文章信息
- 吴鑫, 石晶, 李智, 李贺明, 曲秀娟, 刘云鹏, 张凌云
- WU Xin, SHI Jing, LI zhi, LI Heming, QU Xiujuan, LIU Yunpeng, ZHANG Lingyun
- 中国东北地区人群饮用绿茶与结直肠癌发病关系的病例对照研究
- Green Tea Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: a Case-Control Study in Northeast China
- 中国医科大学学报, 2018, 47(12): 1057-1062
- Journal of China Medical University, 2018, 47(12): 1057-1062
-
文章历史
- 收稿日期:2018-04-02
- 网络出版时间:2018-11-29 14:25
2. 大连大学附属中山医院肿瘤科, 辽宁 大连 116001
2. Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)发病率居世界第三位,且近年来中国CRC发病率呈显著上升趋势[1]。结直肠癌发病与遗传、环境及饮食因素密切相关[2]。其中,饮食因素是结直肠癌发病过程中最易被调控的因素。近年来流行病学研究[3-5]证实,饮绿茶可降低多种癌症(胃癌、前列腺癌等)的发病率。但饮绿茶是否降低CRC的发病率尚存在争议[6-8]。本研究在中国东北地区开展病例对照研究,探讨绿茶与CRC发病风险之间的关系,为CRC的一级预防提供基础及依据。
1 材料与方法 1.1 一般资料研究对象来自2009年6月至2011年11月中国医科大学附属第一医院确诊的新发CRC病例(病例组)及同期内于该医院进行体检的人员(对照组),且均居住于辽宁省,年龄 > 18岁。病例组与对照组按5岁年龄组、性别和居住地区(城市/农村)三方面进行1:1配对。排除标准:(1)精神病;(2)糖尿病、慢性消化系统疾病及免疫系统疾病;(3)心脑血管疾病;(4)结直肠良性病变。本研究已通过中国医科大学附属第一医院伦理委员会批准。所有研究对象均签署知情同意书。
1.2 方法 1.2.1 调查方法采集研究对象1年前的相关饮食信息。所有研究对象均由相应专业培训的调查人员采用结构化的调查问卷,以面对面的方式进行问卷调查,每次调查时间控制在30~45 min。
1.2.2 调查内容一般人口学特征,如体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、收入及文化程度等;家族史;个人生活习惯,如吸烟、饮酒史等;红肉、蔬菜及水果等99项常见食物的摄入频次及每餐数量;茶叶的问卷内容包括是否规律饮茶、平均饮茶频率、饮茶年限和干茶叶平均消费量。
1.2.3 调整因素根据既往相似文献,筛选出13个调整变量。分类变量为BMI(kg/m2)、家族史、吸烟史及教育程度;连续变量为酒精、肉类、蔬菜、水果、总能量、纤维、脂肪、钙及维生素C等的摄入量。根据张敏等[9]报道中的换算公式,将酒类变量换算成酒精(kg/年)。
1.3 统计学分析应用SPSS 19.0进行数据的录入与资料分析。2组的一般情况和饮食因素方面的差异采用χ2检验(分类变量)和t检验(连续变量)计算;饮绿茶相关变量采用非条件logistic回归模型进行单因素、多因素回归分析,并计算OR值和95%CI。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果 2.1 一般情况(表 1)| Variables | Cases group | Control group | χ2/t | P |
| BMI [kg/m2,n(%)] | 2.899 | 0.235 | ||
| ≤25 | 499(65.4) | 528(69.2) | ||
| > 25-30 | 233(30.5) | 203(26.6) | ||
| > 30 | 31(4.1) | 32(4.2) | ||
| Family history of colorectal cancer [n(%)] | 23.903 | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 721(94.5) | 755(99.0) | ||
| Yes | 42(5.5) | 8(1.0) | ||
| Education level [n(%)] | 0.097 | 0.755 | ||
| Below high school | 446(58.5) | 452(59.2) | ||
| High school and above | 317(41.5) | 311(40.8) | ||
| Tobacco smoking [n(%)] | 13.611 | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 457(59.9) | 526(68.9) | ||
| Yes | 306(40.1) | 237(31.1) | ||
| Alcohol drinking(g/year) | 6.33±16.72 | 2.42±8.28 | -5.794 | < 0.001 |
| Red meat consumption(kg/year) | 27.95±27.55 | 16.59±15.94 | -9.858 | < 0.001 |
| Vegetable consumption(kg/year) | 106.02±70.49 | 122.14±60.62 | 4.789 | < 0.001 |
| Fruit consumption(kg/year) | 82.81±83.15 | 120.50±112.66 | 7.433 | < 0.001 |
| Total energy(kkal) | 863.09±396.45 | 809.96±331.97 | -2.838 | 0.005 |
| Fiber intake(kg/year) | 2.99±2.83 | 2.94±2.82 | -0.419 | 0.675 |
