中国医科大学学报  2022, Vol. 51 Issue (9): 836-840, 844

文章信息

宋艺凡, 李娟
SONG Yifan, LI Juan
极早和超早产儿动脉导管未闭外科治疗指征及早期结局
Surgical indications and early outcomes of patent ductus arteriosus in very and extremely preterm infants
中国医科大学学报, 2022, 51(9): 836-840, 844
Journal of China Medical University, 2022, 51(9): 836-840, 844

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-03-01
网络出版时间:2022-08-15 10:01
极早和超早产儿动脉导管未闭外科治疗指征及早期结局
宋艺凡 , 李娟     
中国医科大学附属盛京医院第二新生儿科, 沈阳 110004
摘要目的 探讨外科治疗动脉导管未闭(PDA)的预测因素,了解极早和超早产儿PDA外科治疗者的住院结局。方法 收集151例诊断为PDA的极早和超早产儿临床资料,根据治疗方式分为手术组和非手术组,比较2组临床资料,采用logistic多元回归分析明确外科治疗PDA的预测因素。结果 手术组胎龄、出生体质量及最低舒张压明显降低;肺表面活性物质、布洛芬、利尿剂、正性肌力药应用率、心胸比及重度支气管肺发育不良(BPD)和早产儿视网膜病(ROP)发生率升高。手术组动脉导管直径、导管直径/体质量及左房内径/主动脉根部内径(LA/Ao)增加,导管处分流速度减慢。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,动脉导管直径/体质量及最低舒张压是极早和超早产儿外科治疗PDA的预测因素。结论 动脉导管直径/体质量>2.5 mm/kg和最低舒张压 < 24 mmHg增加了极早和超早产儿PDA外科治疗的可能性,外科治疗未增加并发症的发生率。
关键词动脉导管未闭    手术治疗    极早产儿    超早产儿    
Surgical indications and early outcomes of patent ductus arteriosus in very and extremely preterm infants
SONG Yifan , LI Juan     
Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the indications of patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) ligation and to understand the hospitalization outcome of surgical treatment of PDA in very and extremely preterm infants(VPIs and EPIs). Methods A total of 151 children with PDA were divided into two groups: an operation group and a control group. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. Logistic multiple regression analysis was used to determine the predictive factors of surgical treatment of patients with PDA. Results The gestational age, birth weight, and minimum diastolic blood pressure in the operation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The proportion of the application rate of pulmonary surfactant, ibuprofen, preoperative diuretics, positive inotropic drugs, the maximum cardiothoracic ratio, and the incidence of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity were significantly higher in the operation group than those in the control group. In the operation group, the diameter of arterial catheter, catheter diameter/weight ratio, and left atrial/aortic root ratio in the operation group were significantly larger, and the shunt speed at the catheter was significantly lower. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that a catheter diameter/body weight of greater than 2.5 mm/kg and a minimum diastolic blood pressure lower than 24 mmHg could be predictive of surgical treatment. Conclusion Arterial catheter diameter/weight of >2.5 mm/kg and minimum diastolic pressure of < 24 mmHg can increase the likelihood that VPIs and EPIs will have to undergo PDA surgical treatment. Surgical treatment can effectively improve the cardiopulmonary function without increasing the incidence of complications.

动脉导管是维持胎儿血液循环的重要生理通道,由于结构及对收缩机制反应不成熟,多数早产儿动脉导管延迟关闭[1]。经导管持续大量血液分流使肺循环及左心容量负荷增加、体循环灌注减少,即有血流动力学意义的动脉导管未闭(hymodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus,hsPDA),导致肺水肿及肺损伤,从而延长机械通气时间,增加早产儿并发症发生率和死亡风险[2]。动脉导管未闭(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)发生率随胎龄和出生体质量降低而升高,超早产儿(extremely preterm infants,EPI)达80%~90%[3-5]。关于极早产儿(very preterm infants,VPI)和EPI的PDA管理原则尚有许多争议,但大量分流者仍需及时关闭。机械性关闭对于药物治疗无效、呼吸机依赖或早期脏器功能衰竭者是有效治疗措施,其中外科结扎是常用的治疗方式。然而暂无随机临床研究证明药物治疗失败后hsPDA早产儿可以从中获益,一些早产儿并发症与PDA结扎的因果关系暂不清楚[6-7]

本研究回顾性分析151例诊断PDA的VPI和EPI临床资料,探讨外科治疗PDA的预测因素,了解外科治疗者预后情况,为合理管理PDA及改善预后提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

