中国医科大学学报  2021, Vol. 50 Issue (12): 1076-1080, 1085

文章信息

苏有博, 魏恒
SU Youbo, WEI Heng
辽宁省子宫颈上皮内瘤变及子宫颈癌患者人乳头瘤病毒感染类型分析
Identifying the feature human papillomavirus infection in precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer among women of Liaoning Province
中国医科大学学报, 2021, 50(12): 1076-1080, 1085
Journal of China Medical University, 2021, 50(12): 1076-1080, 1085

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-12-17
网络出版时间:2021-12-07 12:45
辽宁省子宫颈上皮内瘤变及子宫颈癌患者人乳头瘤病毒感染类型分析
苏有博1 , 魏恒2     
1. 中国医科大学附属盛京医院院长办公室, 沈阳 110004;
2. 中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇产科, 沈阳 110004
摘要目的 探讨辽宁地区子宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)及子宫颈癌患者人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染类型的临床特点。方法 收集2018年1月至12月就诊于我院行HPV检查及石蜡病理检查的CIN及子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,采用χ2检验比较CIN及子宫颈癌HPV感染类型及方式[单重感染和多重感染,其中多重感染包括低危型、混合型(低危型+高危型)、高危型3种]的差异。结果 CIN患者与子宫颈癌患者感染类型比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);CIN1、CIN2、CIN3患者感染类型比较差异也有统计学意义(P < 0.01);而鳞状细胞癌(SCC)、腺鳞状细胞癌(ADSCC)、腺癌(ADC)和其他组织学类型癌症(OTC)患者感染类型比较差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。与CIN患者比较,子宫颈癌患者单重感染(HPV16、18、33、39、51、52、58、66)比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与CIN1患者比较,CIN2患者单重感染(HPV16、18、33、51、53、56、66、68)比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与CIN3患者比较,CIN1患者单重感染(HPV16、52、58、66)比例差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05);CIN2患者单重感染(HPV16、18、33、39、51、52、53、56、58、66、68)比例差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。而CIN1与CIN2患者单重感染比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);与ADC患者比较,SCC患者单重感染(HPV16、18)比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与CIN1、CIN2患者比较,CIN3患者HPV多重感染方式差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论 辽宁地区CIN患者感染HPV58、HPV52及HPV33比例仅次于HPV16;子宫颈癌患者感染HPV58比例仅次于HPV16、18。HPV多重感染中,随着患者CIN病变级别升高,高危型感染呈递增趋势,而混合型感染呈递减趋势。因此应高度重视HPV16及HPV18的检测及预防,同时也不能忽视HPV58、HPV52及HPV33的检测及预防。
关键词子宫颈上皮内瘤变    子宫颈癌    人乳头瘤病毒    感染类型    
Identifying the feature human papillomavirus infection in precancerous cervical lesions and cervical cancer among women of Liaoning Province
SU Youbo1 , WEI Heng2     
1. President & Dean's Office, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
2. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer in Liaoning Province. Methods Clinical data of CIN patients and cervical cancer patients who underwent HPV examination and paraffin pathological examination in our hospital from January to December 2018 were collected. The χ2 test was performed to compare the differences in HPV infection types and modes between CIN and cervical cancer [single and multiple infections, in which multiple infections included the low-risk type, mixed type (low-risk type+high-risk type), and high-risk type]. Results There was a significant difference in infection types between CIN patients and cervical cancer patients (P < 0.01) and in infection types among CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3 patients (P < 0.01);however, there was no significant difference in infection types among patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenosquamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (ADC), and other histological types of cancer (all P > 0.05). Compared with CIN patients, there was a significant difference in the proportion of single infections (HPV16, 18, 33, 39, 51, 52, 58, and 66) in cervical cancer patients (P < 0.05). Compared with CIN1 patients, there was a significant difference in the proportion of single infections with HPV16, 18, 33, 51, 53, 56, 66, and 68 among CIN2 patients (P < 0.05). Compared with CIN3 patients, there was a significant difference in the proportion of single infections (HPV16, 52, 58, and 66) among CIN1 patients (all P < 0.05) and single infections (HPV16, 18, 33, 39, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 66, and 68) among CIN2 patients (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in single infections between CIN1 and CIN2 patients (P > 0.05);compared with ADC patients, there was a significant difference in the proportion of single infections (HPV16, and 18) among SCC patients (P < 0.05). Compared with CIN1 patients, there was a significant difference in multiple modes of HPV infection in CIN3 patients (P < 0.05);compared with CIN2 patients, there was a significant difference in multiple modes of HPV infection in CIN3 patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion The proportion of CIN patients infected with HPV58, 52, and 33 in Liaoning Province was second only to HPV16;the proportion of cervical cancer patients infected with HPV58 was second only to HPV16 and 18. In multiple HPV infections, with an increase tendency in CIN lesion level, the proportion of high-risk infection increased but that of mixed infection decreased. Therefore, more importance should be given to the detection and prevention of HPV16 and 18, without overlooking the detection and prevention of HPV58, 52, and 33.

