中国医科大学学报  2020, Vol. 49 Issue (10): 899-906

文章信息

夏桂辉, 贾昌俊, 徐锋, 赵阳, 戴朝六
XIA Guihui, JIA Changjun, XU Feng, ZHAO Yang, DAI Chaoliu
吲哚菁绿荧光成像技术在肝癌切除术中识别微小癌灶的价值
The value of indocyanine fluorescence imaging for the identification of microhepatocellular carcinoma in hepatectomy
中国医科大学学报, 2020, 49(10): 899-906
Journal of China Medical University, 2020, 49(10): 899-906

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-11-14
网络出版时间:2020-10-07 16:10
吲哚菁绿荧光成像技术在肝癌切除术中识别微小癌灶的价值
夏桂辉1,2 , 贾昌俊1 , 徐锋1 , 赵阳1 , 戴朝六1     
1. 中国医科大学附属盛京医院肝胆脾外科, 沈阳 110004;
2. 沈阳二四二医院普通外科, 沈阳 110141
摘要目的 探讨吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光成像技术在肝癌切除术中识别微小肝癌的可行性和临床价值。方法 选取2016年12月至2017年9月中国医科大学附属盛京医院肝胆脾外科行肝癌切除术的患者59例。探测并记录肝癌切除术后离体标本中肿瘤及其周边肝组织的荧光显影情况,同时切取呈高亮显影的微小病灶(直径0.2~2.0 cm)及无显影的非癌性肝组织(直径=1 cm),后者作为对照,均行常规病理学检查。应用统计学方法分析肝癌及瘤周微小显影灶显影结果的影响因素。结果 59例患者中有50例肝癌显像,26例患者的离体标本探测出微小的瘤周显影灶;共发现微小显影灶65枚,其中4枚经病理证实为肝癌。统计学分析结果显示,肿瘤直径越大越易显影(P < 0.05),肝癌肿瘤分化程度与其剖面荧光显影模式存在显著相关性(P < 0.05)。未找到瘤周微小显影灶显像的明显相关因素。在探测范围内,ICG荧光成像技术探测出肝癌瘤周微小癌灶的正确率为34.40%。结论 ICG荧光成像技术在检测肝表面微小肝癌方面有一定的临床价值。
关键词吲哚菁绿    肝细胞癌    微小肝癌    
The value of indocyanine fluorescence imaging for the identification of microhepatocellular carcinoma in hepatectomy
1. Department of hepatobiliary and splenic surgery, shengjing hospital, China medical university, Shenyang 110004, China;
2. Department of General surgery, shenyang 242 nd hospital, Shenyang 110141, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the feasibility and the clinical value of indocyanine green (ICG) -mediated near-infrared fluorescence imaging for identifying liver cancer lesions. Methods Fifty-nine patients who underwent hepatocellular carcinoma resection in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Splenic Surgery in the Shengjing Hospital of the China Medical University from December 2016 to September 2017 were selected for this study. The fluorescence imaging patterns of tumor lesions and peripheral liver tissue in the isolated specimens after hepatectomy were detected and recorded. At the same time, the small lesions (diameter=0.2 to 2 cm) with high-contrast development and non-cancerous liver tissue without development (diameter=1 cm) were cut out. The latter were used as the control group and both sample types underwent routine pathological examination and the results were recorded. Statistical methods were used to analyze the factors affecting fluorescence imaging results of hepatocellular carcinoma and peripheral microimaging lesions. Results HCC were detected via ICG fluorescence imaging in 50 out of 59 patients, while peripheral microimaging lesions with bright fluorescence in in vitro specimens was found in 26 patients. Sixty-five microscopic lesions were found, four of which were pathologically confirmed as hepatocellular carcinoma. Statistical analysis showed that the larger the tumor diameter was, the easier the fluorescence imaging was (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the degree of tumor differentiation significantly correlated with the tumor profile in fluorescence imaging (P < 0.05). No obvious correlation factor has been found for perinocarcinoma fluorescence microlesion imaging. Within the detection range, the accuracy of ICG fluorescence imaging in detecting pericancerous microlesions was 34.40%. Conclusion ICG fluorescence imaging has a certain clinical value for the detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma on the liver surface.

