中国医科大学学报  2022, Vol. 51 Issue (5): 440-446

文章信息

李富顺, 陈静静, 田素飞, 王齐晖, 褚云卓
LI Fushun, CHEN Jingjing, TIAN Sufei, WANG Qihui, CHU Yunzhuo
2018至2020年沈阳地区肠杆菌目细菌分布及耐药情况分析
The distribution and drug resistance of Enterobacteriaceae in Shenyang from 2018 to 2020
中国医科大学学报, 2022, 51(5): 440-446
Journal of China Medical University, 2022, 51(5): 440-446

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-02-25
网络出版时间:2022-05-23 14:47
2018至2020年沈阳地区肠杆菌目细菌分布及耐药情况分析
中国医科大学附属第一医院检验科,沈阳 110001
摘要目的 探讨2018至2020年沈阳地区肠杆菌目细菌分布及其耐药率,了解本地区肠杆菌目细菌分布及其耐药情况。方法 选取沈阳市2018年1月至2020年12月参加全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)的医院,按照CARSS网技术方案进行菌株鉴定及药物敏感性试验,采用Whonet 5.6软件对数据进行分析。结果 2018至2020年共分离细菌40 821株。其中,大肠埃希菌占38.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌占32.5%。主要分离自血液(32.7%)、尿液(34.5%)及痰(11.5%)。大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率痰最高,血液次之,尿液最低;肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率尿液最高,血液次之,痰最低。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率均为2.1%,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率分别为10%和11.6%。结论 本地区肠杆菌目细菌对多种抗菌药物存在不同程度耐药,应定期监测本地区耐药情况,为合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。
The distribution and drug resistance of Enterobacteriaceae in Shenyang from 2018 to 2020
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze and understand the distribution of Enterobacteriaceae and their drug resistance rate in Shenyang from 2018 to 2020. Methods Data were extracted from hospitals in Shenyang that participated in the National Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Network (CARSS) from January 2018 to December 2020. Strain identification and drug susceptibility tests were performed in accordance with the CARSS network technical plan, using Whonet 5.6 software for data analyses. Results A total of 40 821 strains of bacteria were isolated from 2018 to 2020, of which Escherichia coli accounted for 38.78% and Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 32.5%. Most bacteria were isolated from blood, urine and sputum, with rates of 32.7%, 34.5%, and 11.5%, respectively. The detection rate of Escherichia coli ESBLs was the highest in sputum, followed by blood and urine; Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBLs had the highest detection rate in urine, followed by blood and sputum. The resistance rates of Escherichia coli to imipenem and meropenem were 2.1% and 2.1%, respectively, while those of Klebsiella pneumoniae were 10% and 11.6%, respectively. Conclusion The Enterobacteriaceae in this area are resistant to a variety of antibacterial drugs to varying degrees. The drug resistance in this area should be monitored regularly to provide a basis for the rational selection of antibacterial drugs.

感染性疾病是人类死亡的第二大原因[1],肠杆菌目细菌是人类感染最常见的病原菌之一,能引起泌尿系统、呼吸系统和血液等多部位感染。耐药菌在世界范围的快速传播,被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)、欧盟、美国疾病预防控制中心认为是对人类健康最主要的威胁之一[2]。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamases,ESBL)肠杆菌目细菌的传播已成为全球严重的健康问题[3]。碳青霉烯类抗菌药物是治疗产ESBL肠杆菌目细菌感染最主要的抗菌药物,但过度使用导致其耐药性增加[4]。本研究分析沈阳地区肠杆菌目细菌耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供实验室数据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

数据来自全国细菌耐药监测网(China antimicrobial resistance surveillance system,CARSS)。选取辽宁省沈阳市23家医院2018年1月1日至2020年12月31日分离的肠杆菌目细菌资料进行分析,同一患者重复菌株只保留第1株。

1.2 细菌鉴定及药敏试验

肠杆菌目细菌鉴定及药敏试验均按照CARSS技术方案进行。每周对大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 27853进行质量控制,如果检测频率 < 1次/周,则检测日进行质量控制。

