2. 中山大学流动人口卫生政策研究中心
药物滥用治疗(drug abuse treatment)指针对药物滥用或成瘾行为(俗称吸毒)的治疗服务,各国根据实际需要提供了不同种类的治疗项目,包括短期住院治疗(short-term inpatient, STI)、长期寄托治疗(long-term residential, LTR)、门诊非美沙酮治疗(outpatient drug-free non-methadone treatment)、美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment, MMT)等[1-3],我国目前主要提供强制隔离戒毒、社区MMT等服务。大量研究已证明了药物滥用治疗的有效性[3-7],但仍有许多吸毒人员尚未参加治疗,或存在维持时间不足、偷吸、复吸等问题。治疗动机(motivation for treatment)长期以来一直是药物滥用领域研究的重点之一。该领域第一篇可查的治疗动机相关文章由Looney教授[8]于1974年发表,此后大量研究表明,更高程度的治疗动机或准备有利于吸毒者参加和投入治疗[9-15],延长维持治疗的时间[12, 16-25],并减少偷吸和相关违法犯罪行为[9, 11, 21, 26-30]。此外,动机性会谈、动机强化治疗等也能够有效强化受治者的动机水平[31-34],改善治疗的维持情况和治疗效果[35]。虽然治疗动机在药物滥用治疗的过程中有重要作用,但我国关于吸毒者治疗动机的研究却非常有限。因此,有必要系统地介绍药物滥用治疗受治者动机的研究现状,为我国开展相关研究提供参考依据。
1 治疗动机概念及其特点心理学认为动机是由需要所推动的、达到一定目标的行为动力。在药物滥用领域,治疗动机一般指吸毒者参加治疗及改变药物滥用行为的动力和准备,其重要特点包括隐蔽性、多维性、动力性、动态性和可改变性[36]。隐蔽性指治疗动机是一种内部的、不能直接被观察或测量的心理过程;多维性反映了治疗动机由多个组成部分和维度构成,如内部需求和愿望、外部压力、对自身处境的认知评价等,因此治疗动机常用含多个维度的量表进行测量;动力性指治疗动机具有激起、调节、维持和支配治疗行为的作用,大量研究也证实,治疗动机与药物滥用治疗的过程和结局之间有重要联系;动态性是指治疗动机同时受到吸毒者个人和其他因素的影响,一直处于波动变化的状态;可改变性则表示相关干预措施可以改变受治者治疗动机的水平,这也是动机干预的理论基础之一[36-37]。
2 治疗动机测量量表及其理论构建目前,国外已有十余种量表用于药物滥用治疗受治者的治疗动机测量,其中4个成熟结构化量表的应用最为广泛,分别是罗德岛大学改变评估量表(University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale, URICA)、环境-动机-准备-适应量表(Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness and Suitability Scale, CMRS)、德克萨斯基督教大学治疗动机量表(Texas Christian University Treatment Motivation Scale)以及改变准备阶段和治疗迫切性量表(The Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, SOCRATES)。
2.1 罗德岛大学改变评估量表1983年,McConnaughy、Prochaska等[38]借鉴跨理论模型(transtheoretical model)提出了改变阶段理论(stages of change),将药物滥用行为改变划分为思考前期(pre-contemplation)、思考期(contemplation)、行动期(action)和维持期(maintenance)4个阶段,并由此研制了32个条目的URICA量表,上述4个阶段即为量表的4个维度,各含8个条目,选项设置采用李克特5分法(“完全不同意”到“完全同意”),各维度得分为其下属条目分数的平均分,分数越高表明动机水平越好。该量表有良好的信、效度[38-40],目前已被台湾和大陆学者翻译成繁体和简体中文版[41-42]。
2.2 环境-动机-准备-适应量表1986年,De Leon[16]在研究治疗社区(therapeutic community, TC)的受治者脱失时,归纳了环境、动机、准备和适应4个方面的因素,分别代表受治者的外部压力、内部动力、对治疗的准备及其适应状况,并编制了4个维度的CMRS量表,1994年确定为42个条目的量表[17],2000年又在此基础上发展出3个维度、18个条目的CMR简表[9]。条目选项采用李克特5分法(“完全不同意”到“完全同意”),各维度得分为下属条目分数的总和,分数越高代表动机水平越强。该量表的信、效度可被接受[9, 18, 23],目前尚无中文版本。
2.3 德克萨斯基督教大学治疗动机量表1993年,德克萨斯基督教大学的Simpson[43]在CMRS的基础上提出了新的理论结构,把治疗动机划分为问题认知(problems recognition)、求助意愿(desire for help)和治疗准备(treatment readiness)3个连续的认知过程,编制了24个条目的治疗动机量表,并应用于美沙酮维持治疗等治疗项目;后来又添加了5个新条目组成第4个维度:外部压力(external pressures),最后形成29个条目的治疗动机量表[44]。选项采用李克特5分法(“完全不同意”到“完全同意”),各维度得分为其下属条目分数的平均分,分数越高表明动机越强。该量表有较好的信、效度[12, 45],目前尚无中文版本。
