severe acute pancreatits.

3 讨论

在急性胰腺炎诊断中,实验室检查血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶准确性较高,但灵敏度不佳[9]。急性胰腺炎临床诊断中淀粉酶发挥重要作用,但特异性较低,在急性阑尾炎、胆石症等疾病中均有不同程度的升高,疾病的严重程度与淀粉酶升高程度不符[10]。目前已有研究[11]指出,淀粉酶水平与急性胰腺炎患者的病情严重程度不呈正比。脂肪酶是在胰腺腺泡内合成的特异性较低的脂肪水解酶类,胰腺炎时腺泡损伤,脂肪酶进入血液循环,进而增加了血清中脂肪酶含量[12]。已有研究[10]显示,胰腺炎病情严重程度与脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性升高程度没有联系。本研究结果显示,2组淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05),与以往研究结果一致。

已有研究[13]显示CRP能够辨别急性胰腺炎的严重程度。在入院48 h内CRP > 150 mg/dL对于轻症胰腺炎的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为80%、76%、67%和86%;发病后72 h内CRP > 180 mg/L诊断为胰腺坏死的灵敏度和特异度都超过80%。国外学者[14]研究入院不同时期CRP预测轻症胰腺炎的灵敏度和特异度,提出入院48 h的CRP预测胰腺炎的曲线下面积达0.81,最佳截断值为190 mg/L,灵敏度和特异度最高。本研究结果显示,发病48 h内高CRP为影响胰腺炎严重程度的独立危险因素,与以往研究结果基本一致。

本研究结果显示,产次也是影响APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。国外研究[15]显示非初产妇APIP发病多于初产妇,与本研究结果基本一致,究其原因可能是与非初产妇妊娠督导欠佳相关,因此临床上需加强对非初产妇的妊娠督导。

本研究结果显示,APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度与妊娠结局无关(P = 0.338)。本研究中25例重症胰腺炎患者中发生胎死宫内2例(8%)。36例中度重症胰腺炎患者发生胎死宫内7例(19.4%)。52例轻症胰腺炎患者发生胎死宫内7例(13.5%)。发生胎死宫内的概率与APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度无关(P > 0.05),分析其原因可能是本研究将妊娠 < 28周孕妇归为治疗性引产,未考虑治疗性引产后新生儿预后良好所致。因此对临床表现不明显的APIP患者也应加强胎儿宫内监测。

综上所述,产次和高CRP是APIP患者胰腺炎严重程度的危险因素;对于APIP的非初产妇早期监测CRP有利于指导临床治疗及病情评估。临床上对于妊娠合并腹痛的患者应高度重视,早期识别APIP患者并进行干预尤为关键。

参考文献
[1]
MADOR BD, NATHENS AB, XIONG W, et al. Timing of cholecystectomy following endoscopic sphincterotomy: a population-based study[J]. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(7): 2977-2985. DOI:10.1007/s00464-016-5316-9
[2]
CRUCIAT G, NEMETI G, GOIDESCU I, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia triggered acute pancreatitis in pregnancy-diagnostic approach, management and follow-up care[J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2020, 19(1): 2. DOI:10.1186/s12944-019-1180-7
[3]
MALI P. Pancreatitis in pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2016, 15(4): 434-438. DOI:10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60075-9
[4]
VILALLONGA R, CALERO-LILLO A, CHARCO R, et al. Acute pancreatitis during pregnancy, 7-year experience of a tertiary referral center[J]. Cir Esp, 2014, 92(7): 468-471. DOI:10.1016/j.ciresp.2013.12.016
[5]
TANG M, XU JM, SONG SS, et al. What may cause fetus loss from acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: analysis of 54 cases[J]. Medicine, 2018, 97(7): e9755. DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000009755
[6]
ZACHARIAH SK, FENN M, JACOB K, et al. Management of acute abdomen in pregnancy: current perspectives[J]. Int J Womens Health, 2019, 11: 119-134. DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S151501
[7]
樊书娟, 向俊西, 肖谧, 等. 妊娠合并急性胰腺炎对妊娠结局及新生儿的影响[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2018, 20(4): 274-278. DOI:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.04.004
[8]
BANKS PA, BOLLEN TL, DERVENIS C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis: 2012:revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus[J]. Gut, 2013, 62(1): 102-111. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779
[9]
张成, 许东伟, 高泽立. 血清糖蛋白-2α对于重症急性胰腺炎的诊断及预后评估价值[J]. 安徽医药, 2018, 22(11): 4. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2018.11.023
[10]
张允标, 时秀云, 郑绮菡. 血清淀粉酶联合C反应蛋白检测对急性胰腺炎的诊断价值[J]. 山西医药杂志, 2022, 51(2): 223-225.
[11]
ZHANG WF, LI ZT, FANG JJ, et al. Expression and clinical significance of rhubarb on serum amylase and TNF-alpha of rat model of acute pancreatitis[J]. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents, 2017, 31(3): 753-760.
[12]
XU JM, YANG HD, TIAN XP. Effects of early hemofiltration on organ function and intra-abdominal pressure in severe acute pancreatitis patients with abdominal compartment syndrome[J]. Clin Nephrol, 2019, 92(5): 243-249. DOI:10.5414/CN109435
[13]
GREENBERG JA, HSU J, BAWAZEER M, et al. Clinical practice guideline: management of acute pancreatitis[J]. Can J Surg, 2016, 59(2): 128-140. DOI:10.1503/cjs.015015
[14]
AHMAD R, BHATTI KM, AHMED M, et al. C-reactive protein as a predictor of complicated acute pancreatitis: reality or a myth?[J]. Cureus, 2021, 13(11): e19265. DOI:10.7759/cureus.19265
[15]
SHI XL, HU YP, PU N, et al. Risk factors for fetal death and maternal AP severity in acute pancreatitis in pregnancy[J]. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 769400. DOI:10.3389/fped.2021.769400