中国海洋大学学报自然科学版  2018, Vol. 48 Issue (5): 19-24  DOI: 10.16441/j.cnki.hdxb.20160391

引用本文  

王为民, 张天文, 刘光兴, 等. CO2加富对魁蚶稚贝潜沙能力和3种酶活性的影响[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 48(5): 19-24.
WANG Wei-Min, ZHANG Tian-Wen, LIU Guang-Xing, et al. Effects of Elevated Seawater pCO2 on the Burrowing Ability and Three Enzymes of Scapharca broughtonii (Bivalvia: Arcidae) Juvenile[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2018, 48(5): 19-24.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(31101875);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20110132120027)资助
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Youth Scientists Found of (31101875);the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20110132120027)

通讯作者

陈洪举, E-mail:hongjuc@ouc.edu.cn

作者简介

王为民(1989-),男,博士生, 主要从事海洋浮游生物生态学研究。E-mail:wangweimin@fio.org.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2016-11-23
修订日期:2017-09-15
CO2加富对魁蚶稚贝潜沙能力和3种酶活性的影响
王为民1,2 , 张天文3 , 刘光兴1,4 , 陈洪举1,4 , 毛雪微1     
1. 中国海洋大学海洋环境与生态教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100;
2. 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所海洋气候研究中心,山东 青岛 266061;
3. 山东省海水养殖研究所,山东 青岛 266002;
4. 中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,山东 青岛 266100
摘要:贝类的生长和代谢过程可能会受到高CO2浓度的影响。潜沙行为和酶活性是贝类响应环境变化的重要指标,但其对海水CO2浓度升高响应的研究鲜有报道。本文采用CO2加富培养实验的方法,研究了高CO2浓度条件对魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)稚贝潜沙能力和超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)3种酶活性的影响。结果表明,CO2组(1 000 μatm)培养水体中DIC浓度显著高于对照组,魁蚶稚贝初次潜沙时间((5.73±0.51) min)相比对照组((7.80±1.27) min)明显缩短,潜沙率((69.67±5.13)%)相比对照组((61.33±3.21)%)明显升高。实验开始时魁蚶稚贝壳长为(17.20 ± 0.03) mm,实验结束时CO2组魁蚶稚贝壳未出现明显生长((17.24 ± 0.02) mm),显著低于对照组魁蚶稚贝壳长(17.37 ± 0.07)mm。CO2组魁蚶稚贝SOD活性在培养第2和第4天时显著高于对照组(P<0.01),之后出现下降并与对照组无显著差异;CO2组和对照组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性在前4天均上升,之后CO2组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性基本不变,而对照组出现下降;两实验组魁蚶稚贝AChE活性在培养过程中无明显差异。高CO2浓度条件下魁蚶稚贝壳的生长受到影响,潜沙过程受到促进,3种酶活性在培养过程中的变化趋势存在差异,未来海洋酸化可能会影响魁蚶的养殖。
关键词CO2加富    魁蚶稚贝    潜沙过程    酶活性    

在过去的250年里,由于化石燃料燃烧、森林砍伐和其他人类活动,大气CO2平均浓度从工业革命前的280 μatm[1-2]升高到现在的395.26 μatm(NOAA, 2014)。大气CO2浓度的升高造成海水pCO2升高、pH值降低和碳化学平衡改变,导致海洋酸化现象[1, 3-4]。海洋酸化将会影响海洋生态系统平衡,影响海洋双壳类的生长发育和代谢[5-10]

生物氧化代谢过程会产生活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS),包括过氧化氢(H2O2)、羟基自由基(HO-)、超氧阴离子(O2-)和单态氧(O2)等。ROS主要由CO2和过氧亚硝基(ONOO-)(由超氧化物阴离子和一氧化氮反应生成)反应生成[11]。水生生物体内ROS过量将导致氧化胁迫(Oxidative stress)增强,影响其正常生理代谢和生长。ROS含量常通过抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dimutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT))的活性来表征。有研究表明,在海水pCO2浓度升高条件下,双壳类如美洲牡蛎(Crassostrea virginica)[5-6]、长牡蛎(C. gigas)[7]和硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)[8]等生理活动将发生变化,体内的氧化胁迫增强。乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase,AChE)在神经突触间隙中通过水解神经递质乙酰胆碱(Acetylcholine,ACh)来维持神经冲动的正常传递[12],在贝类生存环境发生变化时其AChE活性会受到影响[13-14]

