中国医科大学学报  2019, Vol. 48 Issue (5): 437-441

文章信息

张燕平, 赵平
ZHANG Yanping, ZHAO Ping
褪黑素对老年女性患者术后早期认知功能障碍的影响
Effect of Melatonin on Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction after Geriatric Gynecological Surgery
中国医科大学学报, 2019, 48(5): 437-441
Journal of China Medical University, 2019, 48(5): 437-441

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-03-02
网络出版时间:2019-05-13 10:34
褪黑素对老年女性患者术后早期认知功能障碍的影响
张燕平 , 赵平     
中国医科大学附属盛京医院麻醉科, 沈阳 110004
摘要目的 探讨褪黑素对老年女性患者术后早期认知功能、睡眠质量和术后疼痛的影响。方法 选择我院2017年9月至2018年1月行择期全麻妇科手术的老年患者90例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为褪黑素组(M组)和安慰剂组(P组)。M组于术前1 d晚8点与术前0.5 h口服褪黑素6 mg,P组给予安慰剂。记录术后第1、3、7天晚7点简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分;术后第1、第2天晚7点总睡眠时间与视觉模拟(VAS)疼痛评分。结果 2组患者一般资料无统计学差异;2组术前1 d时MMSE评分无统计学差异(P>0.05);与术前1 d比较,术后不同时间点2组MMSE评分明显降低(P < 0.05);与P组比较,M组术后不同时间点MMSE评分明显增加(P < 0.05);与P组比较,M组术后第1、2天总睡眠时间明显增加(P < 0.05);M组术后第1、2天VAS疼痛评分与P组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 褪黑素可减少老年患者妇科手术术后早期认知功能障碍发生,增加术后总睡眠时间,但不能改善术后疼痛。
关键词褪黑素    老年女性    术后认知功能障碍    睡眠质量    疼痛    
Effect of Melatonin on Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction after Geriatric Gynecological Surgery
Deparment of Aneathesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of melatonin on early postoperative cognitive function, sleep quality, and postoperative pain in elderly female patients. Methods Ninety elderly patients with American Society of AnesthesiologistsⅠtoⅢwere enrolled from September 2017 to January 2018. They were randomly divided into the melatonin group(M group) and placebo group(P group). The M group received 6 mg melatonin at 8:00 pm one day before surgery and half an hour before the surgery, whereas the P group received the placebo. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores on the first, third, and seventh days after surgery were recorded. The total sleep time and visual analog scale(VAS) pain scores on the first and second days were recorded. Results There was no significant difference in the characteristics of the patients. The MMSE scores postoperatively in the two groups were significantly lower than those on the first day before the surgery (P < 0.05). Compared with those in the P group, the MMSE scores in the M group increased significantly at different time points. Compared with that in the P group, the total sleep time in the M group significantly increased on the first and second days after the surgery(P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the VAS pain scores on the first and second days between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Melatonin can decrease early postoperative cognitive dysfunction, increase postoperative total sleeping time, but not improve postoperative pain.
Keywords: melatonin    elderly women    postoperative cognitive dysfunction    sleep quality    pain    

术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是手术麻醉后常见的并发症,常发生于老年患者心脏手术或非心脏大手术后,主要临床表现为焦虑烦躁、精神错乱、人格改变、记忆学习功能受损和社交能力下降。其表现依严重程度有所不同,轻度仅表现为兴奋与幻觉,轻度记忆损伤,对指令反应功能障碍,重度者可出现严重的记忆损伤、痴呆、丧失判断和语言概括能力以及人格的改变[1-3]。MOLLER等[3]的多中心临床试验表明 > 60岁行非心脏手术患者术后1周POCD发生率为25.8%,术后3个月POCD发生率为9.9%。

褪黑素(melatonin,MT),又称松果体素,主要由哺乳类动物脑松果体合成与分泌,是一种具有广泛生物活性的吲哚类神经内分泌激素,在人体内广泛分布,主要功能是调节人体的生物节律,保持白天清醒和夜间睡眠的“睡眠-觉醒周期”。研究[4]表明,口服外源性MT能够缩短入眠时间、增加总睡眠时间和提高睡眠质量。MT具有调节和影响多个器官功能的作用,能有效调节免疫系统的功能,还可发挥抗应激的作用。MT还可通过与大脑或脊髓背侧的MT1和MT2受体结合,发挥调节疼痛的作用[5]

