中国医科大学学报  2022, Vol. 51 Issue (5): 447-450

文章信息

商丽华, 王翔宇, 龙波
SHANG Lihua, WANG Xiangyu, LONG Bo
地塞米松对糖尿病患者甲状腺切除术围术期血糖的影响
Effect of dexamethasone on perioperative blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing thyroidectomy
中国医科大学学报, 2022, 51(5): 447-450
Journal of China Medical University, 2022, 51(5): 447-450

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-05-24
网络出版时间:2022-05-23 14:43
地塞米松对糖尿病患者甲状腺切除术围术期血糖的影响
商丽华1 , 王翔宇2 , 龙波1     
1. 中国医科大学附属盛京医院麻醉科,沈阳 110004;
2. 河南科技大学第一附属医院新区医院麻醉科,河南 洛阳 471000
摘要目的 探讨糖尿病患者甲状腺切除术中使用地塞米松对血糖的影响。方法 选择中国医科大学附属盛京医院2016年12月至2018年9月择期行甲状腺良性肿物切除术的糖尿病患者90例,随机均分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。2组均采用全身麻醉,研究组麻醉过程中使用地塞米松(0.11 mg/kg),对照组给与同样剂量的生理盐水。记录2组术前(T0)空腹血糖,地塞米松给药后2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、24 h(T3)血糖,视觉模拟评分(VAS);术后额外增加胰岛素量,术后第1天VAS及不良反应发生情况。结果 与术前比较,2组地塞米松给药后4 h血糖水平均明显升高(均P < 0.05);而且研究组血糖明显高于对照组(P < 0.05)。地塞米松给药后24 h 2组血糖均恢复至术前水平。与对照组比较,研究组地塞米松给药后2 h、4 h VAS评分均明显降低(均P < 0.05),而地塞米松给药后24 h 2组VAS评分比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。2组均未额外增加胰岛素,术后不良反应(恶心、呕吐)发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论 糖尿病患者甲状腺良性肿物切除术中使用地塞米松(0.11 mg/kg),可有效减轻患者术后疼痛;虽然术后4 h时患者血糖一过性增高,但处于可接受范围,并于术后24 h恢复至术前水平。
关键词地塞米松    糖尿病    甲状腺切除术    血糖    
Effect of dexamethasone on perioperative blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing thyroidectomy
SHANG Lihua1 , WANG Xiangyu2 , LONG Bo1     
1. Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
2. Department of Anesthesiology, New District Hospital of The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of dexamethasone on blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing thyroidectomy for benign thyroid neoplasms. Methods Patients with diabetes mellitus who underwent selective thyroidectomy under general anesthesia between December 2016 and September 2018 were selected from Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University. Ninety patients were randomly divided into experiment group and control group, with 45 patients in each group. The experiment group was given 0.11 mg/kg dexamethasone during anesthesia administration. The control group received the same dose of normal saline. Records included blood glucose at preoperative fasting (T0), postoperative 2 h (T1), 4 h (T2) and 24 h (T3). Visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed at T1, T2 and T3;additional postoperative insulin dosage and incidence of adverse reactions were recorded. Results Compared to the preoperative baseline, glucose levels in both groups increased significantly at postoperative 4 h (both P < 0.05), in which the experiment group was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). However, the glucose levels in both groups returned to the preoperative levels at postoperative 24 h. Compared to the control group, VAS scores in experiment groups were significantly decreased at 2 h and 4 h postoperatively (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS scores between the two groups at 24 h postoperatively (P > 0.05). No additional insulin was added in both groups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions (nausea and vomiting) (P > 0.05). Conclusion Dexamethasone (0.11 mg/kg) can effectively relieve postoperative pain in patients with diabetes during benign thyroidectomy. Although the patient had a transient increase in blood glucose at 4 h postoperatively, it was still within the acceptable range and returned to the preoperative levels at postoperative 24 h.
Keywords: dexamethasone    diabetes mellitus    thyroidectomy    blood glucose    

近年来,麻醉医生常在术中使用地塞米松以减少术后恶心、呕吐的发生[1-3]。地塞米松具有抗炎作用,并可减少术后疼痛,进而减少了术后阿片类药物的使用[4]。然而,地塞米松是一种强效的长效糖皮质激素,它通过诱导肝脏糖异生,增加胰岛素抵抗来升高血糖,这种升血糖作用可能会对控制血糖产生负面影响,导致糖尿病手术患者伤口愈合延迟和更高的感染率[5]