| Calcium intake(g/year) | 147.72±161.49 | 149.89±140.53 | 0.281 | 0.281 |
| Fat intake(kg/year) | 13.22±9.89 | 9.97±7.86 | -7.100 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C intake(g/year) | 45.64±37.89 | 59.89±44.84 | 6.706 | < 0.001 |
2组在BMI、教育程度、纤维及钙摄入方面均衡可比。在家族史、吸烟史、饮酒、红肉、总能量、脂肪、蔬菜、水果、钙及维生素C的摄入等方面分布,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
2.2 绿茶与结直肠癌的关系| Variables | Case group [n(%)] | Control group [n(%)] | OR(95%CI) | aOR(95%CI)a |
| Tea consumption | ||||
| No | 592(77.6) | 504(66.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 171(22.4) | 259(33.9) | 0.56(0.45-0.70) | 0.40(0.30-0.52) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Quantity of tea consumed | ||||
| No | 592(77.6) | 504(66.1) | 1 | 1 |
| < 1 cup/d | 70(9.2) | 87(11.4) | 0.68(0.48-0.95) | 0.45(0.30-0.67) |
| 1 cup/d | 43(5.6) | 78(10.2) | 0.46(0.31-0.69) | 0.39(0.25-0.61) |
| > 1 cup/d | 58(7.6) | 94(12.3) | 0.52(0.37-0.74) | 0.35(0.23-0.52) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Duration of tea consumption(year) | ||||
| No | 592(77.6) | 504(66.1) | 1 | 1 |
| 1-10 | 90(11.8) | 140(18.3) | 0.55(0.41-0.73) | 0.39(0.28-0.55) |
| s > 10 | 81(10.6) | 119(15.6) | 0.58(0.43-0.79) | 0.41(0.29-0.58) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Amount of dry green tea consumed(g/year) | ||||
| No | 592(77.6) | 504(66.1) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤500 | 103(13.5) | 148(19.4) | 0.59(0.45-0.78) | 0.44(0.32-0.61) |
| > 500-1 000 | 31(4.1) | 60(7.9) | 0.44(0.28-0.70) | 0.29(0.18-0.49) |
| > 1 000 | 37(4.8) | 51(6.6) | 0.62(0.40-0.96) | 0.40(0.24-0.65) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| a,adjustment for BMI,family history of colorectal cancer,education level,tobacco smoking,alcohol drinking,red meat,vegetables,fruits consumption,total energy,fibre,calcium,fat,vitamin C intake. | ||||
绿茶与CRC关系的非条件logistic回归结果显示,病例组饮用绿茶者显著少于对照组(22.4% vs 33.9%;P < 0.001);与不饮绿茶者相比,饮绿茶者发生CRC的风险显著降低,调整OR(aOR)=0.40,95%CI:0.30~0.51。与不饮用绿茶者相比,饮茶杯数越多,CRC的发病风险越低(P < 0.001),其中 > 1杯/d者CRC发病风险最低(aOR = 0.35,95%CI:0.23~0.52)。另外,随着饮绿茶年限增长和干茶叶的年平均消费量的增加,CRC的发病风险均显著降低(P < 0.001)。饮绿茶时间在1~10年者aOR值为0.39(95%CI:0.28~0.55),干茶叶的年平均消费量500~1 000 g/年者保护作用最为明显,其aOR = 0.29(95%CI:0.18~0.49)。
2.3 结直肠癌发病部位分层分析按发病部位进行分层分析显示,绿茶使近端结肠癌、远端结肠癌、直肠癌发病风险分别降低55%、64%和63%(P < 0.05)。饮茶频率、饮茶年限、干茶叶消费量等因素,均与不同部位CRC的发病风险有关,见表 3。
| Variables | Proximal colon cancer | Distal colon cancer | Rectal cancer | ||||||||
| Case/control | OR(95%CI) | aOR(95%CI)a | Case/control | OR(95%CI) | aOR(95%CI)a | Case/control | OR(95%CI) | aOR(95%CI)a | |||
| Tea consumption | |||||||||||
