中国医科大学学报  2022, Vol. 51 Issue (6): 492-496, 507

文章信息

韩孟冉, 张晨钰, 杜岑, 都健, 敖娜
HAN Mengran, ZHANG Chenyu, DU Cen, DU Jian, AO Na
血小板/白细胞比值与2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝纤维化进展的相关性
Correlation between platelet to white blood cell ratio and the progression of liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
中国医科大学学报, 2022, 51(6): 492-496
Journal of China Medical University, 2022, 51(6): 492-496

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-12-09
网络出版时间:2022-06-02 9:19
血小板/白细胞比值与2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者肝纤维化进展的相关性
中国医科大学附属第四医院内分泌代谢内科,沈阳 110032
摘要目的 探讨血小板/白细胞比值(PWR) 在2型糖尿病(T2DM) 合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD) 患者肝纤维化进展中的作用。方法 选取2018年7月至2020年11月就诊于中国医科大学附属第四医院内分泌代谢内科的T2DM患者440例,并将其分为单纯T2DM组(120例) 和T2DM合并NAFLD组(320例);将T2DM合并NAFLD组根据NAFLD纤维化评分(NFS) 分为T2DM+F0 (除外肝纤维化亚组NFS < -1.455,120例),T2DM+F1 (可疑肝纤维化亚组-1.455≤NFS < 0.676,120例),T2DM+F2 (肝纤维化亚组NFS≥0.676,80例) 3个亚组,其中,F0表示无肝纤维化,F1表示可疑肝纤维化,F2表示肝纤维化。收集患者一般临床资料并根据外周血化验结果计算PWR、单核细胞与高密度脂蛋白比值(MHR) 等数值,采用SPSS 25.0软件统计分析PWR与T2DM患者NAFLD肝纤维化进展的相关性,采用受试者工作特征(ROC) 曲线分析PWR在预测肝纤维化进展过程中的临床价值。结果 MHR (OR = 0.757,95%CI:1.272~3.571;P = 0.004) 是T2DM患者发生NAFLD的危险因素。PWR与T2DM合并NAFLD肝纤维化进展呈负相关(OR = -0.893,95%CI:0.266~0.632;P < 0.001)。PWR可较好地预测T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化的发生风险,ROC曲线下面积为0.874,最佳截断值为28.61,灵敏度为78.8%,特异度为83.3%。结论 PWR可作为T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化进展的预测指标。
Correlation between platelet to white blood cell ratio and the progression of liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 11003, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the correlation between platelet-to-white blood cell ratio (PWR) and the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Overall, 440 T2DM patients were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into the simple T2DM group (n = 120) and the T2DM combined with NAFLD group (n = 320). The T2DM combined with NAFLD group was divided into three subgroups according to the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS). T2DM+F0 (excluding liver fibrosis subgroup NFS < -1.455) 120 cases; T2DM+F1 (suspected liver fibrosis subgroup -1.455≤NFS < 0.676) 120 cases, and T2DM+F2 (liver fibrosis subgroup NFS≥0.676) 80 cases. The patients' general clinical data were collected, and the PWR, monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR), and other values were based on the results of peripheral blood tests. SPSS 25.0 software was used to statistically analyze the correlation between PWR and the progression of NAFLD liver fibrosis in T2DM patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to assess the clinical value of PWR in predicting the progression of liver fibrosis. Results MHR (OR = 0.757, 95%CI: 1.272-3.571; P = 0.004) is a risk factor of NAFLD in patients with T2DM. PWR was negatively correlated with T2DM combined with NAFLD liver fibrosis progression (OR = -0.893, 95%CI: 0.266-0.632; P < 0.001). The PWR can thus better predict the risk of liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM and NAFLD. The area under the ROC curve was 0.874, the best cutoff value was 28.61, the sensitivity was 78.8%, and the specificity was 83.3%. Conclusion PWR can be used as a predictor of liver fibrosis progression in patients with concurrent T2DM and NAFLD.