在全球恶性肿瘤患病率及死亡率的统计报告中,肝癌均位居前列[1-2]。2015年中国癌症统计数据报告指出肝癌是我国癌症致死的主因[3]。我国肝癌患者的主要致病因素为病毒性肝炎及肝硬化,多数患者早期无临床症状,就诊晚,预后差,且早期小肝癌不易被常规影像学检查检测到,因此肝癌的早期诊断是肝癌治疗的重点。

《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2017年版) 》 [4]中提及的肝癌临床影像学检查方法主要有腹部超声、CT、MRI、DSA、PET-CT和发射单光子计算机断层。而现有研究[5-6]报告的关于肝癌诊断的上述影像学检查中,对于直径 < 1 cm的微小病灶检出率较低,易发生遗漏,导致术后短期内即出现肝内转移和复发灶,对预后造成极大的负面影响。

2009年首次报道了应用吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)分子荧光成像技术在肝细胞癌切除术中探测到术前常规检查手段难以检测到的微小肝内转移病灶[7-8]。不仅如此,该成像技术还具有精准度高的特点,探测发现的最小肝癌病灶直径约0.15 cm[8-11]。ICG荧光成像技术是利用ICG的荧光成像特点及其在肝脏肿瘤细胞中特定的靶向滞留效应[12-13],使用具有高度特异性的荧光探针,作用于特定的靶细胞,得到具有明暗对比度的影像,从而实现对肝癌病灶的精准定位。

但目前研究表明该项技术有穿透力弱[14]和假阳性率高[15-17] 2点不足。假阳性病灶的检出率及其特征仍需要临床研究来进一步明确。故本研究拟针对这一课题进行探讨。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料

1.1.1 研究对象

收集2016年12月至2017年9月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院肝胆脾外科行肝细胞癌肝切除手术患者的临床资料。纳入标准: (1)术前超声造影、增强CT和(或)增强MRI诊断为原发性肝癌,肝癌病灶距离肝脏表面均≤1 cm;(2)术前行ICG 15分钟潴留率(indocyanine green 15 retention rate,ICGR15)测定;(3)术中用ICG分子荧光成像系统探测肝脏肿物显像情况及显像微小病灶(微小病灶)并取材;(4)术后病理证实肝脏肿瘤为肝细胞癌。纳入患者共59例,其中,女11例,男48例。年龄35~75岁,中位年龄为58岁。乙型肝炎患者41例,丙型肝炎患者4例,脂肪肝患者1例。ICGR15值为0.8%~40.9%,中位值为5.1%。ICG注射时间为9.0~341.0 h,中位时间为74.0 h。

1.1.2 主要试剂和仪器

注射用ICG购自丹东医创药业有限责任公司(产品编号:20160701),近红外荧光成像系统由北京数字精准医疗科技有限公司生产。

1.2 方法

应用“ICG试敏针”进行试敏检测,确认入选对象无过敏反应。于术前1~14 d,以灭菌注射用水将ICG稀释成5 mg/mL,将按照0.5 mg/kg体质量计算的ICG溶液由肘静脉注入,密切观察患者反应,一般在10秒内注完。测定并记录患者ICGR15及ICG术前注射时间(以h为单位)。肝癌切除术中,标本离体后马上用ICG介导的免疫荧光探测仪探查已切除的离体标本,除既定切除肿物以外,有荧光反应的微小病灶予以切除,记为实验组;同时于该离体标本上取出既定切除肿物外无荧光反应的肝组织,记为对照组。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0进行统计学分析,年龄分析采用独立样本t检验,其余因素采用非参数曼惠特尼U检验,分类指标采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 肝癌病灶肿瘤表面显影和瘤周微小病灶样显影病灶情况

