中国医科大学学报  2021, Vol. 50 Issue (10): 879-884

文章信息

陈丽娜, 王秀霞
CHEN Lina, WANG Xiuxia
冻融周期优质单囊胚的选择策略
Selection strategy in frozen-thawed high-quality single-blastocyst transfer
中国医科大学学报, 2021, 50(10): 879-884
Journal of China Medical University, 2021, 50(10): 879-884

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-12-31
网络出版时间:2021-10-08 17:34
冻融周期优质单囊胚的选择策略
陈丽娜 , 王秀霞     
中国医科大学附属盛京医院生殖医学中心, 沈阳 110022
摘要目的 探讨冻融优质单囊胚移植中,囊胚发育速度、内细胞团(ICM)评级、滋养外胚层(TE)评级对妊娠和新生儿结局的影响。方法 将938个冻融优质单囊胚移植周期按照囊胚形成时间分为D5组(在受精后第5天形成囊胚,n=653)和D6组(在受精后第6天形成囊胚,n=285);根据TE评级分为TE-A组(n=371)和TE-B组(n=567);根据ICM评级分为ICM-A组(n=607)和ICM-B组(n=331)。比较各组妊娠和新生儿结局,对影响临床妊娠率和活产率的因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果 D5组与D6组比较,妊娠和新生儿结局各项指标无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。TE-A组人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)阳性率、临床妊娠率和单胎活产率高于TE-B组(P < 0.05),其余指标无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。ICM-A组HCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、活产率、单胎活产率明显高于ICM-B组(P < 0.05),其余指标无统计学差异。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄、受精方式、ICM是引起临床妊娠率差异的独立影响因素,年龄、ICM是引起活产率差异的独立影响因素。结论 冻融优质单囊胚移植时,囊胚发育速度不能预测妊娠结局,ICM评级较TE评级对临床妊娠率和活产率有更高的预测价值,而不同发育速度和质量评级对新生儿结局无明显影响。
关键词单囊胚移植    优质囊胚    妊娠结局    新生儿结局    
Selection strategy in frozen-thawed high-quality single-blastocyst transfer
CHEN Lina , WANG Xiuxia     
Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of blastocyst development speed, inner cell mass (ICM) rating, and trophectoderm (TE) rating of frozen-thawed high-quality single-blastocyst transfer on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Methods We divided 938 high-quality single-blastocyst transfer cycles into two groups according to blastocyst formation time[D5 (on the 5th day after fertilization, n=653) and D6 (on the 6th day after fertilization, n=285)], TE quality[TE-A (n=371) and TE-B (n=567)], and ICM quality[ICM-A (n=607) and ICM-B (n=331)]. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes were compared and the factors affecting clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were analyzed through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results There was no significant difference in the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes between D5 and D6 groups (P > 0.05). The human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-positive, clinical pregnancy, and single live birth rates were significantly higher in the TE-A group than in the TE-B group (P < 0.05). The HCG-positive, clinical pregnancy, live birth, and single live birth rates were significantly higher in the ICM-A group than in the ICM-B group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that fertilization method was independently associated with clinical pregnancy rates, and age and ICM were independently associated with both clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Conclusion In frozen-thawed high-quality single-blastocyst transfer, blastocyst development speed was not predictive of pregnancy outcomes, while ICM rating had a higher predictive value than TE rating for clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Different development speeds and quality ratings had no significant effect on neonatal outcomes.

近年来辅助生殖技术不断发展,单囊胚移植(single-blastocyst transfer,SBT)得到了广泛应用。与传统的多胚胎移植相比,SBT能够降低多胎妊娠和其他严重妊娠合并症的发生率。为了保证SBT的成功率,需要选出具有最佳发育潜能的胚胎用于移植。目前主要将形态学评级作为选择囊胚的标准,但在胚胎体外发育过程中囊胚形成速度不一致,胚胎可以在受精后第5天(D5)、第6天(D6)、甚至第7天(D7)形成囊胚。胚胎发育速度能否作为评价其发育潜能的指标,仍存在争议[1-3]。另外,在胚胎形态评级中,囊胚扩张程度和孵化后再扩张程度是冻融SBT妊娠率的独立影响因素[4],其中4期优质囊胚的临床结局最佳[5]。然而,内细胞团(inner cell mass,ICM)评级和滋养外胚层(trophectoderm,TE)评级常不一致,是以ICM评级还是以TE评级为主,目前尚无定论[6-8]。为排除超促排卵中子宫内膜的改变和囊胚扩张程度的影响,本研究对冻融4期优质囊胚的发育速度、ICM评级、TE评级与临床结局的关系进行分析,为冻融优质SBT移植的选择策略提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象和分组