1.3 耐药菌确认

ESBL是指能水解青霉素类,三代、四代头孢菌素,单环类并能够被β-内酰胺酶抑制剂所抑制的一类β-内胺酶。耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的肠杆菌目细菌(carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae,CRE)指对亚胺培南、美罗培南或厄他培南中任一种药物耐药的肠杆菌目细菌。

1.4 统计学分析

采用Whonet 5.6软件统计分析菌株分布及抗菌药物结果。采用2020年CLSI药敏折点进行药敏试验的解释;替加环素采用食品药品监督管理局(food and drug administration,FDA)折点[5];头孢哌酮/舒巴坦采用头孢哌酮折点。头孢唑林及头孢呋辛采用注射给药方式折点。

2 结果 2.1 菌株分布

2018至2020年辽宁省沈阳市23家参加CARSS网的医院共分离出40 821株肠杆菌目细菌,其中,2.6%(1 068/40 821)来自门急诊患者,97.4%(39 753/40 821)来自住院患者。病原菌中大肠埃希菌38.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌32.5%,阴沟肠杆菌6.4%,奇异变形杆菌4.9%,产酸克雷伯菌3.2%,粘质沙雷菌3.1%,产气克雷伯菌2.1%,弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌2.0%。主要分离自血液、尿液及痰液,分别为32.7%、34.5%和11.5%(表 1),其他的标本类型为脓汁(5.2%)、分泌物(3.4%)、胆汁(1.7%)和腹水(0.8%)等。呼吸道标本分离以肺炎克雷伯菌为主,泌尿系统分离以大肠埃希菌为主,沙门菌属69.8%(88/126)分离自血液。

表 1 常见标本类型分离主要病原体分布[n(%)] Tab.1 Distribution of the most common pathogens isolated from common specimen types [n (%)]
Organism 2018(n = 13 068) 2019(n = 14 500) 2020(n = 13 253)
Sputum Urine Blood Sputum Urine blood sputum Urine blood
Escherichia coli 469(3.6) 2 780(21.3) 711(5.4) 557(3.8) 3 067(21.2) 721(5.0) 532(4.0) 2 814(21.2) 617(4.7)
Klebsiella pneumoniae 2 313(17.7) 671(5.1) 482(3.7) 2 636(18.2) 823(5.7) 484(3.3) 2 379(18.0) 796(6.0) 386(2.9)
Enterobacter cloacae 278(2.1) 177(1.4) 88(0.7) 378(2.6) 176(1.2) 76(0.5) 329(2.5) 183(1.4) 63(0.5)
Proteus mirabilis 139(1.1) 307(2.3) 20(0.2) 174(1.2) 354(2.4) 23(0.2) 152(1.1) 309(2.3) 17(0.1)
Serratia marcescens 204(1.6) 62(0.5) 25(0.2) 266(1.8) 64(2.4) 21(0.1) 226(1.7) 57(0.4) 25(0.2)
Klebsiella oxytoca 96(0.7) 7(0.1) 0(0.0) 248(1.7) 86(0.6) 26(0.2) 175(1.3) 72(0.5) 24(0.2)
Citrobacter freundii 101(0.8) 94(0.7) 16(0.1) 88(0.6) 116(0.8) 16(0.1) 68(0.5) 91(0.7) 13(0.1)
Klebsiella aerogenes 103(0.8) 79(0.6) 21(0.2) 155(1.1) 68(0.5) 21(0.1) 138(1.0) 59(0.4) 8(0.1)
Morganella morganii 6(0.1) 47(0.4) 11(0.1) 24(0.2) 55(0.4) 4(0.1) 18(0.1) 56(0.4) 8(0.1)
Others 562(4.3) 278(2.1) 123(0.9) 289(2.0) 212(1.5) 83(0.6) 162(1.2) 200(1.5) 67(0.5)
Total 4 271(32.7) 4 502(34.5) 1 497(11.5) 4 815(33.2) 5 021(34.6) 1 475(10.2) 4 179(31.5) 4 637(35.0) 1 228(9.3)

