中国医科大学学报  2022, Vol. 51 Issue (7): 638-642

文章信息

苏楠, 刘正华, 李艳, 蔡大利
SU Nan, LIU Zhenghua, LI Yan, CAI Dali
急性髓系白血病异体造血干细胞移植后复发12例分析
Relapse secondary to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 12 patients with acute myeloid leukemia
中国医科大学学报, 2022, 51(7): 638-642
Journal of China Medical University, 2022, 51(7): 638-642

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-12-03
网络出版时间:2022-06-21 16:15
急性髓系白血病异体造血干细胞移植后复发12例分析
苏楠 , 刘正华 , 李艳 , 蔡大利     
中国医科大学附属第一医院血液科,沈阳 110001
摘要目的 探讨急性髓系白血病(AML) 异体造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT) 后复发的临床特点及危险因素。方法 收集2012年1月至2021年1月于中国医科大学附属第一医院血液科接受allo-HSCT后复发的12例AML病例,统计其临床一般信息、造血干细胞移植情况、复发后治疗情况以及随访结果等。结果 12例患者造血干细胞均成功植活,其中8例血液学复发,复发中位时间4个月;4例分子生物学复发,复发中位时间4.5个月。8例血液学复发患者无一例发生急性及慢性移植物抗宿主病(a/cGVHD),其中4例患者于复发后行化疗+供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI) 治疗,1例行二次同供者allo-HSCT,另外3例患者复发后放弃治疗,最终8例患者均不同时间死亡。4例分子生物学复发患者中,1例快速减停免疫抑制剂后出现cGVHD,已持续缓解6年;3例予以地西他滨+ DLI治疗,其中1例出现aGVHD,截至目前已持续缓解3年,1例无GVHD,已持续缓解2年,1例出现aGVHD,持续缓解近3个月,最终死于重症感染。结论 无论接受全相合或半相合allo-HSCT的AML患者,血液学复发前通常无GVHD,化疗+DLI治疗效果差,无法诱发GVHD、增强移植物抗白血病(GVL) 效应。而分子生物学复发患者给予快速减停免疫抑制剂及干预性DLI治疗,更易出现GVHD,增强GVL效应,白血病持久缓解,故早期复发的监测和抢先治疗可显著提高疗效。
关键词急性髓系白血病    异体造血干细胞移植    复发    
Relapse secondary to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in 12 patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia(AML) and improve the treatment efficacy and prognosis after allo-HSCT. Methods The clinical data of 12 patients with AML who received allo-HSCT in our hospital between January 2012 and January 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Data on the general clinical situation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, treatment after relapse, and follow-up were collected. Results All 12 patients showed successful engraftment, among which 8 patients developed hematologic relapse and 4 developed molecular relapse within a median time of 4 and 4.5 months, respectively. None of the 8 patients with hematologic relapse developed acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease(a/cGVHD). However, among these patients, 4 received chemotherapy plus donor lymphocyte infusion(DLI) after relapse, one underwent secondary allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and 3 halted treatment. Ultimately, all 8 patients died. Among the 4 patients with molecular relapse, one developed cGVHD after rapid immunosuppressant withdrawal, which has been in remission for 6 years. The other three patients were treated with decitabine plus DLI. Of these three patients, one developed aGVHD, which has been in remission for 3 years, another had no GVHD and has been in remission for 2 years, the third patient was in remission and developed aGVHD, which lasted for nearly 3 months, and finally died of severe infection. Conclusion GVHD is often absent before hematologic relapse regardless of whether the patients with AML received matched or mismatched all HSCT. Chemotherapy combined with DLI has a poor therapeutic effect and could neither induce GVHD nor enhance the graft versus leukemia(GVL) effect. However, patients with molecular relapse are more likely to develop GVHD when treated with the rapid withdrawal of immunosuppressant or interventional DLI, thus enhancing the GVL effect and prolonging leukemia remission. Therefore, monitoring and preemptive treatment of early recurrence could significantly improve treatment efficacy.

急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML) 是一组异质性血细胞肿瘤,源于恶性造血前体细胞的克隆性增长,干扰正常血细胞的生成,是成人最常见的急性白血病类型,其死亡率约占成人肿瘤死亡率的1%。异体造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT) 是治愈AML的主要方法,但移植后仍有部分患者因复发而死亡[1]。本研究回顾性分析了2012年至2021年我科行allo-HSCT后血液学复发的AML病例,旨在探讨影响移植后易复发的因素及髓外复发的特点,以提高移植后的疗效。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