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM) 与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD) 关系密切,NAFLD会增加T2DM慢性并发症的发生风险,而T2DM则会增加NAFLD进展为晚期肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌的风险。因此,在T2DM患者中早期识别NAFLD及其纤维化进展并进行治疗干预至关重要。NAFLD及其纤维化与肝内胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、脂代谢异常、炎症反应、氧化应激等多种机制密切相关。有研究[1]表明,血小板/白细胞比值(platelet to white blood cell ratio,PWR) 与乙型肝炎患者肝脏纤维化密切相关,本研究旨在探讨PWR与T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化的相关性,为临床提供更便捷的早期筛查指标。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

选取2018年7月至2020年11月于中国医科大学附属第四医院内分泌代谢内科就诊的T2DM患者440例,其中,男258例,女182例,年龄23~94岁,平均年龄为(58.5±11.9) 岁。纳入标准:(1) T2DM符合1999年世界卫生组织糖尿病诊断标准[2];(2) NAFLD符合《非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版) 》 [3]的诊断标准。排除标准:(1) T2DM伴有急性代谢紊乱、严重肝功能不全[谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT) > 8~10正常值上限(upper limit of normal,ULN) 或者ALT > 3 ULN且总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL) > 2 ULN] [4]、严重肾功能不全[估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR) < 30 mL/min]、心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、风湿免疫系统疾病、慢性炎性疾病或肿瘤、血液系统疾病、处于妊娠或哺乳期;(2) 嗜酒,乙醇量男 > 140 g/周,女 > 70 g/周;(3) 合并病毒性肝炎、药物性肝损伤、胆汁淤积性肝损伤、肝豆状核变性及药物依赖患者。

1.2 分组

纳入研究对象被分为单纯T2DM组(120例) 和T2DM合并NAFLD组(320例)。将T2DM合并NAFLD组根据NAFLD纤维化评分(NAFLD fibrosis score,NFS) [5]分为T2DM+F0 (除外肝纤维化亚组,NFS < -1.455,120例)、T2DM+F1 (可疑肝纤维化亚组,-1.455≤NFS < 0.676,120例) 和T2DM+F2 (肝纤维化亚组,NFS≥0.676,80例) 3个亚组。其中,F0表示无肝纤维化,F1表示可疑肝纤维化,F2表示肝纤维化。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 一般资料收集

记录患者性别、年龄、T2DM病程、近半年用药情况等,由专人测量并记录患者的身高、体质量,并计算体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),BMI=体质量(kg) /身高2 (m2)。

1.3.2 实验室检查

患者夜间禁食≥8 h,并于次日清晨6时抽取肘部静脉血。检测白细胞计数(white blood cell,WBC)、中性粒细胞计数(neutrophil,N)、单核细胞计数(monocyte,M)、淋巴细胞计数(lymphocyte,L),血小板(platelet,PLT)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1C,HbA1c)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose FPG)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、ALT、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr),空腹C肽(fasting C-peptide,FCP)和空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin,FINS)。计算PWR,PWR=PLT/WBC。计算单核细胞与HDL比值(monocyte to high density lipoprotein ratio,MHR)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(platelet to lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(lymphocyte to monocyte ratio,LMR),MHR=M/HDL,NLR=N/L,PLR=PLT/L,LMR=L/M。计算胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance,HOMA-IR),HOMA-IR=FINS×FPG/22.5。计算NFS,NFS=-1.675+0.037×年龄(岁) +0.094×BMI (kg/m2) +1.13×糖耐量异常或糖尿病(是=1,否=0) +0.99×AST/ALT-0.013×PLT (109/L)-0.66×Alb (g/dL)。

1.3.3 肝脏超声检查

患者行超声检查前需禁食≥8 h,由超声科专业技师行肝脏超声检查,根据《超声医学》诊断标准[6]诊断脂肪肝。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析,符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,2组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,非正态分布的计量资料以M (P25~P75) 表示,2组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;计数资料以相对数表示,多组间比较采用χ2检验;采用二分类logistic回归分析探讨T2DM患者合并NAFLD的影响因素、T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化进展的影响因素;采用受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC) 曲线评价PWR对T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化进展的诊断价值。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 单纯T2DM组与T2DM合并NAFLD组患者临床资料和实验室检查指标比较

2组患者的性别、PLT、ALB、ALP、LDL、Cr、NLR、LMR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);2组患者的年龄、病程、胰岛素应用史、BMI、WBC、N、M、L、HbA1c、FCP、FINS、FPG、ALT、AST、TC、TG、HDL、UA、HOMA-IR、MHR、PLR、PWR比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表 1