2.2 肠杆菌目细菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况

2.2.1 大肠埃希菌

大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率 > 80%,环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率 > 60%,一、二代头孢菌素的耐药率 > 50%,庆大霉素的耐药率 > 40%。而头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、美罗培南及替加环素的耐药率 < 10%。大肠埃希菌ESBLs的检出率2018至2020年分别为59.0%、57.1%和59.6%,其中,痰66.7%,尿液56.6%,血液63.6%,见表 2。产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南及美罗培南的耐药率分别为77.7%、71.0%、3.5%和3.5%,明显高于非产ESBLs的菌株(44.9%、40.1%、1.2%和1.0%)。

表 2 常见标本类型分离大肠埃希菌对抗菌药物耐药率和敏感率(%) Tab.2 Antimicrobial resistance and sensitivity rates of common specimen types of Escherichia coli (%)
Antimicrobial agent Sputum Urine Blood
R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S
Ampicillin 87.0 9.7 84.2 12.2 89.4 8.1 84.5 13.8 82.9 15.4 84.0 14.5 87.0 11.6 86.9 11.8 84.3 15.0
Piperacillin 77.5 17.9 75.1 17.7 73.2 18.0 66.0 25.2 61.7 28.1 60.0 28.4 62.5 25.0 56.0 31.6 56.0 32.3
Cefoperazone-sulbactam 7.3 77.7 8.3 78.1 13.0 74.3 5.9 84.5 5.8 85.1 6.9 85.7 5.8 80.2 5.8 84.3 6.3 87.2
Ampicillin-sulbactam 49.1 32.5 46.1 34.7 48.7 27.6 42.8 34.7 41.1 37.6 40.9 36.8 41.7 35.0 41.2 34.4 40.3 35.8
Piperacillin-tazobactam 5.4 90.6 5.1 90.2 10.6 83.5 3.6 92.6 4.0 92.8 5.2 90.8 3.8 91.3 4.7 92.8 6.6 90.9
Cefazolin 77.0 23.0 71.4 28.6 76.5 23.5 70.5 29.5 65.1 34.9 64.8 35.2 76.8 23.2 74.2 25.8 73.0 27.0
Cefuroxime 66.7 29.5 64.3 32.8 67.5 29.3 56.6 39.9 56.2 39.6 58.4 38.1 65.3 33.0 64.4 32.2 62.4 35.9
Ceftazidime 28.4 63.6 26.8 65.7 36.5 53.9 26.0 67.9 27.1 66.6 28.9 62.8 26.0 62.6 26.8 64.4 26.3 63.3
Ceftriaxone 66.8 33.0 63.7 36.3 67.6 32.4 55.4 44.2 55.1 44.6 58.9 40.8 63.7 36.3 63.7 36.3 61.8 38.0
Cefotaxime 71.1 26.8 70.0 28.6 66.8 31.0 54.4 41.1 53.2 43.6 54.9 44.4 61.4 36.2 63.6 35.6 61.9 38.1