选取2013年1月1日至2020年12月31日于中国医科大学附属盛京医院第二新生儿病房住院并诊断为PDA的VPI和EPI 151例。排除标准:(1)未达出院标准停止治疗;(2)复杂心脏或其他脏器畸形;(3)染色体疾病或先天性遗传性疾病。根据治疗方式分为手术组及非手术组。本研究已获得医院伦理委员会批准(伦理编号:2022PS017K)。

1.2 临床资料

1.2.1 患儿母亲资料

收集患儿母亲年龄、孕期疾病(糖尿病、高血压等)、产前类固醇、多胎妊娠、胎膜早破史等。

1.2.2 新生儿资料

(1)胎龄、出生体质量、性别、小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)、复苏方式(气管插管)、最低舒张压、最大脉压差、药物应用情况(肺表面活性物质、布洛芬、利尿剂、正性肌力药);(2)外科治疗者记录术前呼吸支持方式及通气时间和手术日龄;(3)住院时间、出院时纠正胎龄及是否为宫外生长迟缓(extrauterine growth retardation,EUGR)。

1.2.3 辅助检查

心脏超声参数,包括动脉导管直径、主动脉根部(aorta,Ao)内径,左心房(left atrium,LA)内径、左心室舒张末期内径、动脉导管分流速度、房水平分流;胸部正位X线。

1.2.4 早产儿疾病及住院结局

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,NRDS)、肺出血、早发败血症(early onset sepsis,EOS)、晚发败血症(late onset sepsis,LOS)、支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)及程度、坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC)(≥Ⅱ期)[8]、经治疗的早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)、脑室内出血(intraventricular hemorrhage,IVH)(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)[9]、脑室周围白质软化(periventricular leukomalacia,PVL),术后并发症(心力衰竭、气胸、乳糜胸、喉返神经损伤等)。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据处理。计量资料均进行正态性检验,服从正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料用MP25~P75)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitey U检验。计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。多因素分析采用logistic回归分析,并建立受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组临床资料比较

纳入本研究的早产儿共151例,其中,男86例(57%),女65例(43%),出生胎龄29(25~31)周,出生体质量为1 238(651~2 160)g;VPI 117例(77.5%),EPI 34例(22.5%)。手术组42例(28%),平均手术日龄33(14~75)d,术前平均有创通气时间42(1~67)d,39例(93%)术前不能停止有创通气,3例(7%)为无创通气。非手术组109例(72%),住院期间需有创通气85例(78%)。

手术组胎龄、出生体质量及最低舒张压明显降低;产房复苏比例、最大脉压差、肺表面活性物质、药物(布洛芬、利尿剂及正性肌力药)应用率、心胸比及重度BPD和ROP发生率明显升高。超声提示动脉导管直径、导管直径/体质量、LA内径/Ao内径明显增加,导管分流速度减慢。见表 1