表 1 2组临床资料和实验室检查指标比较 Tab.1 Comparison of the clinical data and laboratory test indexes between the two groups
Index Simple T2DM group T2DM combined with NAFLD group χ2/t/Z P
Sex (male/female) 67/53 191/129 0.535 0.465
Age (x±s,year) 61.38±9.43 57.38±12.55 3.603 < 0.001
Course of disease [M (P25-P75),year] 10.00(5.00-16.00) 6.00(2.00-10.00) -5.597 < 0.001
History of insulin use [n (%)] 60(50.00) 117(36.56) 6.554 0.010
BMI (x±s,kg/m2) 23.32±2.70 26.41±3.40 -9.946 < 0.001
WBC [M (P25-P75),×109/L] 5.19(4.65-6.29) 6.27(5.32-7.23) -6.460 < 0.001
N [M (P25-P75),×109/L] 3.05(2.55-3.89) 3.69(3.13-4.49) -4.881 < 0.001
M [M (P25-P75),×109/L] 0.37(0.30-0.44) 0.44(0.37-0.51) -6.008 < 0.001
PLT (x±s,×109/L) 214.95±56.56 218.32±63.15 -0.524 0.601
L (x±s,×109/L) 1.62±0.53 1.91±0.55 -5.016 < 0.001
HbA1c [M (P25-P75),%] 7.25(6.40-9.10) 8.30(6.90-9.80) -3.578 < 0.001
FCP [M (P25-P75),ng/mL] 0.92(0.65-1.35) 1.56(1.08-2.15) -7.579 < 0.001
FINS [M (P25-P75),μU/mL] 9.48(5.90-14.93) 12.06(8.29-17.75) -4.054 < 0.001
FPG [M (P25-P75),mmol/L] 8.01(6.12-10.88) 8.85(7.27-11.21) -2.439 0.015
ALB [M (P25-P75),g/L] 44.90(41.23-46.28) 44.80(41.73-47.18) -1.565 0.118
ALT [M (P25-P75),U/L] 18.00(14.00-24.00) 25.50(18.00-42.00) -6.321 < 0.001
AST [M (P25-P75),U/L] 19.50(16.00-23.00) 21.50(17.00-29.00) -3.563 < 0.001
ALP [M (P25-P75),U/L] 76.00(64.00-87.75) 77.50(63.00-92.00) -0.865 0.387
TC (x±s,mmol/L) 4.71±0.95 5.00±1.16 -2.686 0.008
TG [M (P25-P75),mmol/L] 1.05(0.82-1.45) 1.99(1.40-3.14) -9.683 < 0.001
HDL [M (P25-P75),mmol/L] 1.33(1.14-1.51) 1.03(0.91-1.18) -9.273 < 0.001
LDL (x±s,mmol/L) 3.01±0.93 3.08±1.09 -0.740 0.460
UA [M (P25-P75),μmol/L] 282.00(233.25-347.00) 338.00(288.25-401.75) -6.162 < 0.001
Cr [M (P25-P75),μmol/L] 63.00(53.25-73.50) 66.00(56.00-75.00) -1.375 0.169
HOMA-IR [M (P25-P75)] 3.31(1.87-6.05) 4.79(3.19-7.46) -4.259 < 0.001
MHR [M (P25-P75)] 0.29(0.21-0.35) 0.39(0.30-0.50) -8.024 < 0.001
NLR [M (P25-P75)] 2.10(1.68-2.62) 1.98(1.53-2.62) -0.965 0.334
PLR [M (P25-P75)] 138.15(108.41-170.04) 115.16(89.66-146.88) -4.446 < 0.001
LMR (x±s) 4.41±1.35 4.46±1.38 -0.308 0.758
PWR (x±s) 40.08±10.35 35.04±11.33 4.252 < 0.001

2.2 T2DM患者发生NAFLD的影响因素分析

以发生NAFLD为因变量,以表 1中差异有统计学意义的指标为自变量进行二分类logistic回归分析,结果显示,BMI、TG、UA、MHR是T2DM患者发生NAFLD的危险因素,病程是T2DM患者发生NAFLD的保护因素(P < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 T2DM患者发生NAFLD的二分类logistic回归分析 Tab.2 Binary logistic regression analysis of NAFLD in T2DM patients
Index β SE Wald χ2 P OR 95%CI
Course of disease -0.607 0.223 7.427 0.006 0.545 0.352-0.843
BMI 0.550 0.150 13.430 < 0.001 1.734 1.292-2.328
TG 0.883 0.208 18.069 < 0.001 2.418 1.609-3.633
UA 0.513 0.198 6.736 0.009 1.670 1.134-2.459
MHR 0.757 0.263 8.263 0.004 2.132 1.272-3.571