Cefepime 37.5 53.5 34.3 56.1 42.9 50.0 32.3 57.3 33.0 59.2 35.3 57.3 31.9 55.7 34.4 56.6 32.8 58.0
Cefotetan 3.4 96.6 1.2 98.4 1.9 96.9 3.2 95.7 2.3 96.6 3.4 95.3 1.9 97.7 2.7 97.3 2.4 96.6
Cefoxitin 16.2 78.5 11.9 79.5 20.6 67.5 13.0 79.6 12.7 78.9 14.5 77.0 10.2 84.0 10.7 82.5 10.9 81.6
Aztreonam 45.2 49.8 40.5 54.2 46.3 48.8 39.6 54.9 38.3 56.4 39.7 56.0 41.0 51.0 38.8 50.4 35.9 58.9
Ertapenem 2.9 97.1 2.9 96.8 2.8 95.5 2.7 96.7 2.8 96.8 2.9 96.6 3.8 96.0 3.9 96.1 3.8 96.0
Imipenem 3.2 96.6 2.2 97.0 2.3 96.9 1.6 97.8 1.7 98.0 1.9 97.7 2.1 97.4 3.0 97.0 1.9 97.5
Meropenem 2.8 97.2 2.8 97.2 3.4 96.3 1.7 98.0 1.7 98.1 1.7 98.2 2.0 97.1 2.9 96.8 2.4 97.2
Amikacin 3.9 95.5 2.6 96.8 4.1 94.6 3.6 95.7 2.9 96.5 2.5 96.6 2.0 97.9 1.9 98.0 2.4 97.4
Gentamicin 44.0 55.2 40.0 58.7 42.5 54.0 45.2 53.6 41.2 57.5 41.8 55.6 45.1 54.2 42.3 56.4 38.6 58.3
Tobramycin 17.1 54.0 15.5 65.0 15.3 63.5 21.3 55.1 22.0 56.5 21.6 59.1 17.6 56.9 21.3 54.4 13.7 65.7
Ciprofloxacin 54.9 43.0 53.6 44.1 60.9 37.2 66.4 31.5 69.5 28.6 72.9 25.5 59.3 39.4 57.1 41.3 60.4 37.5
Levofloxacin 50.3 45.9 52.8 44.3 62.6 34.6 61.4 33.7 63.8 31.3 67.8 27.9 52.2 44.6 53.8 43.5 59.5 38.2
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 61.2 38.8 61.2 38.8 66.2 33.8 57.8 42.2 59.8 40.2 61.8 38.2 63.8 36.0 62.3 37.7 63.4 36.6
Nitrofurantoin - - - - - - 5.5 87.2 4.9 87.4 5.5 86.1 - - - - - -
Chloramphenicol 36.0 60.5 34.3 60.2 36.7 58.2 - - - - - - 23.5 72.2 22.2 74.6 27.6 66.2
Minocycline 7.4 89.3 15.3 83.0 18.2 72.7 10.1 84.4 9.3 82.3 9.1 80.3 22.1 71.6 12.3 81.5 13.2 75.5
Tetracycline 70.1 29.9 72.5 26.8 75.8 23.6 67.4 32.4 68.2 31.2 66.6 32.6 73.2 26.2 68.9 30.3 72.2 27.0
Tigecycline 2.5 96.7 0 90.9 0.4 88.4 0.5 98.4 0.2 95.0 0.1 93.7 0.3 98.3 0.5 98.2 0.3 98.2