本研究拟探讨糖尿病患者甲状腺良性肿物切除术中使用地塞米松对血糖的影响,旨在为糖尿病患者术中安全使用地塞米松提供参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料及分组

选择中国医科大学附属盛京医院2016年12月至2018年9月择期全身麻醉下行甲状腺良性肿物切除术的糖尿病患者90例。所有患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书。纳入标准:(1)符合甲状腺良性肿物临床确诊标准及切除标准[6-7];(2)符合2型糖尿病诊断标准[8];(3)肿物ASA分级为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级[9];(4)均采用甲状腺良性肿物切除术。排除标准:(1)空腹血糖 > 11.1 mmol/L;(2)有心脏、肝脏、肾脏等重要脏器功能障碍;(3)长期应用激素类药物。

共纳入患者90例,男51例,女39例;年龄18~70岁,平均(55.4±13.0)岁。按照随机数字表法均分为研究组和对照组,每组45例。研究组在麻醉诱导后静脉给予地塞米松注射液(0.11 mg/kg),对照组麻醉诱导后给予相同容量的生理盐水。2组性别、年龄、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、糖化血红蛋白比较差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表 1

表 1 2组临床指标比较 Tab.1 Comparison of the clinical data between the two groups
Group n Age(year) Female/male BMI(kg/m2 HbA1c(%)
Control 45 55.4±11.2 20/25 22.70±2.90 7.11±1.09
Experiment 45 55.4±13.0 19/26 23.21±2.81 7.45±1.64

1.2 麻醉方法

患者术前8 h禁食,术前4 h禁饮。入手术室后由护士开通静脉通路,同时给患者连续监测无创血压,心电图和血氧饱和度;使用多功能监测仪监测术中镇静深度、镇痛程度。麻醉诱导[静脉给予舒芬太尼(0.4 μg/kg)、依托咪酯(0.3 mg/kg)、顺式阿曲库铵(0.15 mg/kg)]后研究组静脉给予地塞米松注射液(0.11 mg/kg),对照组给予相同容量的生理盐水。患者入睡后面罩辅助通气,待患者肌肉松弛后插入神经监测气管导管,机械通气,N2O∶O2=1∶1,调整呼吸参数,使呼气末二氧化碳维持在35~45 mmHg之间。麻醉维持采用静吸复合方式,静脉泵注瑞芬太尼,使其血浆靶控浓度维持在3.0~5.0 ng/mL,吸入七氟烷使MAC值维持1.0~1.2,维持镇静镇痛指数45~55,血压、心率维持在基础值±20%以内。手术结束30 min前给予舒芬太尼(0.1 μg/kg)、氟比洛芬酯(50 mg)、盐酸雷莫司琼(0.3 mg)。手术结束前5 min停止七氟烷和瑞芬太尼,待患者自主呼吸恢复、意识清醒后拔出气管导管。进入麻醉后监测治疗室后,每15 min进行1次视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)[10],若第1次VAS评分 > 4分,给予舒芬太尼(5 μg),若第2次VAS评分仍然 > 4分,给予舒芬太尼(3 μg)。患者回到病房后上、下午各给予氟比洛芬酯(100 mg)1次。术后6 h可恢复进食水,测量术后24 h时血糖值,测量前需保持8 h的空腹。术后根据血糖情况额外给予胰岛素,即血糖 < 200 mg/dL,不额外给与胰岛素;血糖 > 200~250 mg/dL,皮下注射2 U胰岛素;血糖 > 250~300 mg/dL,皮下注射3 U胰岛素;血糖 > 300~350 mg/dL,皮下注射4 U胰岛素[11]

1.3 观察指标

记录2组术前(T0)空腹血糖,地塞米松给药后2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、24 h(T3)血糖,VAS评分;术后额外增加胰岛素量,术后第1天VAS评分,不良反应(会阴部瘙痒、刀口感染及愈合延迟等)发生情况。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件处理数据。符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用t检验。计数资料采用率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组麻醉药物剂量、麻醉时间及术后血糖比较

结果显示,2组麻醉药物剂量、麻醉时间、术前血糖比较差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。与术前(T0)比较,2组T2时血糖明显升高(均P < 0.05);而T1、T3时血糖差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组T2时血糖明显升高(P < 0.05);而在T3时2组血糖比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 2