| No | 146/121 | 1 | 1 | 141/120 | 1 | 1 | 305/263 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 42/67 | 0.50(0.32-0.79) | 0.45(0.27-0.75) | 50/71 | 0.59(0.38-0.92) | 0.36(0.21-0.62) | 79/121 | 0.56(0.40-0.78) | 0.37(0.25-0.56) | ||
| P | 0.030 | 0.020 | 0.020 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Quantity of tea consumed | |||||||||||
| No | 146/121 | 1 | 1 | 141/120 | 1 | 1 | 305/263 | 1 | 1 | ||
| < 1 cup/d | 15/22 | 0.56(0.28-1.13) | 0.47(0.21-1.06) | 22/24 | 0.78(0.41-1.46) | 0.47(0.22-1.03) | 33/41 | 0.69(0.42-1.13) | 0.40(0.22-0.72) | ||
| 1 cup/d | 13/17 | 0.63(0.29-1.35) | 0.57(0.24-1.33) | 12/24 | 0.42(0.20-0.88) | 0.30(0.13-0.69) | 18/37 | 0.41(0.23-0.75) | 0.39(0.20-0.75) | ||
| > 1 cup/d | 14/28 | 0.41(0.20-0.82) | 0.38(0.18-0.84) | 16/23 | 0.59(0.29-1.17) | 0.34(0.15-0.74) | 28/43 | 0.56(0.33-0.92) | 0.34(0.18-0.62) | ||
| P | 0.030 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.001 | 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Duration of tea consumption(year) | |||||||||||
| No | 146/121 | 1 | 1 | 141/120 | 1 | 1 | 305/263 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1-10 | 24/31 | 0.64(0.35-1.15) | 0.51(0.26-0.99) | 23/43 | 0.45(0.26-0.79) | 0.28(0.14-0.55) | 43/66 | 0.56(0.37-0.85) | 0.36(0.22-0.60) | ||
| s > 10 | 18/36 | 0.41(0.22-0.76) | 0.40(0.20-0.80) | 27/28 | 0.82(0.45-1.46) | 0.48(0.25-0.95) | 36/55 | 0.56(0.35-0.88) | 0.39(0.22-0.68) | ||
| P | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.270 | 0.010 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Amount of dry green tea consumed(g/year) | |||||||||||
| No | 146/121 | 1 | 1 | 141/120 | 1 | 1 | 305/263 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤500 | 27/38 | 0.58(0.34-1.02) | 0.49(0.26-0.91) | 30/43 | 0.59(0.35-1.00) | 0.40(0.21-0.75) | 46/67 | 0.59(0.39-0.89) | 0.40(0.25-0.66) | ||
| > 500-1 000 | 8/11 | 0.60(0.23-1.54) | 0.72(0.26-1.95) | 9/18 | 0.42(0.18-0.98) | 0.26(0.10-0.68) | 14/31 | 0.38(0.20-0.74) | 0.19(0.08-0.44) | ||
| > 1 000 | 7/18 | 0.32(0.13-0.79) | 0.24(0.08-0.67) | 11/10 | 0.93(0.38-2.28) | 0.41(0.14-1.21) | 19/23 | 0.71(0.38-1.33) | 0.54(0.25-1.13) | ||
| P | 0.020 | 0.005 | 0.170 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.001 | |||||
| a,adjustment for BMI,family history of colorectal cancer,education level,tobacco smoking,alcohol drinking,red meat,vegetables,fruits consumption,total energy,fibre,calcium,fat,vitamin C intake. | |||||||||||
2.4 结直肠癌性别分层分析
按性别进行分层分析显示,与不饮绿茶者相比,男性、女性中饮绿茶者发生CRC的风险分别降低57%和61%(P < 0.05)。饮茶杯数,饮绿茶时间、干茶叶的年平均消费量均与CRC发病风险有关,见表 4、5。
| Variables | Case group [n(%)] | Control group [n(%)] | OR(95%CI) | aOR(95%CI)a |
| Tea consumption | ||||