子宫颈癌是全球范围内女性排名第二的恶性肿瘤,近年来发达国家子宫颈癌发病率有所下降,但发展中国家子宫颈癌的发病率仍高于15%[1]。我国子宫颈癌发病率约为(8.7~11.3)/10万,死亡率为45%[2-4]。已有研究[5-6]发现子宫颈癌的发生与人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)感染,尤其是其高危型感染密切相关。其中高危型HPV16及HPV18较为常见[7]

子宫颈癌筛查包括HPV筛查及液基薄层细胞学检查(thinprep cytologic test,TCT)筛查。HPV筛查为子宫颈癌筛查的第一步。HPV病毒常常因性传播感染[8-9],80%女性一生之中感染过HPV病毒,其中90%感染者可自然转归。持续性HPV感染易导致子宫颈病变的发生[10],现已发现超过50种HPV类型可感染女性生殖系统,其中一些可诱发子宫颈癌的发生。研究[11-12]显示,具有高致癌能力的高危HPV类型包括HPV16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、56、58、59、68。我国东北地区HPV检测结果显示,HPV16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68为高危型,CP8304,HPV6、11、42、43、44等为低危型[13]

本研究拟探讨辽宁地区子宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)及子宫颈癌患者中HPV感染类型特点及感染方式,旨在明确辽宁地区HPV致病力特点。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料

收集2018年1月至12月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院妇产科就诊的CIN及子宫颈癌患者的临床资料,入选患者常住地为辽宁地区。子宫颈癌包括鳞状细胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)、腺鳞状细胞癌(adenosquamous cell carcinoma,ADSCC)、腺癌(adenocarcinoma,ADC)和其他组织学类型癌症(other histological types of cancer,OTC)。OTC包括小细胞、大细胞神经内分泌癌,未分化癌。共纳入1 884例,其中CIN患者1 607例,子宫颈癌患者277例。

1.2 HPV基因分型与HPV类型分类

HPV基因分型由中国医科大学附属盛京医院病毒室检测完成。利用PCR导流杂交技术,检测21种类型HPV,包括HPV16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68、6、11、42、43、44及CP8304。其中高危型包括HPV16、18、31、33、35、39、45、51、52、53、56、58、59、66、68;低危型包括CP8304及HPV6、11、42、43、44。感染方式分为单重感染和多重感染2种。多重感染包括低危型、混合型(低危型感染+高危型感染)、高危型3种方式。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 25.0统计学软件处理数据。计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 CIN及子宫颈癌患者HPV感染的类型

结果显示,CIN患者中,HPV单重感染1 242例(77.3%),多重感染365例(22.7%);子宫颈癌患者中,HPV单重感染246例(88.8%),多重感染31例(11.2%)。二者感染类型比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。CIN1、CIN2、CIN3患者感染类型比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。而SCC、ADC、ADSCC、OTC患者感染类型比较差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 CIN、子宫颈癌患者HPV感染类型比较[n(%)] Tab.1 HPV infection types among CIN and cervical cancer patients[n(%)]
Item CIN group(n = 1 607)
CIN1 CIN2 CIN3 Total
Single infection 579(75.2) 334(75.4) 329(83.5) 1 242(77.3)
Multiple infection 191(24.8) 109(24.7) 65(16.5) 365(22.7)
Item Cervical cancer group(n = 277)
SCC ADC ADSCC OTC Total
Single infection 220(88.0) 19(95.0) 5(100.0) 2(100.0) 246(88.8)
Multiple infection 30(12.0) 1(5.0) 0(0) 0(0) 31(11.2)