研究[6]表明MT可改善认知功能损害。WU等[7]发现POCD的发生与6-巯基硫酸褪黑素含量的变化显著相关。BORAZAN等[8]发现术前口服MT可降低疼痛评分,减少曲马多的用量,增强睡眠质量、镇静评分和主观术后镇痛效果。HANSEN等[9]发现MT增加乳腺癌根治术患者睡眠效率和总睡眠时间,但不影响认知功能。FAN等[10]发现围术期口服外源性MT可能对早期POCD有积极影响。因此,本研究拟探讨MT是否能够减少老年患者全麻妇科手术POCD发生,增加术后总睡眠时间,并改善术后疼痛。

1 材料与方法 1.1 一般资料

采用随机、对照、双盲设计,选择我院2017年9月至2018年1月行择期全身麻醉妇科手术的老年患者90例。纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级;拟在全身麻醉下行择期妇科手术,且手术时间 > 2 h。排除标准:简易精神状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分低于相应文化程度的最低评分(文盲 < 17分,小学 < 20分,中学及以上 < 24分);术前生化检查提示肾功能障碍(血肌酐 > 177 μmol/L)或活动性肝病;中枢神经系统或心理疾病;服用镇静剂、抗抑郁药,酗酒;严重的视力、听力障碍或因其他原因与访视者无法交流;术后不愿接受自控镇痛。本研究已通过中国医科大学附属盛京医院伦理委员会伦理审核。纳入患者均签署知情同意书。

根据随机数字表法将纳入患者按1︰1分为MT组(M组)和安慰剂组(P组)。M组于术前1 d晚8点与术前0.5 h口服MT 6 mg,P组给予安慰剂。记录患者年龄、身高、体质量、受教育程度等一般情况,并于术前1 d晚7:00对所有患者进行MMSE量表评分并详细记录。术后第1、3、7天晚7:00进行MMSE量表评分,评估患者术后早期认知功能;术后第1、2天晚7:00评估患者睡眠质量和疼痛状况。

1.2 麻醉方法

患者入室后常规监测无创血压、心电图、血氧饱和度、脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS),用麻醉深度监测仪指导麻醉药物用量。开放外周静脉通路,并行桡动脉穿刺监测有创血压。

麻醉诱导:长托宁0.5 mg,枸橼酸舒芬太尼0.2 μg/kg,依托咪酯0.2 mg/kg,苯磺顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg;麻醉维持:采用静吸复合麻醉,七氟烷浓度1.0%~2.0%,N2O︰O2=1︰1,流量2 L/min,盐酸瑞芬太尼6~10 µg·kg-1·h-1。术中BIS维持在40~60之间,呼气末二氧化碳分压(end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure,PETCO2)维持在35~45 mmHg。根据BIS、PETCO2和血气分析结果调节麻醉深度和呼吸参数。手术结束前30 min停止给予苯磺顺阿曲库铵,手术结束前5 min停止吸入麻醉药。术中血压低于基础值20%时,根据情况减浅麻醉或给予麻黄素,血压高于基础值20%时,根据情况加深麻醉或给予乌拉地尔或其他降压处理,心率 < 50次/min时给予阿托品0.3 mg静推。术中应尽量减少血管活性药的应用。所有患者均应用术后镇痛泵(枸橼酸舒芬太尼2 µg/kg,酮咯酸氨丁三醇3 mg/kg,盐酸雷莫司琼0.6 mg),并给予负荷剂量。记录患者麻醉时间、手术时间、出血量、尿量、补液量等情况。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行统计分析。计量资料以x±s表示,对单变量计量资料采用两独立样本t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2组患者一般资料、手术时间及出血量等均无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 1

表 1 2组患者一般资料、手术时间和出血量等情况 Tab.1 Characteristics of general data, operation time, and estimated blood loss of patients in the two groups
Characteristics P group (n = 45) M group (n = 45) P
Age (year) 67.1±5.5 67.2±5.4 0.88
Height (cm) 161.3±4.8 162.4±5.7 0.30
Body weight (kg) 67.6±6.2 66.7±5.6 0.47
Degree of education (0/1/2/3) 1) 6/15/20/4 5/13/23/4 > 0.05
ASA (Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ) 6/30/9 7/31/7 > 0.05
Operation type (A/B/C/D/E/F/G) 2) 2/7/4/11/0/12/9 2/4/6/11/3/10/9 > 0.05
Anesthesia time (min) 199.1±44.7 210.7±47.8 0.24
Operation time (min) 166.7±40.6 173.3±42.0 0.45
Urine volume (mL) 156.7±62.0 158.0±67.4 0.92
Estimated blood loss (mL) 77.3±67.8 84.4±86.9 0.67
Fluid volume (mL) 1 873.3±488.7 1 891.1±441.0 0.86
Side effect      
  Headache 5 4 > 0.05
  Dizziness 3 4 > 0.05
   Nausea 11 10 > 0.05
1) 0= illiteracy,1=primary,2=junior high,3=high;2) A= hysterectomy,B= hysterectomy+ovariectomy,C= hysterectomy+vaginal repair,D= bladder neck suspension+ rectal prolapse suspension+ urethral suspension extension,E= subtotal hysterectomy+ abdominal lymph node dissection,F= extensive hysterectomy+ abdominal lymph node dissection,G= ovarian cancer radical surgery.