2.3 T2DM合并NAFLD各纤维化亚组临床资料和实验室检查指标比较

3组患者的性别、M、HbA1c、FPG、AST、UA比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);3组患者的年龄、病程、胰岛素应用史、BMI、WBC、N、PLT、L、FCP、FINS、ALB、ALT、ALP、TC、TG、HDL、LDL、Cr、HOMA-IR、MHR、NLR、PLR、LMR、PWR比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表 3

表 3 T2DM合并NAFLD各纤维化亚组临床资料和实验室检查指标比较 Tab.3 Comparison of clinical data and laboratory examination indices of T2DM and NAFLD fibrosis subgroups
Index T2DM+F1(n = 120) T2DM+F0(n = 120) T2DM+F2(n = 80) χ2/F/H P
Sex (male/female) 77/43 67/53 47/33 1.771 0.413
Age (x±s,year) 57.33±9.47 49.73±11.00 68.96±9.66 86.788 < 0.001
Course of disease [M (P25-P75),year] 6.50(2.00-10.00) 5.00(2.00-8.00) 10.00(4.00-13.50) 17.974 < 0.001
History of insulin use [n (%)] 35(29.17) 45(37.50) 37(46.25) 13.419 0.047
BMI (x±s,kg/m2) 25.91±3.07 25.82±2.91 28.05±4.01 6.112 < 0.001
WBC [M (P25-P75),×109/L] 5.84(5.18-6.87) 6.47(5.74-7.33) 6.32(5.41-7.41) 7.693 0.021
N [M (P25-P75),×109/L] 3.56(2.95-4.29) 3.70(3.19-4.41) 3.85(3.28-4.88) 6.081 0.048
M [M (P25-P75),×109/L] 0.44(0.37-0.50) 0.44(0.38-0.50) 0.47(0.36-0.55) 1.742 0.419
PLT (x±s,×109/L) 201.31±40.11 276.21±45.29 156.63±34.70 221.425 < 0.001
L (x±s,×109/L) 1.85±0.52 2.09±0.54 1.74±0.53 12.127 < 0.001
HbA1c [M (P25-P75),%] 8.15(6.90-9.20) 8.20(6.93-9.90) 8.75(6.93-9.90) 4.257 0.119
FCP [M (P25-P75),ng/mL] 1.67(1.24-2.88) 1.44(1.03-2.04) 1.50(0.95-1.94) 7.475 0.024
FINS [M (P25-P75),μU/mL] 12.00(8.02-15.76) 10.89(8.07-15.83) 14.75(10.00-21.96) 11.503 0.003
FPG [M (P25-P75),mmol/L] 9.03(7.13-10.80) 8.83(7.48-11.88) 8.58(7.24-11.08) 0.792 0.673
ALB [M (P25-P75),g/L] 44.95(42.70-46.90) 46.75(44.30-48.58) 40.95(39.40-43.35) 85.370 < 0.001
ALT [M (P25-P75),U/L] 27.00(19.00-46.25) 30.00(20.50-51.00) 38.00(13.00-28.00) 34.920 < 0.001
AST [M (P25-P75),U/L] 22.00(18.00-32.00) 22.00(18.00-28.00) 20.00(16.00-26.75) 3.734 0.155
ALP [M (P25-P75),U/L] 76.00(62.25-92.00) 82.00(68.25-92.00) 72.00(59.00-86.00) 6.783 0.034
TC (x±s,mmol/L) 4.91±1.02 5.24±1.10 4.77±1.36 4.653 0.010
TG [M (P25-P75),mmol/L] 1.98(1.33-3.27) 2.34(1.50-3.25) 1.65(1.29-2.63) 10.176 0.006
HDL [M (P25-P75),mmol/L] 1.03(0.91-1.19) 1.06(0.96-1.23) 0.98(0.87-1.11) 9.759 0.008
LDL (x±s,mmol/L) 3.01±1.02 3.32±1.04 2.84±1.22 5.078 0.007
UA [M (P25-P75),μmol/L] 351.00(301.25-420.75) 319.00(283.00-394.75) 336.00(290.25-392.75) 3.858 0.145
Cr [M (P25-P75),μmol/L] 64.00(57.00-73.00) 63.50(54.00-72.00) 72.00(60.75-82.00) 16.812 < 0.001
HOMA-IR [M (P25-P75)] 4.50(3.11-7.01) 4.64(3.21-6.42) 5.85(3.21-10.35) 6.812 0.033
MHR [M (P25-P75)] 0.42(0.33-0.53) 0.41(0.33-0.49) 0.48(0.36-5.78) 45.964 < 0.001
NLR [M (P25-P75)] 1.96(1.54-2.62) 1.82(1.48-2.24) 2.28(1.81-3.16) 20.223 < 0.001
PLR [M (P25-P75)] 111.21(89.36-139.46) 135.80(108.10-166.74) 92.82(73.49-116.92) 56.496 < 0.001
LMR (x±s) 4.34±1.22 4.88±1.34 4.00±1.49 11.078 < 0.001
PWR [M (P25-P75)] 33.84(27.34-39.55) 42.22(35.83-49.32) 24.01(20.66-28.30) 142.164 < 0.001