2.2 CIN及子宫颈癌患者HPV单重感染类型分布

结果显示,CIN患者中高危HPV感染率前5位(从高至低)是HPV16、58、52、33、51。CIN1中高危HPV感染率前5位(从高至低)是HPV16、58、52、51、18。CIN2中高危HPV感染率前5位(从高至低)是HPV16、58、33、52、18及39。CIN3中高危HPV感染率前5位(从高至低)是HPV16、33、58、52、53。子宫颈癌中高危HPV感染率前5位(从高至低)是HPV16、18、58、33、53。见表 2

表 2 CIN及子宫颈癌患者HPV单重感染类型分布[n(%)] Tab.2 Single HPV infection type among CIN and cervical cancer patients[n (%)]
Item CIN(n = 1 242)
CIN1(n = 579) CIN2(n = 334) CIN3(n = 329) Total
HPV6 12(2.1) 5(1.5) 2(0.6) 19(1.5)
HPV11 11(1.9) 1(0.3) 2(0.6) 14(1.1)
HPV42 1(0.2) 0 0 1(0.1)
HPV43 1(0.2) 0 0 1(0.1)
HPV44 4(0.7) 1(0.3) 1(0.3) 6(0.5)
CP8304 13(2.2) 8(2.4) 4(1.2) 25(2.0)
HPV16 109(18.8) 136(40.7)1) 213(64.7)1),2) 458(36.9)
HPV18 37(6.4) 12(3.6)1) 6(1.8)2) 55(4.4)
HPV31 4(0.7) 0 0 4(0.3)
HPV33 32(5.5) 41(12.3)1) 36(10.9)2) 109(8.8)
HPV35 7(1.2) 4(1.2) 1(0.3) 12(1.0)
HPV39 35(6.0) 12(3.6) 6(1.8)2) 53(4.3)
HPV45 3(0.5) 1(0.3) 0 4(0.3)
HPV51 45(7.8) 9(2.7)1) 4(1.2)2) 58(4.7)
HPV52 67(11.6) 36(10.8) 16(4.9)1),2) 119(9.6)
HPV53 34(5.9) 8(2.4)1) 7(2.1)2) 49(3.9)
HPV56 23(4.0) 4(1.2) 1) 1(0.3)2) 28(2.3)
HPV58 85(14.7) 46(13.8) 27(8.2)1),2) 158(12.7)
HPV59 4(0.7) 2(0.6) 2(0.6) 8(0.6)
HPV66 34(5.9) 7(2.1)1) 0 1),2) 41(3.3)
HPV68 18(3.1) 1(0.3)1) 1(0.3)2) 20(1.6)
Item Cervical cancer(n = 246)
SCC(n = 220) ADC(n = 19) ADSCC(n = 5) OTC(n = 2) Total
HPV6 1(0.5) 0 0 0 1(0.4)
HPV11 0 0 0 0 0
HPV42 1(0.5) 0 0 0 1(0.4)
HPV43 0 0 0 0 0
HPV44 0 0 0 0 0
CP8304 1(0.5) 0 0 0 1(0.4)
HPV16 182(82.7) 9(47.4)3) 4(80.0) 0 195(79.3)4)
HPV18 12(5.5) 6(31.6)3) 0 2(100.0) 20(8.1)4)
HPV31 0 0 0 0 0
HPV33 3(1.4) 1(5.3) 0 0 4(1.6)4)
HPV35 0 0 0 0 0
HPV39 1(0.5) 1(5.3) 0 0 2(0.8)4)
HPV45 1(0.5) 0 1(20.0) 0 2(0.8)
HPV51 2(0.9) 1(5.3) 0 0 3(1.2)4)
HPV52 3(1.4) 0 0 0 3(1.2)4)
HPV53 4(1.8) 0 0 0 4(1.6)
HPV56 0 0 0 0 0
HPV58 8(3.6) 1(5.3) 0 0 9(3.6)4)
HPV59 0 0 0 0 0
HPV66 0 0 0 0 0 4)
HPV68 1(0.5) 0 0 0 1(0.4)
1)P < 0.05 vs CIN1 group;2)P < 0.05 vs CIN2 group;3)P < 0.05 vs SCC group;4)P < 0.05 vs CIN group.