回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年11月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院辅助生殖中心进行单囊胚复苏移植的患者资料,共938个周期。纳入标准:(1)患者年龄≤38岁;(2)首次行冻融囊胚移植;(3)移植胚胎为D5或D6囊胚;(4)移植胚胎扩张期别为4期,ICM评级和TE评级均≥B级(即AA、AB、BA和BB)的优质胚胎。排除标准:(1)行胚胎植入前基因诊断/胚胎植入前基因筛查助孕的患者:(2)子宫腺肌症患者;(3)子宫畸形和子宫内膜病变患者。

根据囊胚形成时间分为D5组(n = 653)和D6组(n = 285);根据TE评级分为TE-A组(n = 371)和TE-B组(n = 567);根据ICM评级分为ICM-A组(n = 607)和ICM-B组(n = 331)。

1.2 资料收集

收集患者一般资料,包括取卵年龄、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、不孕年限、不孕类型(原发不孕、继发不孕)、受精方式[体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)、卵胞浆内单精子显微注射技术(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)]、子宫内膜准备方案(自然周期、激素替代方案)。

1.3 治疗方案

1.3.1 囊胚冷冻、解冻和评级:

常规IVF或ICSI受精。受精后第5天或第6天观察囊胚形成情况,采用Gardner标准进行评级。囊胚冷冻、解冻均采用Cryotop方法。

1.3.2 子宫内膜准备:

采用自然周期或激素替代方案进行内膜准备。

1.3.3 妊娠结局判定:

移植后14 d检测血人绒毛促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotrophin,hCG),确定是否妊娠。移植30~35 d后,超声下宫内可见孕囊为临床妊娠。多胎妊娠指超声下可见宫内胎心≥2个。流产指妊娠不足28周、胎儿体质量不足1 000 g而终止妊娠。早期流产指妊娠12周前终止妊娠。

1.3.4 新生儿结局判定:

活产指妊娠满28周且至少有1个存活新生儿分娩。单胎活产率指单胎出生的例数占活产例数的百分比。新生儿男女性别比指活产周期中男女例数比。为了排除多胎对新生儿出生体质量、出生缺陷、是否早产以及是否剖宫产的影响,本研究仅对单胎分娩的出生体质量、低出生体质量、胎龄、早产率、剖宫产率、出生缺陷进行统计分析。早产指妊娠≥28周且 < 37周间分娩。剖宫产率指剖宫产娩出的胎儿例数占单胎活产例数的百分比。低出生体质量指新生儿出生体质量 < 2 500 g。出生缺陷指新生儿出生时或出生以后表现的结构、功能或发育异常,可能是由出生前遗传或非遗传因素造成。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析,计数资料采用率(%)表示,2组间比较采用χ2检验;计量资料采用x±s表示,2组间比较采用t检验(正态分布);采用多因素logistic回归分析临床妊娠率和活产率的影响因素。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 发育速度对妊娠和新生儿结局的影响

D5组与D6组比较,患者年龄、BMI等均无统计学差异(P > 0.05),D5组IVF率高于D6组(P < 0.05),见表 1。2组比较,妊娠和新生儿结局各项指标均无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 2