本组59例患者肿瘤病理结果均为肝细胞癌,肿瘤直径为0.5~20.0 cm,中位直径为3.1 cm。显影者50例,未显影者9例,ICG荧光成像肿瘤表面显影检出率为84.74% (图 1);其中肿瘤剖面显影46例(高亮显影33例,混杂显影14例,环状显影8例),肿瘤剖面不显影4例(图 2)。其中26例(检出率44.07%)患者在荧光成像探测下新发现肝脏微小病灶65枚,65枚微小病灶全显影,对照组织不显影(图 3)。微小病灶直径为0.2~2.0 cm,中位直径为0.8 cm。

A, cancer of the liver in vivo; B, fluorescence imaging of a hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo; C, in vitro liver cancer; D, fluorescence imaging of an in vitro hepatocellular carcinoma and peripheral microlesions. 图 1 肝癌表面荧光成像和瘤周微小病灶荧光成像 Fig.1 Fluorescence imaging of the surface of a hepatocellular carcinoma and microscopic lesions around the carcinoma

A, tumor profile; B, complete fluorescence imaging of the tumor profile; C, tumor profile; D, mixed fluorescence imaging of the tumor profile; E, tumor profile; F, annular fluorescence imaging of the tumor profile; G, tumor profile; H, no fluorescence imaging of the tumor profile. 图 2 肝癌剖面荧光显影类型 Fig.2 Fluorescence imaging type of the hepatocellular carcinoma profile

A, naked-eye view of liver microlesions; B, fluorescence imaging of liver microlesions. 图 3 肝脏微小病灶荧光成像 Fig.3 Fluorescence imaging of liver microlesions

2.2 微小病灶病理结果

65枚显影微小肝脏病灶的病理结果为肝细胞癌4枚,非肝细胞癌61枚(肝细胞增生20枚,肝硬化28枚,肝纤维化13枚),28枚对照组肝组织的病理结果均为非肝细胞癌(肝硬化23枚,肝纤维化5枚)。

2.3 肝癌显影情况差异分析

在不同显影组中,仅肿瘤直径这一因素存在统计学差异(P < 0.05),见表 1。肿瘤表面显影组患者的肿瘤直径显著高于不显影患者的肿瘤直径,即肝脏肿瘤在ICG荧光显影探测下显像的概率与肿瘤直径相关;肿瘤直径越大者,越容易在ICG荧光显影探测中显像,见图 4

表 1 59例肝癌患者肿瘤荧光显影情况对比 Tab.1 Contract of tumor fluorescence imaging in 59 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Item Fluorescence imaging of the liver tumor surface t/Z/χ2 P
Yes (n = 50) No (n = 9)
Age (year) 56.54±9.52 53.67±7.52 0.875 0.395
Tumor size (cm) 4(2.50-6.18) 1.5(1.10-2.60) -3.084 0.002
ICGR15 4.9(2.60-7.43) 6.5(4.40-29.70) -1.866 0.062
ICG injection time (h) 77(36.00-110.38) 53.5(50.00-138.50) -0.474 0.635
Sex [n (%)] - 1.000
  Male 40(83.3) 8(16.7)
  Female 10(90.9) 1(9.1)
Hepatic injury [n (%)] - 0.671
  No 13(92.9) 1(7.1)
  Yes 37(82.2) 8(17.8)
Liver cirrhosis [n (%)] - 0.333
  No 10(100.0) 0(0.0)
  Yes 40(81.6) 9(18.4)
Tumor onset [n (%)] - 0.397
  Secondary 2(66.7) 1(33.3)
  Primary 48(85.7) 8(14.3)
Tumor differentiation [n (%)] 0.395 0.693
  Poor 9(90.0) 1(10.0)
  Moderate 26(83.9) 5(16.1)
  Well 15(83.3) 3(16.7)