与CIN1患者比较,CIN2患者单重感染HPV16、18、33、51、53、56、66、68比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);CIN3患者单重感染HPV16、52、58、66比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与CIN2患者比较,CIN3患者单重感染HPV16、18、33、39、51、52、53、56、58、66、68比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与SCC患者比较,ADC患者单重感染HPV16及HPV18差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与CIN患者比较,子宫颈癌患者单重感染HPV16、18、33、39、51、52、58、66比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表 2

2.3 CIN及子宫颈癌患者HPV多重感染方式的分布

结果显示,与CIN1、CIN2患者比较,CIN3患者HPV多重感染方式差异有统计学意义(P分别为0.004、0.016);与CIN患者比较,子宫颈癌患者HPV多重感染方式差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表 3

表 3 CIN及子宫颈癌患者HPV多重感染方式比较[n(%)] Tab.3 Multiple HPV infection types among CIN and cervical cancer patients[n (%)]
Item CIN1(n = 191) CIN2(n = 109) CIN3(n = 65) Cervical cancer(n = 31)
Mixed type(low-risk type+ high-risk type)HPV 50(26.2) 26(23.9) 6(9.2) 8(25.8)
High-risk type HPV 141(73.8) 83(76.1) 59(90.8) 23(74.2)

3 讨论

研究[14]显示,不同国家及地区人群中HPV感染类型不同,而HPV16、31、51、53是最常见类型。已有研究[15]显示亚洲人中最常见类型为HPV52、16、58和18,尤其HPV52和58更普遍,在患有HPV感染和子宫颈癌患者中发生率更高[16]。我国子宫颈病变患者中HPV16是最常见类型。此外,HPV52、18和58也是子宫颈癌标本中最常见类型,且与癌症的发展密切相关[17-18]。迄今为止,共有3种针对各种高危HPV类型的预防性疫苗,包括二价疫苗(HPV 16、18),四价疫苗(HPV16、18、6、11)和九价疫苗(HPV16、18、6、11、31、33、45、52、58)[19]。而且不同地区的HPV类型分布略有不同。因此,了解子宫颈病变患者HPV类型分布对于有效设计和评估不同地理区域人群的预防性疫苗至关重要。

本研究结果显示,子宫颈病变患者中常见HPV单重感染。与CIN患者比较,子宫颈癌患者中单重感染率更高。CIN组中CIN3患者单重感染率最高,而子宫颈癌患者各病理类型比较单重感染率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),考虑可能是样本量较少所致。本研究发现,CIN中高级别病变单重感染率明显高于低级别,考虑是HPV单重感染的致病能力强所致。

CIN1、CIN2及CIN3患者HPV类型分布中,低危型HPV感染率呈递减趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),其中CP8304感染率最高,其次为HPV6。研究[20-21]显示低危HPV感染易导致生殖道炎症及子宫颈低级别病变。CIN1、CIN2及CIN3患者中,HPV16感染率随病变级别升高依次增加,而HPV18感染率依次下降,HPV33在CIN1患者感染率最低,而在CIN2、CIN3患者中感染率增高。CIN患者中,HPV16感染率最高,表明HPV16致病力最强。

子宫颈癌患者中HPV18感染率高于CIN患者,与以往研究[22]结果一致,但对韩国人群进行的研究[23]显示HPV18与疾病严重程度无关。本研究发现,ADC患者HPV18感染率高于SCC患者,而其他子宫颈癌患者HPV18的感染率为100%,可能是样本较少所致。

本研究结果表明,CIN低级别病变中HPV58感染率高。高级别病变中HPV33、HPV52感染率高。因此,除HPV16及HPV18外,临床上还应该注意HPV58、52、33感染的风险。

HPV多重感染结果显示,与CIN1、CIN2患者比较,CIN3患者HPV多重感染方式差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。多重高危HPV感染中,子宫颈癌患者感染率低于CIN患者,但无统计学差异(P > 0.05),考虑可能是多重感染患者较少所致。

综上所述,辽宁地区CIN患者感染HPV58、HPV52及HPV33比例仅次于HPV16;子宫颈癌患者感染HPV58比例仅次于HPV16、18。HPV多重感染中,随着患者CIN病变级别升高,高危型感染呈递增趋势,而混合型感染呈递减趋势。因此应高度重视HPV16及HPV18的检测及预防,同时也不能忽视HPV58、HPV52及HPV33的检测及预防。

本研究仅局限于辽宁地区,患者地域相对局限,下一步应扩大研究范围,扩大子宫颈癌患者样本量,进一步分析不同区域子宫颈癌患者HPV感染特点。

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