2组术前1 d MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);与术前1 d比较,术后不同时间点2组MMSE评分明显降低(P < 0.05);与P组比较,M组术后不同时间点MMSE评分明显增加(P < 0.05)。见图 1

图 1 2组患者手术前后MMSE评分 Fig.1 MMSE score of two groups before and after surgery

与P组比较,M组术后第1天、2天总睡眠时间明显增加(P < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 2组患者总睡眠时间(x±s,h) Tab.2 Total sleeping time of two groups (x±s, h)
Time after operation (d) P group M group P
1 5.02±0.99 5.98±0.92 < 0.001
2 6.76±1.11 7.29±0.80 0.01

与P组比较,M组术后第1天、2天VAS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 3

表 3 2组患者VAS疼痛评分(x±s) Tab.3 VAS pain score of two groups (x±s)
Time after operation (d) P group M group P
1 3.84±1.54 3.69±1.38 0.62
2 2.04±1.15 1.71±0.97 0.14

3 讨论

POCD是一种多因素疾病,发病机制尚不清楚,目前已知年龄是最主要的危险因素[2-3, 11],炎症应激反应可能是最重要的发病机制[12-14]。患者睡眠质量低、昼夜觉醒周期紊乱及围术期疼痛可能也是导致POCD发生的重要因素[14-16]。POCD的发病高峰一般出现在术后1~3 d [17],并可持续至术后数月[3]。有文献[3]报道非心脏手术后3个月POCD发生率仍达9.9%,严重影响了患者术后的生活质量,不可避免地导致患者的尊严和独立性丧失,也消耗了家庭成员的精力,并加重了家庭经济负担[18]

中枢神经系统神经炎症引发并加速了神经系统退行性病变,短期内的表现如POCD和谵妄,长期不良后果如阿尔茨海默病等[12, 19]。免疫系统是介导急性期神经炎症的主要器官,从细胞、分子水平介导神经炎症的级联反应[12, 20-21]。MT可从多方面调节免疫系统。研究发现,对新生大鼠进行松果体摘除术可使其胸腺退化、免疫功能下降;将健康小鼠的松果体移植到老年体弱的小鼠脑中,发现其萎缩的胸腺再次发育。MT除松果体外也可在人体的淋巴细胞内合成,说明其与免疫作用有重要的相关性。MT生物学效应的分子机制主要涉及2个方面:与高亲和力的G蛋白耦联受体在细胞膜水平结合;和(或)与鞭细胞相互作用,调节信号传导途径和氧化还原过程[22]。这可能是MT减轻神经系统炎症、改善POCD的关键步骤。周围环境、药物影响、术后疼痛、麻醉均会影响正常睡眠觉醒周期,MT可对维持正常的睡眠-觉醒周期发挥关键作用[23]。睡眠-觉醒周期的紊乱会导致认知功能受损[24]。睡眠紊乱会导致术后痛觉过敏,严重疼痛同样会扰乱睡眠周期,两者互为因果,加重POCD的发生。MT能够减轻术后组织损伤的疼痛[25],这可能是由于MT可降低疼痛阈值[10],也可能是因为MT影响β-内啡肽活性,从而间接调控疼痛的阈值[26]。由此可见,MT可通过多种机制改善认知功能,减轻认知损害。

本研究纳入患者均使用自控镇痛泵,2组患者术后第1天、第2天的VAS疼痛评分无统计学差异。舒芬太尼镇痛泵能够显著降低术后疼痛,可能掩盖了MT在调控疼痛方面的作用。后续研究中将选择无镇痛泵的短小择期手术,以进一步观察MT在术后镇痛方面的作用。

目前尚无统一的POCD评价方法与诊断标准。基本检测方法是通过神经心理学测验和问卷调查评估患者手术前后智力、人格等方面的改变,MMSE量表是应用较为广泛的量表之一。但由于MMSE量表的学习效应,随着重复次数的增多可能降低认知损害的检出率[2]。本研究中,术后7 d POCD发生率低于国外文献的报道可能与此有关。

综上所述,本研究发现,MT可减少老年患者妇科手术POCD的发生,延长术后总睡眠时间,但不能改善术后疼痛。

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