除了对贝类酶活性等生理活动造成影响,海洋酸化还会对其潜沙等行为活动产生影响。双壳类生物幼体营附着生活,具有潜沙的特性。研究发现魁蚶稚贝生活环境(如温度等)的变化将显著影响魁蚶稚贝的潜沙过程[15]。海洋贝类对潜沙行为的调控是其适应环境变化的表现。关于CO2浓度升高导致的海洋酸化对贝类酶活性和潜沙行为影响的研究报道较少且机理不明。

魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii, Schrenck, 1876)在中国分布广泛且其经济价值较高,是我国出口换汇率较高的水产品之一,在中国北方沿海地区开展的人工繁育和养殖试验取得了很大的成就[16]。未来海洋酸化导致的海水CO2浓度升高可能会对魁蚶养殖业造成不利影响,而双壳类早期生长阶段相比成体对CO2浓度升高更为敏感[17-18]。因此,开展高CO2浓度条件对魁蚶早期发育阶段的影响研究非常重要。本文采用CO2加富培养的方法,研究了高CO2浓度条件对魁蚶稚贝壳长、潜沙过程和3种酶(SOD、CAT和AChE)活性的影响,以期为揭示海洋酸化对水产养殖业和海洋生态系统的影响提供基础数据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验材料

实验用魁蚶稚贝(平均壳长(17.20 ± 0.03) mm)由山东海水养殖研究所提供,在实验室暂养于连续充气(DO>5.5 mg/L)的若干个水族箱(40 cm×35 cm×15 cm;温度20 ℃;盐度30)内,暂养7 d。暂养和实验期间魁蚶稚贝每天喂食1次,喂食饵料为球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)和三角褐指藻(Phacodactylum tricornutum)的混合藻液,保持培养水体藻细胞浓度小于105 cells/L。

1.2 CO2加富对魁蚶稚贝潜沙过程的影响

30 cm×20 cm×15 cm规格的水族箱内底部铺设4~5 cm中砂(取自青岛金沙滩),装入其容积约2/3体积的膜滤(GF/C 0.45 μm)灭菌(121 ℃, 15 min)海水,并分别泵入过滤自然空气(395 μatm CO2,2014年全球大气CO2浓度平均水平)和含1 000 μatm CO2(2010年大气平均CO2浓度预测水平)的过滤混合空气,作为对照组和CO2组。通气流量控制在0.1 L·min-1,CO2浓度和通气流量由CO2加富器(CE100-6型,武汉瑞华仪器设备有限责任公司)控制。

于每个水族箱沙层(4~5 cm)表面自然放置魁蚶稚贝40只,观察稚贝的潜沙行为,记录稚贝的初潜时间(min)及1 h潜沙率。初潜时间为第1只魁蚶稚贝潜沙的时间,潜沙标准为魁蚶稚贝贝壳一半以上埋入沙中;潜沙率(%)=已潜沙个体数/总个体数× 100。实验进行3次。

1.3 CO2加富对魁蚶稚贝3种酶活性的影响

取6个3 L三角瓶,分别加入2 L灭菌膜滤海水。每个培养容器顶面设置两管:其中一个管设置为进气管,通入过滤自然空气(对照组,3个平行)和1 000 μatm CO2的过滤混合空气(CO2组,3个平行),通气流量控制在0.1 L·min-1。CO2浓度和通气流量由CO2加富器控制;另一个管设置为出气口,并于出气口处设置针头过滤器(MCE Syringe Filter,北京谱朋科技有限公司)以防止外界颗粒和微生物进入培养系统。

每个培养容器中放置40只生长状态良好、绒毛完整的魁蚶稚贝,使其自然散落在培养容器底部。培养周期为14 d,温度控制在20℃,每天喂食一次,喂食前换水(对照组培养容器加入提前泵入过滤空气至pH值稳定的灭菌海水,CO2组培养容器加入提前泵入含1 000 μatm CO2的混合空气至pH值稳定的灭菌海水)并清理粪便等杂质。

每隔1天正午12:00取各培养容器内水体(10 mL),测量pH值(pH计,PB-10,Sartorius,德国)和溶解无机碳(Dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC)浓度(总有机碳分析仪,TOC-VCPN,岛津SHIMADZU,日本);每个容器内取3只生长状态良好的魁蚶稚贝,用游标卡尺测其体长,去壳后测其组织的SOD、CAT和AChE活性(U/mgprot)。3种酶活性均采用南京建成生物研究所生产的试剂盒测定。

1.4 数据处理

采用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据处理,采用Origin 8.5软件绘图。

2 结果与分析 2.1 培养环境的变化

实验过程中,CO2组pH值明显降低,第2~14天CO2组pH值极显著低于对照组(P<0.01)(见图 1(a))。CO2组培养水体平均pH降至7.71,比对照组培养过程中平均pH(8.30)低0.59。CO2浓度升高还引起了培养水体DIC浓度的上升。除第2天外,CO2组DIC浓度(平均值为34.50 mg/L)极显著高于对照组(29.96 mg/L)(P<0.01)(见图 1(b))。