表 1 D5组与D6组一般临床资料的比较 Tab.1 Comparison of demographic and clinical data between D5 and D6 groups
ItemD5 group(n = 653)D6 group(n = 285)t/χ 2P
Age(year)30.72±3.4831.02±3.481.2220.222
Infertility duration(year)3.88±2.663.66±2.351.1860.236
BMI(kg/m223.08±3.5823.29±4.100.7470.455
Type of infertility [ n(%)]0.1630.687
  Primary378(57.89)169(59.30)
  Secondary275(42.11)116(40.70)
Fertilization method [ n(%)]36.627< 0.001
  IVF439(67.23)131(45.96)
  ICSI214(32.77)154(54.04)
Endometrial preparation [ n(%)]0.4100.522
  Nature cycle45(6.89)23(8.07)
  Hormone replace treatment608(93.11)262(91.93)
BMI,body mass index;IVF,in vitro fertilization;ICSI,intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

表 2 D5组与D6组妊娠和新生儿结局的比较 Tab.2 Comparison of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes between D5 and D6 groups
ItemD5 group(n = 653)D6 group(n = 285)t2P
HCG-positive rate [ n(%)]495(75.80)204(71.58)1.8650.172
Clinical pregnancy rate [ n(%)]438(67.08)181(63.51)1.1240.289
  Abortion rate88(20.09)38(20.99)0.0640.800
  Early miscarriage rate76(17.35)31(17.13)0.0050.946
  Multiple pregnancy rate10(2.28)3(1.66)0.0340.853
Total live birth rate [ n(%)]347(53.14)143(50.18)0.6990.403
Singleton live birth
  Singleton live birth rate [ n(%)]342(52.37)141(49.47)0.6680.414
  Mean birth weight(g)3 422.13±565.243 437.34±509.970.2760.782
  Low birth weight [ n(%)]22(6.43)5(3.55)1.5760.209
  Gestational age at birth(d)269.44±13.14269.98±11.090.4580.647
  Premature delivery[ n(%)]35(10.23)19(13.48)1.0560.304
  Cesarean section [ n(%)]275(80.41)121(85.82)1.9760.160
  Neonatal malformation rate [ n(%)]6(1.75)2(1.42)0.0001.000
Sex ratio(male/female)1.07(179/168)1.31(81/62)1.0400.308
HCG,human chorionic gonadotropin.

2.2 TE评级对妊娠和新生儿结局的影响

TE-A组与TE-B组比较,患者年龄、BMI等均无统计学差异(P > 0.05),TE-A组IVF率明显高于TE-B组(P < 0.05),见表 3。TE-A组HCG阳性率、临床妊娠率和单胎活产率明显高于TE-B组(P < 0.05);2组比较,流产率和新生儿结局各项指标均无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 4

表 3 TE-A组与TE-B组一般临床资料的比较 Tab.3 Comparison of demographic and clinical data between TE-A and TE-B groups
ItemTE-A group(n = 371)TE-B group(n = 567)t2P
Age(year)30.77±3.4430.84±3.510.3100.756
Infertility duration(year)3.80±2.663.82±2.510.1040.917
BMI(kg/m223.38±3.7722.98±3.721.5800.114
Type of infertility [ n(%)]2.3630.124
  Primary205(55.26)342(60.32)
  Secondary166(47.74)225(39.68)
Fertilization method [ n(%)]8.6880.003
  IVF247(66.58)323(56.97)
  ICSI124(33.42)244(43.03)
Endometrial preparation [ n(%)]0.0530.818
  Nature cycle26(7.01)42(7.41)
  Hormone replace treatment345(92.99)525(92.59)

表 4 TE-A组与TE-B组妊娠和新生儿结局的比较 Tab.4 Comparison of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes between TE-A and TE-B groups
ItemTE-A group(n = 371)TE-B group(n = 567)t2P
HCG-positive rate [ n(%)]290(78.17)409(72.13)4.2990.038
Clinical pregnancy rate [ n(%)]260(70.08)359(63.32)4.5730.032
  Abortion rate50(19.23)76(21.17)0.3500.554
  Early miscarriage rate45(17.31)62(17.27)0.0000.990
  Multiple pregnancy rate5(1.92)8(2.23)0.0680.794
Total live birth rate [ n(%)]208(56.06)282(49.74)3.6010.058
Singleton live birth
  Singleton live birth rate [ n(%)]207(55.80)276(48.68)4.5490.033
  Mean birth weight(g)3 427.39±565.163 425.96±537.950.0280.978
  Low birth weight [ n(%)]15(7.25)12(4.35)1.8830.170
  Gestational age at birth(d)269.32±13.66269.81±11.690.4140.679
  Premature delivery[ n(%)]25(12.08)29(10.51)0.2490.588
  Cesarean section [ n(%)]172(83.09)224(81.16)0.2990.584
  Neonatal malformation rate [ n(%)]3(1.45)5(1.81)0.0001.000
Sex ratio(male/female)1.24(115/93)1.06(145/137)0.720.396