表 2 2组麻醉药物剂量、麻醉时间及地塞米松给药后不同时间血糖比较 Tab.2 Comparison of the anesthetic dose, anesthetic time, and blood glucose at different times after dexamethasone administration between the two groups
Group Anesthetic dose
(μg)
Anesthesia time
(min)
Blood glucose(mmol/L)
T0 T1 T2 T3
Control 248.58±70.22 154.2±40.3 7.2±1.5 7.8±1.2 8.0±0.81) 7.7±1.3
Experiment 252.42±60.78 155.0±39.5 7.8±1.3 8.3±1.1 9.2±0.71),2) 7.9±1.2
1)P < 0.05 vs T0 in the same group;2)P < 0.05 vs control group at the same time.

2.2 2组术后不同时间VAS评分比较

结果显示,与对照组比较,研究组T1、T2时VAS评分均明显降低(均P < 0.05),而T3时2组VAS评分比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。见表 3

表 3 2组患者术后不同时间VAS评分比较 Tab.3 Comparison of VAS scores at different time points postoperatively between the two groups
Group T1 T2 T3
Control 0.92±0.39 1.92±0.48 0.42±0.54
Experiment 0.74±0.391) 1.72±0.461) 0.31±0.49
1)P < 0.05 vs control group at the same time.

2.3 2组不良反应发生情况比较

2组观察期间血糖水平均未超过11.1 mmol/L,因此未使用额外胰岛素。患者给予地塞米松24 h内氟比洛芬酯镇痛效果完善(VAS评分 < 4分)。患者术后恶心呕吐发生情况,对照组5例(11%),研究组2例(4%),2组恶心呕吐发生率比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。2组均未有伤口感染、愈合不良情况发生。

3 讨论

本研究结果显示,与术前比较,2组术后4 h的血糖均明显升高(均P < 0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组术后4 h血糖升高更明显(P < 0.05);但在术后24 h时2组血糖均恢复至术前水平,与以往研究[12-14]结果不一致。ABDELMALAK等[12]研究显示与糖尿病患者比较,血糖正常患者应用地塞米松后血糖明显升高,可能是患者个体差异、糖尿病分型不同、血糖测定时间不同所致。HANS等[13]的一项前瞻性研究显示,糖尿病和非糖尿病2组腹部手术患者麻醉诱导15 min后静脉给予地塞米松(10 mg)、可乐定(300 mg),4 h内2组血糖水平均出现了明显升高,且在给药后2 h时血糖达到峰值,可能是由于静脉给予可乐定(300 mg)所致,通过阻断肾上腺素降低了应激引起的血糖升高。也有研究[14]显示,未接受地塞米松治疗的患者在手术过程中血糖浓度显著升高,这可能是以血清去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和皮质醇水平变化为特征的应激反应所致。

WALDRON等[15]研究显示围术期使用地塞米松与术后疼痛、术后阿片类药物消耗量、抢救镇痛需求、麻醉后监测治疗室停留时间以及首次镇痛时间减少相关。本研究结果显示,与对照组比较,研究组T1、T2时VAS评分均明显降低(均P < 0.05),可见小剂量地塞米松可以减少患者术后疼痛,与以往研究结果一致。

地塞米松是有效预防术后恶心、呕吐的药物[16],但由于其升高血糖的作用,常规应用于预防术后恶心呕吐一直存在争议[17]。长期应用地塞米松或者其他类固醇类药物,会导致伤口感染风险增加,预后不良[18],本研究2组不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P > 0.05),且2组均未有伤口感染、愈合不良情况发生,说明术中单次给予最小镇痛剂量的地塞米松安全。

综上所述,糖尿病患者甲状腺良性肿物切除术中使用地塞米松(0.11 mg/kg),可有效减轻患者术后疼痛;虽然术后4 h时患者血糖一过性增高,但处于可接受范围,并于术后24 h恢复至术前水平。本研究的不足之处:(1)样本量较小;(2)未监测到与血糖水平升高的相关临床终点事件(死亡、伤口感染等);(3)仅测定了术后2、4、24 h的血糖水平和VAS评分情况,不能完全确定术后血糖波动情况;(4)未检测不同剂量地塞米松对患者血糖水平的影响。因此需进一步的前瞻性随机对照研究来证实。

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