(* P<0.05;* * P<0.01, Error bar: SD) 图 1 培养过程中环境水体pH和DIC浓度变化曲线 Fig. 1 pH and DIC concentration changes in incubation seawater in CO2 and control treatments
2.2 CO2加富对魁蚶稚贝潜沙过程的影响

CO2组魁蚶稚贝初次潜沙时间((5.7±0.5)min)相比对照组((7.8±1.3)min)显著缩短(P<0.01),同时CO2组魁蚶稚贝1 h潜沙率((69.67 ± 5.13)%)相比对照组((61.33 ± 3.21)%)显著升高(P<0.01)(见图 2)。

(* * P<0.01, Error bar: SD) 图 2 CO2组和对照组魁蚶稚贝初潜时间和潜沙率 Fig. 2 The first burrowing time and burrowing rate of Scapharca broughtonii in CO2 and control treatments
2.3 CO2加富对魁蚶稚贝3种酶活性的影响

实验开始时魁蚶稚贝壳长为(17.20 ± 0.03) mm。在培养过程中,CO2组魁蚶稚贝壳未出现明显生长;对照组魁蚶稚贝壳长在培养第4天起持续增长,并从第8天开始显著高于CO2组(P<0.05)。实验结束时,CO2组魁蚶稚贝体长((17.24 ± 0.02)mm)显著低于对照组((17.37 ± 0.07) mm)(P<0.05)(见图 3 (a))。

((a)体长;(b)超氧化物歧化酶;(c)过氧化氢酶;(d)乙酰胆碱酯酶。(a)Body length; (b)SOD; (c)CAT; (d)AchE.)(*P<0.05, ** P<0.01, Error bar: SD.) 图 3 CO2组和对照组魁蚶稚贝体长和3种酶活性变化曲线 Fig. 3 The shell length and SOD, CAT, AChE activity of Scapharca broughtonii in CO2 and control treatments

对照组魁蚶稚贝SOD活性在培养过程中没有明显变化;CO2组魁蚶稚贝SOD活性在培养前4天内出现上升,并于第4天时((24.30±1.08) U/mgprot)显著高于对照组((19.40±2.45) U/mgprot)(P<0.05),之后出现下降。第6天始2个组SOD活性无显著差异(见图 3 (b))。

2个组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性在前4天均出现上升但无显著差异。之后,CO2组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性基本不变,对照组魁蚶稚贝CAT活性在第6天始出现下降并低于CO2组,在第12天出现显著差异(P<0.05),其余时间均无显著差异(见图 3(c))。

培养实验开始后对照组魁蚶稚贝AchE活性开始下降,而CO2组魁蚶稚贝AchE活性在培养过程中没有明显变化,两实验组魁蚶稚贝AchE活性除在第10天出现显著差异(P<0.05)外,在培养过程中无显著差异(见图 3(d))。

3 讨论

魁蚶无水管,其幼体营附着生活,成长过程中足丝退化,转为埋栖生活并具有潜沙的特性,潜居后以壳的后缘在沙面形成通水孔[19]。海洋贝类对潜沙行为的调控是其适应环境变化的表现,它们可以通过降低潜沙速率以降低耗能储存能量[20],也可以通过增高潜沙速率躲避不利环境条件如捕食者的摄食等[21]。有研究表明,魁蚶稚贝可以通过对其潜沙行为的调节适应生活环境的变化[15],本研究结果显示,高CO2浓度条件下魁蚶稚贝初潜时间显著减小,潜沙率显著增加,潜沙行为受到促进,说明魁蚶稚贝趋于躲避CO2浓度升高造成的不利环境。

CO2浓度升高条件下,培养水体pH和DIC浓度等发生显著变化,魁蚶稚贝壳生长过程受到抑制(见图 3(a))。在高CO2浓度条件下,钙化生物会降低其钙化率,壳甚至会溶解[22]。双壳类幼体的壳由较不稳定的霰石(aragonite)组成[23],成体壳的成分转变为更为稳定的方解石(calcite)[24]。因此,双壳类幼体相比成体更容易在高CO2浓度条件下受到不利影响。有研究表明,海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias)的幼体相比成体更易受到高CO2浓度条件的影响[17],地中海贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)胚壳开始形成的担轮幼虫阶段在酸化条件下会出现发育延迟现象,但担轮幼虫阶段以后不受海水酸化的影响[18];然而,菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)稚贝和成体的生长在高CO2浓度条件下均无明显变化[25]。本研究结果显示,高CO2浓度条件下魁蚶稚贝壳的生长较为缓慢,1 000 μatm CO2浓度已经对魁蚶稚贝壳的正常生长有不利影响。这表明酸化条件下,魁蚶等双壳类生物的幼体和稚贝阶段均可能受到不利影响。