2.3 ICM评级对妊娠和新生儿结局的影响

ICM-A组与ICM-B组比较,患者年龄、BMI等无统计学差异(P > 0.05),ICM-A组IVF率明显高于ICM-B组(P < 0.05),见表 5。ICM-A组hCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、活产率和单胎活产率明显高于ICM-B组(P < 0.05);2组比较,流产率、早产率、剖宫产率和新生儿结局各项指标无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 6

表 5 ICM-A组与ICM-B组一般临床资料的比较 Tab.5 Comparison of demographic and clinical data between ICM-A and ICM-B groups
ItemICM-A group(n = 607)ICM-B group(n = 331)t2P
Age(year)30.65±3.4731.11±3.491.9560.051
Infertility duration(year)3.70±2.584.01±2.531.7560.079
BMI(kg/m223.03±3.6223.34±3.961.1990.231
Type of infertility [ n(%)]3.7510.053
  Primary340(56.01)207(62.54)
  Secondary267(43.99)124(37.46)
Fertilization method [ n(%)]3.9160.048
  IVF383(63.10)323(56.97)
  ICSI224(36.90)144(43.50)
Endometrial preparation [ n(%)]0.0700.791
  Nature cycle43(7.08)25(7.55)
  Hormone replace treatment564(92.92)306(92.45)

表 6 ICM-A组与ICM-B组妊娠和新生儿结局比较 Tab.6 Comparison of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes between ICM-A and ICM-B groups
ItemICM-A group(n = 607)ICM-B group(n = 331)t2P
HCG-positive rate [ n(%)]475(78.25)224(67.67)12.627< 0.001
Clinical pregnancy rate [ n(%)]424(69.85)195(58.91)11.4210.001
  Abortion rate80(18.87)46(23.59)1.8370.175
  Early miscarriage rate69(16.27)38(19.49)0.9650.326
  Multiple pregnancy rate7(1.65)6(3.08)0.7180.397
Total live birth rate [ n(%)]342(56.34)148(44.71)11.6110.001
Singleton live birth
  Singleton live birth rate [ n(%)]340(56.01)143(43.20)14.074< 0.001
  Mean birth weight(g)3 438.65±581.733 397.87±463.390.7450.457
  Low birth weight [ n(%)]23(6.76)4(2.80)3.0020.083
  Gestational age at birth(d)269.72±13.17269.30±11.020.3370.736
  Premature delivery[ n(%)]36(10.59)18(12.59)0.4050.524
  Cesarean section [ n(%)]277(81.47)119(83.22)0.2080.648
  Neonatal malformation rate [ n(%)]7(2.06)1(0.70)0.4600.498
Sex ratio(male/female)1.09(178/164)1.24(82/66)0.4680.494

2.4 临床妊娠率的多因素logistic回归分析

多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR = 0.955,95% CI:0.918~0.994)、受精方式(OR = 1.350,95% CI:1.010~1.803)和ICM评级(OR = 1.500,95%CI:1.090~2.064)与临床妊娠率显著相关,是临床妊娠率的独立影响因素。TE评级等对临床妊娠率无影响(P > 0.05)。见表 7

表 7 临床妊娠率的多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.7 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors affecting clinical pregnancy rates
VariableOR95% CIP
Age0.9550.918-0.9940.024
BMI1.0200.982-1.0580.306
Fertilization method(IVF/ICSI)1.3501.010-1.8030.042
ICM rating(A/B)1.5001.090-2.0640.013
TE rating(A/B)1.1700.857-1.5960.322
Frozen-thawed(D6/D5)0.9270.677-1.2680.635
BMI,body mass index;IVF,in vitro fertilization;ICSI,intracytoplasmic sperm injection;ICM,inner cell mass;TE,trophectoderm;D5,5-day developed blastocysts;D6,6-day developed blastocysts.