表 1 2组临床资料比较 Tab.1 Comparison of the clinical data and auxiliary examinations between the operation and control groups
Item Operation group(n = 42) Control group(n = 109) P
Pregnant women
    Age(x±s,year) 32±5 31±5 0.26
    Gestational diabetes [n(%)] 4(10) 20(18) 0.18
    Gestational hypertension [n(%)] 11(26) 26(24) 0.77
    Premature rupture of membranes [n(%)] 10(24) 39(36) 0.16
    Antenatal steroids [n(%)] 14(33) 31(28) 0.56
Multiparous [n(%)] 17(40) 44(40) 0.99
Neonatus
    Male [n(%)] 23(55) 63(58) 0.74
    Gestational age(x±s,week) 28±2 29±2 < 0.001
    Birth weight [MP25-P75),g] 886(725-1 520) 1 250(1 068-1 865) < 0.001
    SGA [n(%)] 6(14) 22(20) 0.40
    Delivery room resuscitation [n(%)] 23(55) 35(32) 0.01
    Pulmonary surfactant [n(%)] 37(88) 64(59) < 0.001
    Minimum diastolic blood pressure(x±s,mmHg) 21±3 24±4 < 0.001
    Maximum pulse pressure difference(x±s,mmHg) 32±6 27±4 < 0.001
    Ibuprofen [n(%)] 23(55) 30(28) < 0.001
    Positive inotropic drug [n(%)] 18(43) 17(16) < 0.001
    Diuretic [n(%)] 24(57) 23(21) < 0.001
    Total invasive ventilation time(x±s,d) 42±23 10±13 < 0.001
    Total enteral feeding time [MP25-P75),d] 39(36-77) 27(24-53) < 0.001
Ultrasound
    Conduit diameter(x±s,mm) 3.7±0.6 2.7±1.0 0.01
    Catheter diameter/weight(x±s,mm/kg) 3.1±0. 1.6±0.8 < 0.001
    LA/Ao(x±s 1.8±0.3 1.4±0.4 < 0.001
    Shunt speed(x±s,m/s) 2.3±0.6 2.7±0.9 0.03
    Atrial septal defect [n(%)] 37(88) 91(83) 0.76
    Left ventricular end diastolic diameter(x±s,mm) 17.5±2.3 16.5±2.7 0.05
Maximum cardiothoracic ratio(x±s,%) 59±4 56±4 < 0.001
Complications and outcomes of preterm infants [n(%)]
    Pneumorrhagia 8(19) 9(8) 0.06
    RDS 34(81) 75(69) 0.14
    EOS 3(7) 10(9) 0.69
    LOS 9(21) 26(24) 0.55
    BPD 38(90) 70(64) < 0.001
        Mild 2(5) 16(15) 0.22
        Medium 17(40) 43(39) 0.93
        Severe 19(45) 11(10) < 0.001
    NEC 2(5) 6(6) 0.86
    ROP 14(33) 3(3) < 0.001
    IVH 2(5) 2(2) 0.32
    PVL 6(14) 17(16) 0.84
Corrected gestational age at discharge(x±s,week) 40±3 37±2 0.09
EUGR [n(%)] 33(79) 76(70) 0.68
Length of stay [MP25-P75),d] 87(64-108) 59(46-94) < 0.001

2.2 外科治疗的VPI与EPI情况比较

EPI最大脉压差及布洛芬治疗率明显升高,手术日龄及出院时纠正胎龄高于VPI。EPI组母孕期高血压、产前类固醇及SGA比例降低,导管分流速度减慢。见表 2

表 2 外科治疗的VPI与EPI临床资料比较 Tab.2 Comparison of clinical data and auxiliary examinations between VPIs and EPIs
Item EPI(n = 20) VPI(n = 22) P
Pregnant women [n(%)]
    Gestational diabetes 2(10) 2(9) 0.66
    Gestational hypertension 2(10) 9(41) 0.02
    Antenatal steroids 4(20) 10(45) 0.03
    Multiparous 10(50) 15(68) 0.23
Neonatus [n(%)]
    SGA 0(0) 6(27) 0.01
    Delivery room resuscitation 14(70) 9(41) 0.06
    Pulmonary surfactant 19(95) 18(82) 0.20
Before operation
    Minimum diastolic blood pressure(x±s,mmHg) 20±4 21±4 0.49
    Maximum cardiothoracic ratio(x±s,%) 34±7 30±5 < 0.001
    Ibuprofen [n(%)] 16(80) 7(32) < 0.001
    Positive inotropic drug [n(%)] 8(40) 10(45) 0.72
    Diuretic [n(%)] 13(65) 11(50) 0.33
    Operation time [MP25-P75),d] 37(32-55) 26(26-46) 0.01
Ultrasound
    Conduit diameter(x±s,mm) 3.6±0.7 3.9±0.6 0.55
    Catheter diameter/weight(x±s,mm/kg) 3.4±0.7 2.9±0.7 0.06
    LA/Ao(x±s 1.8±0.4 1.8±0.3 0.78
    Shunt speed(x±s,m/s) 2.2±0.7 2.4±0.5 0.04
    Maximum cardiothoracic ratio(x±s,%) 61±4 57±4 0.44
Postoperative ventilator withdrawal time [MP25-P75),d] 11(6-46) 6(12-41) 0.04
EUGR [n(%)] 19(95) 19(86) 0.52
Corrected gestational age at discharge(x±s,week) 39±3 38±2 0.04