高CO2浓度还对魁蚶稚贝的生理活动造成影响,研究表明, 在潮汐出现时海水CO2浓度增加,海洋无脊椎动物体内瓣膜关闭、呼吸作用增强[33-34],同时体内血淋巴(Hemolymph)pH值降低[26],从而导致其抗氧化酶活性的升高;潮汐的周期性还使得潮间带海洋无脊椎动物体内抗氧化酶活性存在周期性变化[32]。CO2组和对照组魁蚶稚贝的3种酶(SOD,CAT和AChE)活性虽在实验过程中无明显差异,但CO2组3种酶活性的平均值均略高于对照组,1 000 μatm CO2浓度条件下魁蚶稚贝可能已开始通过改变自身酶活性来适应不利的环境变化。本文推测如果CO2浓度继续升高(>1 000 μatm),魁蚶稚贝3种酶活性将在一定范围内继续升高。双壳类对CO2浓度变化调节能力有限,CO2浓度升高将导致线粒体活性加强,线粒体中电子传递链(Electron Transport Chain,ETC)正常运转受到影响[27-28],而线粒体是ROS产生的主要场所[29],ROS的产量的增加使得贝类抗氧化基因表达量出现上调[5];而SOD和CAT活性增强可以使细胞中的ROS及时清除,使生物细胞免受环境变化导致的ROS产量升高的不利影响,保护生物细胞[30-31]。因而在本研究中升高的pCO2使魁蚶稚贝体内氧化胁迫增强,为了使自身细胞免受大量ROS的不利影响,魁蚶稚贝SOD和CAT活性出现一定程度的升高。

AChE的主要作用是通过催化水解神经递质乙酰胆碱(Acetylcholine, ACh)来维持神经冲动的正常传递[12],AChE活性的升高意味着神经冲动传递的增加。本研究中魁蚶稚贝在面对CO2浓度升高条件下,潜沙过程受到促进,本文推测魁蚶稚贝通过增加ACh来增加了神经冲动的传递,其潜沙行为活动受到促进,而ACh的增加导致了AChE活性的升高。

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Effects of Elevated Seawater pCO2 on the Burrowing Ability and Three Enzymes of Scapharca broughtonii (Bivalvia: Arcidae) Juvenile
WANG Wei-Min1,2, ZHANG Tian-Wen3, LIU Guang-Xing1,4, CHEN Hong-Ju1,4, MAO Xue-Wei1     
1. The Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
2. Center for Ocean and Climate Research, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China;
3. Mariculture Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao 266002, China;
4. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
Abstract: Growth and metabolism of bivalves will be influenced by the elevated seawater pCO2. To investigate the effects of seawater carbonate chemistry changes caused by elevated seawater pCO2 on the burrowing ability and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and acetylcholinesterase) activity of marine benthic organisms, we exposed juvenile of Scapharca broughtonii in seawater bubbled with CO2-enriched (1 000 μatm) gas mixtures. We demonstrated that elevated seawater pCO2 significantly altered seawater carbonate chemistry equilibrium and interfered shell growth of the juveniles. The first burrowing time of S. broughtonii juvenile in CO2 treatments ((5.73±0.51) min) was significantly lower than that in the control treatments ((7.80±1.27) min), and the burrowing rate in CO2 treatments ((69.67±5.13)%) was significantly higher than that in the control treatments ((61.33±3.21)%). Simultaneously, shell length of the S. broughtonii juvenile in CO2 treatments ((17.24 ± 0.02) mm) was significantly lower than that in the control treatments ((17.37 ± 0.07) mm). Activity of SOD enzyme of S. broughtonii juvenile in CO2 treatments was significantly higher than that in the control treatments (p < 0.01) at the 2nd and 4th day and then decreased. Activity of CAT enzyme of S. broughtonii juvenile in the two treatments increased at the first 4 days, then activity of CAT enzyme in the control treatments decreased. There was no significant difference between the activity of AChE enzyme of S. broughtonii juvenile in the two treatments. Ocean acidification may lead to the loss of break out of aquaculture of S. broughtonii and present challenges to the stability of marine ecosystem and biodiversity.
Key words: elevated seawater pCO2    Scapharca broughtonii juvenile    burrowing behavior    enzymes activity