2.2.2 肺炎克雷伯菌

肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑啉耐药率 > 60%、头孢呋辛及头孢曲松 > 40%、环丙沙星 > 35%、左氧氟沙星 > 25%、庆大霉素 > 20%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率14.6%、美罗培南11.6%、亚胺培南9.6%、米诺环素9.5%、阿米卡星9.4%、替加环素1%。肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率自2018年至2020年分别为44.4%、44.5%和44.5%,其中,痰42.3%,尿液60.1%,血液50.7%,见表 3。产ESBLs的菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、四环素和亚胺培南的耐药率(57.8%、38.7%、85.3%和14.7%)明显高于非产酶(7.4%、6.7%、21.2%和3.1%)。碳青霉烯耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌3年分离率分别为7.3%,11.6%和10.6%,而尿液分离株对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率8.6%、10.0%低于痰液的12.9%、16.4%及血液的11.5%、12%。

表 3 常见标本类型分离肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物耐药率和敏感率(%) Tab.3 Resistance rate and sensitivity rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae to antimicrobial drugs (%)
Antimicrobial agent Sputum Urine Blood
R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S
Ampicillin 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0
Cefoperazone-sulbactam 13.0 82.0 19.0 74.7 22.0 71.4 23.6 64.3 21.0 67.2 24.9 65.8 18.8 70.7 19.5 74.0 21.8 73.8
Ampicillin-sulbactam 35.1 60.0 38.5 55.7 41.1 51.5 54.7 34.5 53.6 37.3 53.7 37.8 42.9 50.1 32.7 58.0 36.8 56.0
Piperacillin-tazobactam 13.1 84.0 17.5 78.6 18.4 77.6 17.7 73.5 16.4 75.9 21.6 71.6 18.9 68.8 22.1 73.3 17.7 78.6
Cefazolin 56.7 43.3 59.4 40.6 57.6 42.4 75.4 24.6 66.8 33.2 64.9 35.1 70.8 29.2 62.0 38.0 61.8 38.2
Cefuroxime 39.7 58.4 47.6 50.9 45.5 52.6 62.2 36.2 58.5 38.1 57.7 39.5 54.6 44.1 53.8 44.1 52.2 45.5
Ceftazidime 22.5 74.0 26.2 71.2 28.9 67.6 38.0 58.1 34.9 60.4 37.7 58.7 27.0 67.6 28.3 63.7 35.8 60.0
Ceftriaxone 37.8 61.4 44.0 55.4 44.6 54.9 61.4 38.6 55.7 43.8 57.5 42.0 49.7 50.0 54.0 46.0 54.8 45.2
Cefotaxime 34.9 60.9 35.2 61.0 33.8 65.5 53.4 41.2 54.3 42.6 51.1 48.2 54.7 44.1 39.3 59.8 34.1 65.9
Cefepime 26.0 66.5 30.7 63.5 31.5 65.6 37.2 54.9 38.4 57.0 40.7 55.7 29.6 66.0 30.4 65.7 38.2 56.6
Cefotetan 14.6 84.9 22.4 77.1 24.7 73.6 12.4 86.0 13.0 85.9 17.4 80.6 9.3 90.7 16.5 82.3 13.4 86.6
Cefoxitin 21.2 76.3 21.1 76.9 18.8 78.9 21.7 75.0 17.3 76.8 22.2 74.4 14.8 81.9 22.2 76.4 19.3 79.5
Aztreonam 33.1 64.3 34.0 63.1 35.4 62.5 46.5 49.3 44.8 52.5 45.0 51.9 32.8 62.2 32.3 59.6 35.9 58.8
Ertapenem 6.2 93.7 10.2 88.9 9.5 89.9 10.1 88.4 8.8 90.3 11.1 87.6 8.9 91.1 14.2 85.2 13.1 86.9
Imipenem 8.9 90.1 16.0 83.2 13.0 86.1 7.8 91.0 8.7 89.9 11.1 87.8 8.1 91.1 14.8 85.0 14.0 85.8
Meropenem 11.8 87.7 20.8 78.9 15.0 84.6 10.2 89.0 9.1 90.0 10.8 88.8 8.8 90.8 15.5 84.5 13.6 86.4
Amikacin 9.5 90.2 14.2 85.5 10.7 89.1 11.1 88.2 10.9 89.0 12.1 87.4 4.8 95.0 12.6 87.4 9.1 90.7
Gentamicin 23.2 75.2 27.5 71.0 28.3 68.2 36.7 61.4 38.0 61.3 38.6 59.0 18.8 77.9 28.2 70.8 26.6 71.8
Tobramycin 16.5 68.3 24.1 65.3 25.5 66.0 22.4 57.2 23.4 57.1 23.2 58.2 14.9 70.2 20.5 71.2 15.1 74.7
Ciprofloxacin 18.4 78.3 26.1 70.7 30.0 66.4 37.8 56.8 40.2 55.3 43.7 52.4 18.8 78.1 21.3 76.5 22.1 73.2
Levofloxacin 17.8 79.7 22.1 74.7 23.2 72.2 34.4 62.6 33.6 60.9 38.7 56.5 12.6 84.0 19.7 77.9 19.3 77.0
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 29.2 70.8 32.9 67.1 31.9 68.1 47.8 52.2 47.0 53.0 50.9 49.1 33.0 67.0 29.2 70.8 36.5 63.5
Nitrofurantoin - - - - - - 35.0 34.0 36.6 35.5 40.5 33.8 - - - - - -
Chloramphenicol 29.3 65.6 31.6 62.5 32.5 61.8 - - - - - - 27.0 68.9 15.6 73.8 23.8 68.1
Tetracycline 48.6 50.0 39.1 59.6 40.8 57.3 59.4 34.7 57.4 41.2 64.4 30.8 62.1 37.2 52.1 45.8 51.4 45.8
Tigecycline 2.4 89.0 1.8 76.2 0.2 73.2 2.7 86.0 3.2 77.0 0.6 77.0 0.5 91.4 0 88.1 0.4 78.6