2.3 外科治疗PDA的预测因素

表 1P < 0.05的变量进一步行logistic多因素回归分析,结果显示,动脉导管直径/体质量和最低舒张压是外科治疗PDA的预测因素,见表 3

表 3 外科治疗PDA多因素回归分析 Tab.3 Multivariate regression analysis of the parameters observed in the surgical treatment of PDA
Item OR 95%CI P
Gestational diabetes 0.55 0.23-1.32 0.18
Birth weight 1.00 1.00-1.01 0.45
Delivery room resuscitation 1.49 0.10-21.90 0.77
Pulmonary surfactant 0.21 0.01-3.78 0.29
Minimum diastolic blood pressure 0.39 0.20-0.75 0.01
Maximum pulse pressure difference 1.27 0.99-1.62 0.06
Ibuprofen 0.28 0.04-2.31 0.24
Diuretic 0.93 0.08-10.66 0.95
Invasive ventilation 0.61 0.03-11.19 0.74
Conduit diameter 0.53 0.06-4.65 0.57
Catheter diameter/weight 1.04 1.00-1.07 0.03
LA/Ao 0.86 0.06-12.97 0.92
Shunt speed 0.19 0.03-1.29 0.09
Maximum cardiothoracic ratio 1.39 0.97-2.00 0.08

2.4 外科治疗PDA预测因素的预测能力(表 4
表 4 外科治疗早产儿PDA的预测能力 Tab.4 Predictive power of surgical treatment in preterm infants with PDA
Item AUC Critical value 95%CI
Catheter diameter/weight 0.91 2.47 0.87-0.96
Minimum diastolic blood pressure 0.78 23.50 0.70-0.86

表 3中有统计学差异的变量建立ROC曲线,并计算曲线下面积,结果显示,导管直径/体质量的预测能力最好,最低舒张压预测能力一般。

3 讨论

不同国家及地区PDA的治疗原则差别很大。目前保守治疗呈上升趋势,但大量分流者仍需手术治疗。hsPDA的诊断主要基于临床及超声变量并需结合胎龄,临床表现包括特征性心脏杂音、呼吸功能恶化如呼吸机依赖及肺水肿、低血压、喂养不耐受、需要血管活性药或正性肌力药等[10];超声参数包括导管直径≥1.5~2 mm、LA/Ao≥1.4、左心搏出量 < 200 mL/(kg·min-1)、左肺动脉血流速度 > 20 cm/s等[1-2, 10]。本研究中手术组平均导管直径、导管直径/体质量及LA/Ao均符合文献报道的hsPDA超声标准。导管分流速度与其横截面积成反比,手术组导管分流速度明显低于非手术组,提示该组经导管分流量较大。EPI组导管直径、导管直径/体质量及LA/Ao与VPI组无统计学差异,提示这些超声指标与胎龄无关。

本研究选取VPI和EPI为研究对象,PDA外科治疗率为28%。手术组胎龄及出生体质量更低,产房复苏比例、应用肺表面活性物质、布洛芬、正性肌力药及利尿剂的比例更高,提示该组胎龄影响肺成熟及导管关闭。生后经导管分流导致体循环如肠道及肾脏血流减少即偷盗现象,进而使舒张压降低,收缩压正常或稍增高,脉压差增大[11]。手术组最低舒张压明显降低,脉压差增大。EPI组最大脉压差及术前布洛芬治疗比例明显高于VPI组,提示PDA对EPI血流动力学影响更大。

机械性关闭PDA是改善心肺功能及全身灌注的有效措施,研究[12]报道的治疗指征包括药物治疗失败或用药禁忌、呼吸机依赖或心肺功能恶化者,并需结合心脏超声结果,尚缺乏客观标准。本研究中手术组55%为布洛芬治疗失败,45%存在布洛芬禁忌证,93%术前不能撤离有创呼吸支持。本研究结果显示,导管直径/体质量 > 2.5 mm/kg及最低舒张压 < 24 mmHg可预测PDA外科治疗需求。未见手术本身相关并发症如左喉返神经损伤、出血、乳糜胸和急性血流动力学改变等发生[5]。WEISZ等[7]报道184例经外科治疗hsPDA的EPI资料,未见BPD、重度ROP、死亡或神经发育落后风险增加,手术组病亡率降低。本研究中手术组重度BPD及ROP发生率明显升高,除胎龄及出生体质量所致发育不成熟外,导管分流的血流动力学影响也不容忽视。余早产儿相关并发症在2组间未见统计学差异。

本研究存在一定局限性:(1)单中心研究,入组病例数较少,可能存在偏倚;(2)缺乏连续超声监测;(3)外科治疗指征和结局还受胎龄及其他早产儿疾病影响。

综上所述,动脉导管直径/体质量 > 2.5 mm/kg和最低舒张压 < 24 mmHg增加了VPI和EPI PDA外科治疗的可能性,外科治疗未增加并发症发生率。

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