图 4 不同直径肝癌表面显影情况差异分析 Fig.4 Variance analysis of surface imaging of liver tumors of different diameters

2.4 肝癌肿瘤剖面显影情况的差异分析

在荧光成像设备下探测,切除后的肝脏肿瘤剖面会呈现4种显影状态:高亮、混合、环状及无显影。如表 2所示,不同分化程度肿瘤的剖面显影率存在统计学差异(P < 0.05)。进一步分析显示,将肿瘤分化作为自变量,剖面显影为因变量,对其采用有序logistic回归分析,结果显示,分化程度与肿瘤剖面显影显著相关(P < 0.05)。分化程度低的肿瘤剖面显影亮度低的概率是分化高肿瘤的8.91倍,即肿瘤分化程度越高,出现高亮显影的概率越高。见表 3

表 2 59例肝癌患者肿瘤剖面荧光显影类型对比 Tab.2 Comparison of fluorescence imaging types of hepatocellular carcinoma profile in 59 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Item Fluorescence imaging types of hepatocellular carcinoma profile F/Z/χ2 P
Bright (n = 33) Mixed (n = 14) Annular (n = 8) None (n = 0)
Age (year) 54.36±9.19 58.50±9.09 57.50±10.46 59.25±7.63 0.915 0.440
Tumor size (cm) 3.00(1.65-5.00) 4.55(2.43-8.13) 5.50(2.75-9.75) 3.25(2.10-3.88) 7.171 0.067
ICGR15 5.10(2.50-7.90) 5.50(3.08-7.78) 5.35(1.45-12.03) 3.55(2.13-11.73) 0.451 0.929
ICG injection time (h) 56.00(43.75-115.75) 88.75(55.13-135.00) 64.00(32.50-81.00) 55.75(26.50-81.63) 3.135 0.371
Sex -0.822 0.411
  Male 26(54.2) 11(22.9) 7(14.6) 4(8.3)
  Female 7(63.6) 3(27.3) 1(9.1) 0(0.0)
Hepatic Injury -0.258 0.797
  No 8(57.1) 4(28.6) 1(7.1) 1(7.1)
  Yes 25(55.6) 10(22.2) 7(15.6) 3(6.7)
Hepatic cirrhosis -1.123 0.261
  No 4(40.0) 3(30.0) 2(20.0) 1(10.0)
  Yes 29(59.2) 11(22.4) 6(12.2) 3(6.1)
Tumor onset -0.058 0.954
  Secondary 2(66.7) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(33.3)
  Primary 31(55.4) 14(25.0) 8(14.3) 3(5.4)
Tumor differentiation 7.757 0.005
  Poor 4(40.0) 1(10.0) 3(30.0) 2(20)
  Moderate 15(48.4) 10(32.3) 4(12.9) 2(6.5)
  Well 14(77.8) 3(16.7) 1(5.6) 0(0.0)

表 3 肿瘤剖面显影类型及肿瘤分化的有序logistic回归分析 Tab.3 Ordered logistic regression analysis of how the fluorescence imaging type affects the hepatocellular carcinoma profile and differentiation of HCC
Tumor differentiation Estimation SE Wald df P 95% CI
Well 2.187 0.822 7.084 1 0.008 0.577 - -3.798
Moderate 1.279 0.665 3.701 1 0.054 -0.024 - -2.581
Poor 0 - - 0 - -

2.5 肿瘤旁探测出荧光显影微小病灶的情况分析

各项因素在探出微小病灶数目上均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。即肝癌患者术中应用ICG荧光成像探测仪是否能探出显影微小病灶,与患者年龄、性别、有无肝损伤史、有无肝硬化、ICGR15、ICG注射时间、肿瘤直径、肿瘤为原发或复发及肿瘤分化程度等因素均不相关。见表 4