2.5 活产率的多因素logistic回归分析

多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR = 0.944,95% CI:0.909~0.981)和ICM评级(OR =1.493,95% CI:1.098~2.030)与活产率显著相关,是活产率的独立影响因素。TE评级等对活产率无影响(P > 0.05)。见表 8

表 8 活产率的多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.8 Multivariate logistic regressionl analysis of factors affecting live birth rates
VariableOR95% CIP
Age0.9440.909-0.9810.003
BMI0.9800.946-1.0140.247
Fertilization method(IVF/ICSI)1.1840.902-1.5550.224
ICM rating(A/B)1.4931.098-2.0300.011
TE rating(A/B)1.1290.844-1.5110.414
Frozen-thawed(D6/D5)0.9950.737-1.3420.973

3 讨论

众所周知,囊胚发育潜能是影响SBT成功率的关键因素。因此,如何选择具有高发育潜能的囊胚进行移植,是临床工作非常关注的一个问题。本研究的目的是探讨在冻融优质SBT周期中,囊胚发育速度、ICM评级和TE评级对妊娠结局和新生儿结局的影响,进而为SBT的选择策略提供依据。

目前,关于囊胚发育速度是否可以作为预测囊胚发育潜能的独立指标仍存在争议[1-3]。FERRUX等[3]的研究表明,D5组较D6组活产率显著增加,说明D5囊胚具有更高的发育潜能,但是D5组和D6组优质囊胚比例分别为82%和68%,因此二者妊娠结局的差异也可能是选择偏倚导致的。为避免囊胚质量偏倚的影响,本研究对938个冻融优质SBT周期进行分析,结果表明,D5组和D6组比较,hCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、活产率均无统计学差异,多因素logistic回归分析结果也提示,临床妊娠率和活产率与囊胚发育速度无关,这与YANG等[1]的研究结果一致。YANG等[1]分析了791个冻融SBT周期,发现D5组和D6组的临床妊娠率和种植率无统计学差异。然而,本研究结果与王雪等[9]的研究结果不一致,他们分析了341个优质SBT(4~6 BB以上级别)周期,发现D5组临床妊娠率和活产率显著高于D6组。研究结果的差异可能在于纳入的胚胎均为4期胚胎,避免了囊胚扩张程度偏倚的影响。笔者认为,对于达到优质级别的4期囊胚,其发育速度不影响其发育潜能和患者的妊娠结局。

目前,关于囊胚形态学评级对移植结局的影响也存在争议[6-8, 10]。本研究结果显示,ICM-A组hCG阳性率、临床妊娠率、活产率和单胎活产率高于ICM-B组;TE-A组HCG阳性率、临床妊娠率和单胎活产率高于TE-B组,活产率有增高趋势(P = 0.058)。进一步的多因素logistic回归分析表明,ICM评级而非TE评级是临床妊娠率、活产率的独立影响因素,这与既往研究[6-8]结果一致。原因可能有:(1)ICM发育为胚胎,TE发育为胎盘[8];(2)ICM与早期流产密切相关,ICM对继续妊娠的预测性优于TE [11];(3)ICM具有全能性和再生为TE的能力[12]

本研究结果还提示,ICSI是临床妊娠率的独立影响因素。2020年一项荟萃分析结果表明,IVF组较ICSI组临床妊娠率更高[13]。一方面,因男性指征行ICSI周期者,精子DNA碎片指数等可能影响胚胎发育潜能及妊娠结局;另一方面,ICSI过程中精子体外培养和预处理可能导致DNA损伤,进而造成不良的妊娠结局[13]。本研究还发现,不同胚胎发育速度、TE评级和ICM评级的新生儿结局无差异,与以往研究[2]结果一致。

综上所述,本研究认为,优质冻融SBT选择中,ICM评级优于TE评级。囊胚发育速度并不能预测妊娠结局,并且囊胚发育速度、ICM评级、TE评级均不影响新生儿结局。本研究为回顾性研究,还需大样本随机队列研究证实。

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