收集2012年1月至2021年1月于中国医科大学附属第一医院血液科接受allo-HSCT的AML病例,其中,血液学复发8例,男女各4例,中位年龄30岁;分子生物学复发4例,男3例,女1例,中位年龄23.5岁。12例患者中,根据FAB(French-American-British) 分型,急性单核细胞白血病(M5) 5例[其中1例为骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplasia syndrome,MDS) 转化],急性粒细胞白血病部分分化型(M2) 5例,急性粒单核细胞白血病伴嗜酸粒细胞增多(M4Eo) 1例,急性红白血病(M6) 1例;高危4例,中危5例,低危3例。移植前,骨髓形态完全缓解(complete reemission,CR) 11例,其中,CR1 6例,CR2 4例,CR4 1例;部分缓解(partial remission,PR) 1例;复发难治7例;1例于首次HSCT后3个月复发行二次移植。根据人类白细胞抗原(human leucocyte antigen,HLA) 配型,全相合移植5例,不全相合移植7例,其中1例不全相合移植者行同供者二次移植;11例为同性别间移植,1例为女供男移植。见表 1

表 1 12例接受allo-HSCT后复发的AML病例的一般临床资料 Tab.1 Cinical prameters of 12 AML patients relapse secondary to allo-HSCT
Parameters n
Age  
  ≤60 years 12
  >60 years 0
Sex  
  Male 7
  Female 5
WBC at initial diagnosis  
  ≥50×109/L 2
  <50×109/L 10
FAB classification  
  M2 5
  M4Eo 1
  M5 5(one was MDS transformed to M5)
  M6 1
Number of karyotypic abnormalities(n lost= 5)  
  Normal 1
  One to two abnormalities 5
  Complex 1
Number of gene mutation(n lost = 10)  
  1 1(KIT)
  ≥2 1(DNMT3ACEBPANPM1FLT3-ITD)
Risk stratification  
  Low 3
  Intermediate 5
  High 4
Remission status before HSCT  
  CR1 6
  CR2 4
  CR4 1
  PR 1
Extramedullary involvement before HSCT  
  Mediastinal 1
> 1 standard chemotherapy regimen obtained CR 4
DLI 7
Secondary allo-HSCT 1
WBC,white blood cell;CR,complete remission;DLI,donor lymphocyte infusion.

1.2 移植物来源、预处理化疗及预防移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease,GVHD)方案

所有患者均行allo-HSCT(其中1例为同基因),造血干细胞来源于外周血+骨髓2例,其余10例均只来源于外周血。预处理方案:(1) BuCy2,即白舒非0.8 mg/kg,1次/6 h,Day-9至-6,阿糖胞苷2 g Day -5至-4,环磷酰胺60 mg/kg(或1.8 g/m2) Day -3至-2;(2) TBI/Cy2,即全身放疗1.66 Gy/次,2次/d,Day -8至-6,阿糖胞苷2 g/m2 Day -5至-4,环磷酰胺60 mg/kg Day -3至-2;(3) TBI/FA,即全身放疗1.66 Gy/次,2次/d,Day -9至-7,氟达拉滨30 mg/m2+阿糖胞苷1 g/m2,Day-6至-2。1例患者BuCy2联合克拉屈滨,1例联合地西他滨。不全相合移植者加用兔抗人胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白(rabbit anti-human thymocyte immunoglobulin,ATG) 10 mg/kg。预防GVHD方案:环孢素(3 mg/kg,Day -1开始) +短程甲氨蝶呤(15 mg/m2,Day +1,10 mg/m2,Day +3,+6,+11),不全相合移植者加用骁悉(Day +1开始)。供者淋巴细胞输注(donor lymphocyte infusion,DLI) 后的患者单用环孢素预防GVHD。

2 结果 2.1 细胞植活及GVHD发生情况

12例患者细胞均成功植活,粒细胞中位植活时间为18 d(16~25 d),血小板中位植活时间为17 d(13~25 d),复发前无一例患者发生急性移植物抗宿主病(acute graft-versus-host disease,aGVHD)或者慢性移植物抗宿主病(chronic graft-versus-host disease,cGVHD)。

2.2 随访

血液学复发患者8例,复发中位时间为4个月(3~24个月),其中1例二次移植后再次复发,时间为2个月。复发部位:3例髓外复发,其中,中枢神经系统浸润1例,皮肤浸润1例,前纵膈病灶再次复发随后骨髓复发1例;其余5例骨髓复发。4例患者于复发后行化疗,再予以DLI治疗:2例患者行1次DLI治疗,CD3细胞数量分别为2×107/kg及4.4×107/kg;2例患者行序贯DLI治疗,1例起始为5×107/kg,1例为2×107/kg,1个月后再次回输量均为1×108/kg。4例患者DLI后均仍未出现GVHD;3例患者未接受化疗和DLI治疗;1例患者于移植后3个月复发,行二次移植后2个月因复发死亡。所有8例患者最终均死于白血病,4例接受DLI患者的总中位生存期为10个月(5~25个月),DLI后中位生存期为1.3个月(1~3个月)。