表 4 肝癌旁检出荧光成像微小病灶相关因素分析 Tab.4 Analysis of relevant factors for fluorescence imaging of microlesions near a hepatocellular carcinoma
Item Nomber of microhepatic lesions F/Z/χ2 P
0(n = 33) 1(n = 10) > 1(n = 16)
Age (year) 56.42±9.79 53.5±9.69 57.06±8.00 0.494 0.613
Tumor size (cm) 3.50(2.20-6.00) 2.75(1.38-4.25) 4.00(2.63-8.00) 1.888 0.169
ICGR15 4.60(3.00-7.90) 3.40(1.68-11.48) 6.25(3.65-7.38) 1.409 0.235
ICG injection time (h) 77.00(47.50-114.25) 56.25(28.00-116.25) 66.50(36.13-117.75) 0.006 0.937
Sex -0.544 0.587
  Male 28(58.3) 7(14.6) 13(27.1)
  Female 5(45.5) 3(27.3) 3(27.3)
Hepatic injury -0.020 0.984
  No 8(57.1) 2(14.3) 4(28.6)
  Yes 25(55.6) 8(17.8) 12(26.7)
Hepatic cirrhosis -0.113 0.910
  No 6(60.0) 1(10.0) 3(30.0)
  Yes 27(55.1) 9(18.4) 13(26.5)
Tumor onset -0.174 0.862
  Secondary 2(66.7) 0(0.0) 1(33.3)
  Primary 31(55.4) 10(17.9) 15(26.8)
Tumor differentiation 1.942 0.163
  Poor 7(70.0) 2(20.0) 1(10.0)
  Moderate 17(54.8) 6(19.4) 8(25.8)
  Well 9(50.0) 2(11.1) 7(38.9)

2.6 瘤周微小病灶样显影病灶的病理情况分析

病理结果显示,同一患者可以探测出多个微小病灶样显影病灶,而且同一患者探出的多个微小病灶样显影病灶可以有不同的病理结果。以微小病灶样显影病灶而非患者为研究对象。首先以病理阳性(肝癌)和阴性(肝细胞增生、肝硬化、肝纤维化)分组,进行四格表Fisher确切概率计算,结果显示,2组在病理结果上无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 5。本研究中ICG荧光成像技术诊断小肝癌的正确率为34.40 %;特异度为36.14 %;阳性预测值为6.15 %;假阳性率为68.53%;Youden指数为0.361 4。本研究微小肝癌检出率虽然较低,但Youden指数为0.361 4,且探测出有荧光反应的65枚微小病灶中有20枚为肝细胞增生,肝细胞低度异型增生为肝脏癌前病变表现,说明ICG免疫荧光成像技术对检测肝脏微小病灶及识别肝脏癌前病变有临床价值。

表 5 肝脏微小病灶病理结果统计表 Tab.5 Overview of the pathological results of liver microlesions
Group Positive Negative Total
Test 4 61 65
Control 0 28 28
Total 4 89 93

2.7 实验组假阳性情况分析

根据计算结果得知微小病灶假阳性率过高,因此对实验组假阳性微小病灶的可能影响因素进行分析。将实验组微小病灶分为阳性(肝癌)和假阳性(增生、肝硬化、肝纤维化) 2组,结果显示,不同肿瘤剖面荧光类型的假阳性存在统计学差异(P < 0.05)。见表 6