| No | 294(67.7) | 235(54.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 140(32.3) | 199(45.9) | 0.56(0.43-0.74) | 0.43(0.31-0.60) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Quantity of tea consumed | ||||
| No | 294(67.7) | 235(54.1) | 1 | 1 |
| < 1 cup/d | 55(12.7) | 62(14.3) | 0.70(0.47-1.05) | 0.53(0.32-0.84) |
| 1 cup/d | 33(7.6) | 63(14.5) | 0.41(0.26-0.66) | 0.36(0.22-0.63) |
| > 1 cup/d | 52(12.0) | 74(17.1) | 0.56(0.37-0.83) | 0.39(0.25-0.63) |
| sP | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Duration of tea consumption(year) | ||||
| No | 294(67.7) | 235(54.1) | 1 | 1 |
| 1-10 | 72(16.6) | 99(22.8) | 0.58(0.41-0.82) | 0.45(0.29-0.67) |
| > 10 | 68(15.7) | 100(23.1) | 0.54(0.38-0.77) | 0.40(0.28-0.64) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Amount of dry green tea consumed(g/year) | ||||
| No | 294(67.7) | 235(54.1) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤500 | 80(18.5) | 102(23.5) | 0.63(0.45-0.88) | 0.54(0.36-0.80) |
| > 500-1 000 | 27(6.2) | 52(12.0) | 0.42(0.25-0.68) | 0.27(0.15-0.51) |
| > 1 000 | 33(7.6) | 45(10.4) | 0.59(0.36-0.95) | 0.38(0.22-0.66) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| a,adjustment for BMI,family history of colorectal cancer,education level,tobacco smoking,alcohol drinking,red meat,vegetables,fruits consumption,total energy,fibre,calcium,fat,vitamin C intake. | ||||
| Variables | Case group [n(%)] | Control group [n(%)] | OR(95%CI) | aOR(95%CI)a |
| Tea consumption | ||||
| No | 298(90.6) | 269(81.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 31(9.4) | 60(18.5) | 0.46(0.29-0.73) | 0.39(0.24-0.66) |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Quantity of tea consumed | ||||
| No | 298(90.6) | 269(81.5) | 1 | 1 |
| < 1 cup/d | 15(4.6) | 25(7.7) | 0.54(0.28-1.04) | 0.39(0.18-0.83) |
| 1 cup/d | 10(3.0) | 15(4.7) | 0.62(0.26-1.36) | 0.74(0.30-1.80) |
| > 1 cup/d | 6(1.8) | 20(6.1) | 0.27(0.10-0.68) | 0.22(0.08-0.59) |
| P | 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Duration of tea consumption | ||||
| No | 298(90.6) | 269(81.5) | 1 | 1 |
| 1-10 years | 18(5.4) | 41(12.6) | 0.40(0.22-0.71) | 0.34(0.18-0.64) |
| > 10 years | 13(4.0) | 19(5.9) | 0.62(0.30-1.28) | 0.53(0.24-1.16) |
| P | 0.020 | 0.010 | ||
| Amount of dry green tea consumed | ||||
| No | 298(90.6) | 269(81.5) | 1 | 1 |
| ≤500 g/year | 23(7.0) | 46(14.1) | 0.45(0.27-0.76) | 0.36(0.20-0.65) |
| > 500-1 000 g/year | 4(1.2) | 8(2.5) | 0.45(0.13-1.52) | 0.43(0.12-1.16) |
| > 1 000 g/year | 4(1.2) | 6(1.9) | 0.60(0.17-2.16) | 0.71(0.18-2.79) |
| P | 0.020 | 0.030 | ||
| a,adjustment for BMI,family history of colorectal cancer,education level,tobacco smoking,alcohol drinking,red meat,vegetables,fruits consumption,total energy,fibre,calcium,fat,vitamin C intake. | ||||