2.4 T2DM合并NAFLD肝纤维化进展影响因素的logistic回归分析

以发生肝纤维化为因变量,以表 3中差异有统计学意义的指标为自变量进行二分类logistic回归分析,结果显示,HOMA-IR与T2DM合并NAFLD肝纤维化进展呈正相关,TG、PWR与T2DM合并NAFLD肝纤维化进展呈负相关(P < 0.05),见表 4

表 4 T2DM合并NAFLD肝纤维化进展的二分类logistic回归分析 Tab.4 Binary logistic regression analysis of T2DM and NAFLD liver fibrosis progression
Index β SE Wald χ2 P OR 95%CI
TG -0.612 0.252 5.900 0.015 0.542 0.331-0.888
HOMA-IR 0.385 0.195 3.890 0.049 1.470 1.002-2.156
PWR -0.893 0.221 16.320 < 0.001 0.410 0.266-0.632

2.5 PWR对T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化的预测价值

PWR可较好地预测T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化的发生风险,ROC曲线下面积为0.874,当PWR=28.61时,灵敏度为78.8%,特异度为83.3%,约登指数为0.621 (图 1)。可见PWR对T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化具有一定的预测价值。

图 1 PWR对T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化的预测价值 Fig.1 Predictive value of PWR for liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM and NAFLD

3 讨论

NAFLD进一步发展可出现肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌。如果能早期识别肝纤维化并及时干预,可能会阻止失代偿期肝硬化的发生发展。PWR作为一个简单易测的指标,已被发现与乙型肝炎患者肝脏纤维化密切相关[1]

本研究结果显示,MHR是T2DM合并NAFLD的危险因素,单核细胞的募集是肝脏纤维化的关键事件,其参与诱导肝内主要纤维细胞-肝星状细胞的活化过程[7]。MHR可以作为T2DM合并NAFLD的预测因子。研究[8]表明,NAFLD中脂质摄取升高和脂肪从头合成发生率增加导致TG增高,而本研究结果相反,可能与T2DM患者大多长期应用调脂药物,但本研究未纳入药物应用情况有关。

本研究结果显示,PWR与T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝纤维化程度呈负相关,当PWR为28.61时,灵敏度为78.8%,特异度为83.3%,具有较好的临床应用价值。多个研究[9-11]发现WBC计数与NAFLD呈正相关,这可能与IR、氧化应激及全身低度炎症有关。在没有肝硬化的情况下,NAFLD患者的PLT可能会减少,但一般 > 40×109/L[12]。LIU等[13]认为,肝脏是产生血小板生成素(thrombopoietin,TPO) 的重要器官,在NAFLD病程中,过度的脂质沉积和氧化应激可能损害线粒体功能,影响TPO合成,导致PLT减少。也有研究[14]认为PLT减少与脾功能亢进有关,也可能与外周血细胞寿命缩短、维生素缺乏等相关。此外,IR所导致的肝损伤,也可能引发PLT减少,其减少程度与肝组织的脂肪浸润程度有关[15]。本研究发现PWR随纤维化程度的加重而逐渐降低。

本研究未纳入非糖尿病患者,未能在基线水平上进行比较,作为回顾性研究,代表了单中心试验,未排除调脂药物的影响,研究结果具有一定的局限性。综上所述,MHR更适用于NAFLD的早期筛查,而PWR则更适用于纤维化的早期评估,在T2DM人群的筛查中,若MHR增高,应建议患者完善肝脏超声。已有NAFLD的患者发现PWR降低,则应高度警惕肝脏纤维化,及时进行肝纤维化分期,开展多学科诊疗,早期治疗干预,加强临床随访,以降低T2DM合并NAFLD患者肝硬化甚至肝癌的发生风险,提高患者的生活及生存质量。

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