分子生物学复发患者4例,复发中位时间4.5个月(2~9个月)。1例患者于移植后2个月融合基因微小残留病变(minimal residual disease,MRD) 转为阳性,予以快速减停免疫抑制剂,于一月余后出现皮肤Ⅱ度cGVHD,复查融合基因持续阴性,目前移植后6年余;1例患者于移植后5个月流式免疫分型MRD阳性,予以化疗+DLI治疗,CD3细胞数量为2×106/kg,1个月后评估无效,再次予以DLI,CD3细胞数量升至7×106/kg,1个月后仍无效予以地西他滨20 mg/m2+DLI治疗,CD3细胞数量为3×106/kg,1个月后复查MRD开始下降,并出现皮肤Ⅱ度aGVHD,至今持续缓解3年;另1例患者移植后4个月融合基因转为阳性,接受DLI治疗,CD3细胞数量为5×106/kg,随访1个月融合基因拷贝数无下降,予以地西他滨20 mg/m2+DLI治疗,CD3细胞数量为1×107/kg,1个月后复查融合基因转阴,未出现GVHD,持续缓解2年;最后1例患者移植后5个月融合基因转阳,予以地西他滨20 mg/m2+DLI治疗,约3周后复查融合基因拷贝指数下降一半,并出现皮肤和肝脏Ⅰ度aGVHD,持续缓解近3个月后因重症感染临床死亡。

3 讨论

大部分预后中等或高危的AML患者首选allo-HSCT治疗,由于移植前疾病的状态及分子生物学特征,移植后仍会有高达20%~50%的AML会出现复发,2年生存率低于20%[2]。如何降低移植后复发率成为提高移植疗效的关键,探讨移植后复发患者的特征有助于进行危险分层,并给予相应的预防与治疗措施。

本研究中,8例血液学复发患者均存在各种不同的高危因素,包括复杂核型,MDS转化AML,高白细胞白血病,初诊时存在髓外病变、CR2乃至CR4再进行移植,原发耐药等。所有8例患者移植后均未出现aGVHD或cGVHD,而GVHD与移植物抗白血病效应(graft versus leukemia,GVL) 在一定程度上呈现平行关系,没有GVHD,也就意味着GVL作用不强,无法防止复发[3]。高危白血病似乎存在某种抑制GVHD发生的机制值得探索,包括移植后程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD1) /程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PDL1) 等的表达变化[4-5]。对于高危患者,诱发GVHD、增强GVL作用更为必要,优化DLI方法或合并应用其他药物以提高疗效。另一方面,移植后增加药物维持治疗,靶向抑制白血病,致使内在的原本单独无法阻止白血病复发的GVL作用,联合维持药物后能够完全抑制复发,最终获得长期生存。如索拉菲尼维持治疗Fms样酪氨酸激酶3-内部串联重复(Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-intimal tandem duplication,FLT3-ITD) 阳性AML,去甲基化药物维持治疗高危白血病等[6-10]

本研究中,4例患者移植后出现分子生物学复发:3例经过包含DLI为基础的治疗,MRD转阴或者明显下降,1例减停免疫抑制剂后MRD转阴,3例获得长期存活。3例患者治疗后出现aGVHD或cGVHD,提示免疫治疗对出现血液学复发前的早期复发可能更有效,GVL可以有效控制白血病细胞增殖。因此,监测白血病残留,抢先治疗也可能成为降低白血病移植后复发的关键之一。本组分子生物学复发的4例患者中,2例分别是中危和低危在CR2接受移植,另2例亦分别是中危和低危在CR1接受移植,可能有更多机会发生分子生物学复发,而且低中危可能更易诱发GVHD/GVL。而高危患者白血病细胞增殖较快,只有很短暂的分子生物学复发窗口,不易捕捉。因此,维持治疗可能会推迟血液学复发的发生,给更多的免疫干预提供机会。从2种不同复发模式中可以看出,分子生物学复发更易诱导出GVHD,增加GVL效应;晚期血液学复发会改变体内免疫环境,导致混合嵌合,抑制GVHD发生,GVL效应减弱,其中的免疫生物学机制有待进一步研究探讨[3, 11-13]

本研究中,分子生物学复发组患者的不同点在于4例患者中有3例接受了地西他滨的治疗。研究[14-16]显示,以地西他滨为代表的的去甲基化药物不仅具有直接杀伤白血病细胞的能力,同时还能够增强白血病细胞HLAⅡ类分子表达,提高白血病特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL) 的活性,控制白血病复发,因此,对于血液学复发的白血病可以尝试在化疗中或其后加用去甲基化药物,再联合DLI。

由于本文报道的例数较少,仍需进一步收集临床病例密切随访。总之,接受allo-HSCT的高危AML患者,在无GVHD的情况下,应密切复查、随访。维持治疗有助于减少复发,尤其是以去甲基化药物为主的方案,在联合DLI的基础上可提高疗效。低危和中危的AML患者更容易从移植后的免疫治疗中获益,进而获得长期疾病缓解。因此,早期复发的监测和抢先治疗非常必要。

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