3 讨论
本病例对照研究显示,饮绿茶可显著降低CRC的发病风险。大量研究[10-12]表明,绿茶中的多酚类物质具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,抗肿瘤侵袭和血管生成等作用。
本研究结果显示,规律饮绿茶、饮茶杯数增加均可显著降低CRC的发病风险,这与之前的流行病学研究[6, 8, 13]结论相一致。上海的1项队列研究[6]显示,规律饮用绿茶的女性,CRC的发病风险降低37%。但也有队列研究及Meta分析[7, 14]显示,绿茶对CRC并无保护作用。在新加坡华人的1项研究[15]中,饮用绿茶频率≥1次/月者,男性CRC的风险增加30%。研究结论不一致的原因可能是多方面的。首先,各研究在茶叶摄入量的评估单位上不尽相同,如杯/d、mL/d、次/d,而衡量单位的多样性使得各研究在评估茶叶消费量上存在差异。本研究选用最常用的杯/d作为衡量单位并标明茶杯容量(350~400 mL茶杯),与其他大部分研究中常用的衡量单位保持一致,增加研究结果的可比性。其次,部分研究[16]可能存在对混杂因素如蔬菜、水果等控制不佳的情况。而大量研究[17-19]证实,蔬菜、水果可显著降低CRC的发病风险。本研究把影响CRC发病的其他因素如蔬菜、水果、红肉的摄入量等纳入调整因素,有效地控制混杂因素的影响。本研究针对中国东北地区人群探讨绿茶与CRC发病风险之间的关系,对中国东北地区人群选择健康的生活方式提供可靠依据。
本研究显示,干茶叶的消费量增加、饮茶年限与CRC发病率降低有关。与本研究相似,上海1项队列研究[6]显示,绿茶的消费量和饮茶年限均与CRC发病风险存在显著的剂量反应关系,消费干茶叶的量每增加1.67 g/d和饮绿茶年限每增加5年,CRC的风险均降低10%。在新加坡华人的研究[15]中发现,与不饮绿茶者相比,饮绿茶≥1年的男性CRC的发病风险降低49%。但是,本研究显示,饮茶在 > 10年者及 > 1 000 g/年者aOR均略高于≤10年和≤1 000 g/年者,其可能是本研究规律饮茶人数占比较低、以及 > 10及 > 1 000 g/年者2组人数较少的原因。本研究中总体饮茶者在病例组和对照组中分别占22.4%和34.1%,尤其在女性 > 1 000 g/年组中饮绿茶者仅占有1.2%和1.9%,明显低于上海的研究人群饮绿茶者的比例。茶水中的生物活性含量可能受多种因素的影响,尤其是干茶叶的用量。本研究选用干茶叶的使用量作为衡量单位之一,增加了研究结果的准确性。
综上所述,饮绿茶可显著降低CRC的发病风险。本研究属于病例对照研究,可能存在回忆偏倚和选择偏倚。因此,本研究结果仍需要大规模的队列研究进一步加以验证。
| [1] |
CHEN W, ZHENG R, ZHANG S, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2013:an analysis based on urbanization level[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2017, 29(1): 1-10. DOI:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.01.01 |
| [2] |
NIEDERREITER L, ADOLPH TE, TILG H. Food, microbiome and colorectal cancer[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2018. DOI:10.1016/j.dld.2018.03.030 |
| [3] |
HUANG Y, CHEN H, ZHOU L, et al. Association between green tea intake and risk of gastric cancer:a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2017, 20(17): 3183-3192. DOI:10.1017/s1368980017002208 |
| [4] |
GIUDICE A, MONTELLA M, BOCCELLINO M, et al. Epigenetic changes induced by green tea catechins a re associated with prostate cancer[J]. Curr Mol Med, 2017, 17(6): 405-420. DOI:10.2174/1566524018666171219101937 |
| [5] |
XIONG J, LIN J, WANG A, et al. Tea consumption and the risk of biliary tract cancer:a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(24): 39649-39657. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.16963 |
| [6] |
YANG G, SHU XO, LI H, et al. Prospective cohort study of green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk in women[J]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2007, 16(6): 1219-1223. DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0097 |
| [7] |
SUZUKI Y, TSUBONO Y, NAKAYA N, et al. Green tea and the risk of colorectal cancer:pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan[J]. J Epidemiol, 2005, 15(4): 118-124. DOI:10.2188/jea.15.118 |