表 6 肝脏显影微小病灶假阳性可能相关因素分析 Tab.6 Analysis of possible correlation factors for false-positive imaging findings of liver microlesions
Item False-positive Z/χ2 P
No Yes
Age (year) 56.50(46.25-66.00) 58.00(48.00-63.00) -0.178 0.859
ICGR15 5.95(5.18-19.93) 5.70(3.40-6.50) -0.727 0.467
ICG injection time (h) 40.75(28.88-73.25) 56.00(31.50-122.00) -1.221 0.222
Tumor size (cm) 6.25(3.25-8.88) 4.00(2.00-8.00) -1.234 0.217
Microlesions 0.75(0.50-1.75) 0.80(0.50-1.00) -0.526 0.599
Sex - 1.000
  Male 3(6.0) 47(94.0)
  Female 1(6.7) 14(93.3)
Hepatic injury - 1.000
  No 0(0.0) 8(100.0)
  Yes 4(7.0) 53(93.0)
Hepatic cirrhosis - 0.458
  No 1(11.1) 8(88.9)
  Yes 3(5.4) 53(94.6)
In the same hepatic lobe - 0.574
  No 2(10.5) 17(89.5)
  Yes 2(4.3) 44(95.7)
Same fluorescence imaging - 0.144
  No 0(0.0) 26(100.0)
  Yes 4(10.3) 35(89.7)
Imaging of carcinoma profile 11.898 0.004
  Bright 1(3.0) 32(97.0)
  Mixed 1(3.7) 26(96.3)
  Annular 2(100.0) 0(0.0)
  None 0(0.0) 3(100.0)

3 讨论

微小肝癌为早期肝癌,肝癌的早期及精准诊断是肝癌治疗的重点和难点。近年来,ICG介导的近红外分子荧光成像技术实现了对肝癌病灶的精准定位[18],在肝癌的诊断以及手术定位方面表现突出[19-20],为肝癌的早期诊断提供了一个新思路。

本研究主要针对肝癌早期的微小病灶,探讨了在现有常规影像学检查基础上对术中离体标本进行ICG免疫荧光成像检测的可行性。结果显示,ICG介导的免疫荧光成像技术在发现微小肝癌方面,比常规影像学检查具有更高的灵敏度和更大的潜能,能发现微小的肝脏肿瘤,利于预防肝癌术后早期复发;同时有助于肿瘤分期及预后判断,可以考虑在肝脏手术中作为传统影像学检查的补充。

ICG荧光成像系统探测深度较浅,最大深度仅1 cm,故可能有遗漏病灶尚未检出。检出微小病灶的病理结果假阳性率较高,现有研究[7, 15-17, 20]报道,该项探测技术针对合并肝硬化的肝癌患者检测假阳性率可达40%~50%,本研究患者中大部分均合并肝硬化,假阳性率达68.53%,高于文献报道。本研究已将可能的影响因素如肝脏损伤史、肝硬化、肿瘤与微小病灶是否位于同一肝叶、主标本肿瘤荧光类型、主标本肿瘤直径、ICGR15及ICG注射时间等进行分析,但可能由于受样本量有限,并未显示有明显相关因素。

本研究结果显示,肝癌手术中实时荧光成像探测出癌周高亮荧光显影微小癌灶的概率与患者年龄、性别、有无肝损伤史、有无肝硬化、ICGR15、ICG注射时间、肿瘤直径、肿瘤为原发或复发及肿瘤分化程度等因素无明显相关性。术中探测出的高亮荧光微小病灶病理阳性率虽低,但在灵敏度方面高于常规影像学检查,且有助于进一步明确肝癌患者的TNM分期,对诊断及治疗均有一定帮助。该项检测的Youden指数为0.361 4(> 0),说明ICG免疫荧光成像技术在检测肝脏微小病灶方面有临床价值。若能有大量样本,应进一步细化各因素,进行分层探讨,可能会得到更严谨的结论。

综上所述,ICG免疫荧光探测有望成为今后肝脏手术中实时检测小肝癌和肝脏癌前病变的常规诊疗技术。本研究结果显示,ICG荧光成像技术对肝脏微小病灶的诊断具有指导意义及临床价值,证实了肝脏肿瘤分化程度可能对ICG荧光成像诊断小肝癌灶的假阳性率有一定影响,但未能探寻出更好的减少假阳性率的具体方法。本研究为离体标本上进行,若能进一步完善,将来亦可能为肝癌的术中实时诊断及治疗提供依据。

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