2.2.3 其他肠杆菌目细菌

阴沟肠杆菌对头孢呋辛耐药率 > 60%,三代头孢菌素 > 40%,对氨基糖苷类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率 < 25%,对阿米卡星、替加环素耐药率分别为5.1%和1.6%。阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率呈现逐年上升趋势(亚胺培南6.1%~8.9%,美罗培南5.7%~7.0%)。奇异变形杆菌对氨苄西林、米诺环素、氯霉素和复方新诺明的耐药率 > 60%,对环丙沙星及头孢曲松的耐药率 > 50%。奇异变形菌2018至2020年ESBLs检出率分别为51.9%、51.1%和50.6%。产酸克雷伯菌除头孢唑林的耐药率 > 50%外,其他抗菌药物均有良好活性。产酸克雷伯菌3年间ESBLs检出率分别为35.8%、29.6%和25.3%。弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌及产气克雷伯菌对三代头孢菌素和四环素的耐药率 > 40%。粘质沙雷菌对四环素耐药率 > 50%。摩根摩根菌对氨苄西林-舒巴坦、复方新诺明及四环素耐药率 > 50%。沙门菌属对氨苄西林耐药率 > 90%,见表 4

表 4 其他肠杆菌目细菌对抗菌药物耐药率和敏感率(%) Tab.4 Resistance rate and sensitivity rate of other Enterobacteriaceae to antimicrobial drugs (%)
Antimicrobial agent E.cloacae P.mirabilis S.marcescens K.oxytoca C.fraudii K.aerogenes M.morganella Salmonella spp
R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S
Ampicillin - - 67.7 31.1 - - - - - - - - - - 94.0 3.5
Piperacillin 42.0 52.5 21.9 53.4 18.2 77.1 31.2 58.3 44.2 47.0 36.6 50.4 14.4 75.5 - -
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid - - 8.0 89.1 - - 16.3 76.3 - - - - - - - -
Cefoperazone-sulbactam 14.1 77.0 1.8 95.7 3.5 91.6 8.6 89.7 9.1 83.5 10.6 82.2 3.4 89.3 - -
Ampicillin-sulbactam - - 38.0 48.5 - - 26.5 60.0 - - - - 58.5 16.3 - -
Piperacillin-tazobactam 15.9 75.6 2.6 95.4 6.8 89.4 10.0 86.9 11.9 81.2 16.1 71.4 1.4 96.4 - -
Cefazolin - - 60.4 39.6 - - 50.9 49.1 - - - - - - - -
Cefuroxime 65.8 20.5 51.8 47.5 - - 33.3 63.5 - - 68.3 28.4 - - - -
Ceftazidime 33.5 63.2 7.1 91.3 6.0 91.7 15.5 81.7 34.7 60.6 32.3 63.7 15.3 80.7 10.5 85.9
Ceftriaxone 43.7 54.4 47.8 51.1 23.8 74.1 30.0 68.8 51.2 46.9 47.8 51.0 20.7 75.6 32.3 65.4
Cefotaxime 49.2 47.9 50.0 46.6 29.1 64.7 29.1 69.3 49.9 46.2 49.7 47.0 38.7 55.7 39.9 55.1
Cefepime 21.0 70.6 16.1 70.1 8.0 84.3 13.6 81.2 16.9 79.5 19.5 74.2 5.1 86.3 10.6 81.3
Cefotetan - - 1.4 98.6 - - 6.1 93.9 - - - - 0.9 99.1 - -
Cefoxitin - - 10.3 86.3 - - 19.4 78.1 - - - - 13.6 50.0 - -
Aztreonam 35.6 61.6 10.3 88.2 12.5 85.7 16.7 80.3 35.6 59.7 34.0 59.4 9.1 86.0 - -
Imipenem 6.9 90.6 - - 7.3 79.0 4.5 94.4 6.9 88.5 8.7 78.4 - - 8.0 79.8
Meropenem 6.5 92.4 2.5 96.9 3.9 95.5 5.0 94.4 7.5 92.0 7.3 92.4 0.6 99.1 5.5 93.6
Amikacin 5.1 94.2 4.0 94.8 2.6 96.6 4.9 94.7 6.4 92.7 4.6 94.6 1.1 98.9 - -
Gentamicin 20.3 74.0 33.9 50.4 10.9 84.6 18.8 79.3 29.9 66.8 20.6 77.1 26.9 64.5 - -
Tobramycin 14.4 77.1 23.1 48.2 7.8 73.7 11.0 80.9 13.8 68.9 12.2 79.1 12.2 74.0 - -
Ciprofloxacin 22.4 73.2 51.6 39.7 7.4 88.6 19.2 77.5 32.3 60.9 20.9 73.4 27.6 59.6 12.7 82.7
Levofloxacin 18.0 78.1 31.7 53.5 4.6 91.4 12.5 81.5 25.0 67.5 15.5 79.0 13.1 76.0 7.4 88.3
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 32.8 67.2 68.5 31.5 8.2 91.8 29.3 70.7 42.5 57.5 33.5 66.5 52.5 47.5 15.6 84.4
Nitrofurantoin 25.6 35.2 - - - - 16.3 65.8 22.5 70.2 36.9 25.5 - - - -
Chloramphenicol 32.6 60.5 60.3 34.1 31.1 34.4 26.9 70.7 43.7 50.7 34.3 59.4 45.0 45.8 37.5 36.0
Minocycline 15.4 79.2 63.7 16.0 6.9 77.2 11.1 83.2 22.2 70.9 17.5 74.1 47.9 40.8 - -
Tetracycline 32.9 63.1 - - 59.9 21.7 29.4 68.5 43.6 54.2 41.2 57.2 74.3 20.3 - -
Tigecycline 1.6 74.9 - - 1.0 74.1 0.7 87.6 1.6 87.1 2.7 75.8 - - - -