| [8] |
CHEN Y, WU Y, DU M, et al. An inverse association between tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(23): 37367-37376. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.16959 |
| [9] |
ZHANG M, HOLMAN CD. Low-to-moderate alcohol intake and breast cancer risk in Chinese women[J]. Br J Cancer, 2011, 105(7): 1089-1095. DOI:10.1038/bjc.2011.302 |
| [10] |
CHEN Y, WANG XQ, ZHANG Q, et al. (-) -Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits colorectal cancer stem cells by suppressing Wnt/beta-catenin pathway[J]. Nutrients, 2017, 9(6): 572. DOI:10.3390/nu9060572 |
| [11] |
FUJIKI H, WATANABE T, SUEOKA E, et al. Cancer prevention with green tea and its principal constituent, EGCG:from early investigations to current focus on human cancer stem cells[J]. Mol Cells, 2018, 41(2): 73-82. DOI:10.14348/molcells.2018.2227 |
| [12] |
HAO X, XIAO H, JU J, et al. Green tea polyphenols inhibit colorectal tumorigenesis in azoxymethane-treated F344 rats[J]. Nutr Cancer, 2017, 69(4): 623-631. DOI:10.1080/01635581.2017.1295088 |
| [13] |
SU LJ, ARAB L. Tea consumption and the reduced risk of colon cancer-results from a national prospective cohort study[J]. Public Health Nutr, 2002, 5(3): 419-425. DOI:10.1079/phn2001314 |
| [14] |
WANG XJ, ZENG XT, DUAN XL, et al. Association between green tea and colorectal cancer risk:a meta-analysis of 13 case-control studies[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer P, 2012, 13(7): 3123-3127. DOI:10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3123 |
| [15] |
SUN CL, YUAN JM, KOH WP, et al. Green tea and black tea consumption in relation to colorectal cancer risk:the singapore Chinese health study[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2007, 28(10): 2143-2148. DOI:10.1093/carcin/bgm171 |
| [16] |
GREEN CJ, DE DAUWE P, BOYLE T, et al. Tea, coffee, and milk consumption and colorectal cancer risk[J]. J Epidemiol, 2014, 24(2): 146-153. DOI:10.2188/jea.JE20130063 |
| [17] |
LUO WP, FANG YJ, LU MS, et al. High consumption of vegetable and fruit colour groups is inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer:a case-control study[J]. Br J Nutr, 2015, 113(7): 1129-1138. DOI:10.1017/S0007114515000331 |
| [18] |
VOGTMANN E, XIANG YB, LI HL, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer:results from the Shanghai men's health study[J]. Cancer Causes Control, 2013, 24(11): 1935-1945. DOI:10.1007/s10552-013-0268-z |
| [19] |
GU MJ, HUANG QC, BAO CZ, et al. Attributable causes of colorectal cancer in China[J]. BMC Cancer, 2018, 18(1): 38. DOI:10.1186/s12885-017-3968-z |
2018, Vol. 47