3 讨论

本研究结果显示,沈阳地区23家医院2018年2020年分别分离13 068株、14 500株和13 253株肠杆菌目细菌。病原菌以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主(71.3%)。呼吸道标本以肺炎克雷伯菌为主,泌尿系统以大肠埃希菌为主,这与CHINET2018年数据[6]一致。

大肠埃希菌ESBLs的分离率,2018至2020年间分别为59%、57.1%和59.6%,高于东亚地区分离率(20%~40%),但低于国内的60%~70%[7]。ESBL分离率痰液 > 血液 > 尿液,提示对于不同感染部位应采用合理的给药方案。本研究结果显示,产ESBLs菌株氟喹诺酮的耐药率明显高于不产酶株,这可能由于ESBLs质粒介导往往合并aac(6’)-Ⅰb-crqnr等喹诺酮耐药基因[7]。碳青霉烯类抗菌药物对大肠埃希菌耐药率2%~3%,高于其他研究[8]的0.7%~1.9%,仍可作为治疗产ESBLs菌株的首选药物,但应合理使用以避免耐药菌的广泛传播。2018至2020年肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的分离率分别为44.4%、44.5%和44.5%,低于国内研究[8],其中分离率尿液 > 血液 > 痰,这与大肠埃希菌不一致。碳青霉烯耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌3年分离率分别为7.3%、11.6%和10.6%,低于CHINET数据监测[7],但是应注意几家大型三甲医院耐药率 > 15%,这可能与收治疑难重症患者有关。尽管其他肠杆菌目细菌对抗菌药物有良好活性,但应注意其对碳青霉烯抗菌药物耐药问题,相关研究[10-11]显示,由于KPCIMPNDM等耐药基因,可导致碳青霉烯耐药的菌株快速传播。应注意阴沟肠杆菌、粘质沙雷菌、弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌和产气克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率均 > 5%。替加环素作为治疗CRE的主要抗菌药物,被WHO列为极其重要的抗菌药物[9],应严格限制其使用。相关研究[10-11]显示CRE菌株对替加环素敏感率 > 90%,然而本研究结果显示,替加环素耐药率较低,但敏感率 < 90%,这可能是使用仪器检测导致。本研究沙门菌主要分离自血液,氨苄西林耐药率较高,氟喹诺酮、三代头孢菌素、复方新诺明及氯霉素仍有良好活性。

综上所述,沈阳地区的病原菌在各标本类型间分布及对抗菌药物的耐药率不尽相同,定期发布本地区的耐药结果,为临床抗感染治疗的经验用药、提高治愈率提供流行病学依据。

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