2.4 改变准备阶段和治疗迫切性量表基于Prochaska等提出的改变阶段理论和URICA量表,Miller[46]针对酒精滥用问题提出了一系列初始测量条目,经过多次修订和实证研究,将治疗动机分为问题认知(recognition)、矛盾心理(ambivalence)和采取行动(taking steps)3个维度,研制出19个条目的SOCRATES量表,并发展成5A和5D 2个版本,分别适用于酒精和药物滥用成瘾者治疗动机的测量。条目选项采用李克特5分法(“完全不同意”到“完全同意”),各维度得分为下属条目分数的总和,分数越高代表动机水平越强。该量表的信、效度较好[46-48],我国王石斌等[49]学者已翻译成中文版。
3 治疗动机对药物滥用治疗过程和结局的影响 3.1 治疗动机与参加治疗的关系De Leon[9]对658例监狱治疗社区的受治者进行随访研究发现,较强的治疗动机与其出狱后参加治疗社区康复项目有关,Zule[10]和Harrell等[11]调查未治疗的吸毒者也发现,更高程度的治疗动机有利于吸毒者在随访期间参加药物滥用治疗。此外,多项研究亦表明治疗动机越高则受治者对治疗的参与和投入程度越高[12-15]。因此,吸毒者治疗前的动机水平会影响其参加治疗和投入的程度。
3.2 治疗动机与维持治疗的关系大量研究表明,吸毒者入组药物滥用治疗时的动机水平与其治疗期间的维持时间和脱失情况有关[5, 12, 16-20, 22-25, 28, 50]。对此,不同学者的研究涉及不同量表和治疗项目的受治者,均取得了一致的结果;更好的治疗动机和准备也有利于受治者完成治疗[25, 51]。这都说明治疗前的动机水平会影响受治者入组后的治疗依从性。
3.3 治疗动机与药物滥用的关系研究发现,吸毒者参加药物滥用治疗时的动机水平与其治疗期间的毒品使用及严重程度有关[11, 13, 21, 26-27, 29, 52],更高程度的治疗动机有利于受治者减少或停止药物滥用行为[53-60],因此可以认为治疗动机会影响药物滥用治疗的效果。然而,也有少数研究并未发现动机与偷吸、复吸之间的关系[9, 28, 30],可能是研究的治疗项目不同而使结果产生差异。
3.4 治疗动机与其他治疗结局的关系除了药物滥用治疗的入组、维持和持续吸毒,研究者发现受治者治疗动机还与其消除戒断症状[26]、增进心理幸福感[14]、减少犯罪参与[21]等治疗结局有关,但与吸毒者随访期间再次犯案入狱无关[9]。这说明更高的治疗动机有利于受治者的生理、心理和社会功能康复。
4 药物滥用治疗受治者动机的影响因素 4.1 社会人口学特征(1) 年龄:大量研究发现,年龄越大的吸毒者治疗动机越强[19, 23, 61-66],但也存在个别研究发现相反的结果:De Weert-Van Oene等[67]用TCU治疗动机量表调查279例住院治疗的物质滥用者,发现年龄与其求助意愿呈负向关系;Becan等[68]用同一量表调查519例寄托治疗的青少年也发现,年龄较小者对吸毒问题的认知更好。这可能是因为年龄对住院治疗项目和青少年这一群体的影响与其他受治者不同。(2) 性别:大多数研究表明,女性通常比男性有更高的治疗动机[61, 63, 65, 69-79]。然而,Soyez[23]用CMRS量表调查207例治疗社区受治者发现,男性的适应性维度和总分得分较高;Becan等[68]调查青少年成瘾者则发现,男青年有更好的问题认知得分;说明女性对治疗的适应性弱于男性,且女青年对吸毒问题的认识不如男青年(成年后的问题认知程度则没有差异[72, 77],甚至女性更好[71, 76])。(3) 种族:多项研究一致表明,对于成年吸毒者,黑人等少数族裔比白人有更高的治疗动机[65, 69, 70, 72, 74];但对青少年或孕妇而言,白人的治疗动机水平反而较强[74, 80]。(4) 文化程度:Nyamathi[81]、Severtson等[82]调查未治疗的吸毒者发现,文化程度越高则其停止药物滥用和戒毒的意愿越强;Rapp等[77]也证实受治者的文化程度与其治疗动机相关。(5) 婚姻状况:已婚吸毒者的治疗动机水平更高[69, 76],而单身者对治疗和改变药物滥用行为的矛盾心理则更强[69, 78]。
4.2 吸毒特征大量研究表明,吸毒模式和毒品类型会影响吸毒者的治疗动机[53, 65, 74, 79, 81, 83-84],且滥用毒品的数量越多、频率越高,动机水平越强[67, 71, 82]。对未参加治疗的吸毒者而言,吸毒时间越长则治疗动机越强[71, 80],但在药物滥用治疗受治者中却发现吸毒时间越长动机水平越低[23, 63],可能是因为吸毒者参加治疗后认识到改变药物滥用行为和戒毒的艰难,导致吸毒较久的受治者信心和动机反而变弱。此外,许多研究也证实,药物滥用的严重程度越高[23, 61, 67, 72, 77, 85-86],或吸毒对成瘾者的危害越大[66, 67, 74, 77, 87-89],则治疗动机越好。
4.3 治疗特征研究结果显示,有药物滥用治疗经历的吸毒者有更好的治疗动机[23, 66, 71, 77, 81-83],然而Zule[84]调查345例非洲裔快客可卡因吸毒者发现,曾多次参加治疗的吸毒者的治疗意愿较低,可能是少数族裔吸毒者经过多次治疗失败或脱失,导致其参加治疗的意愿减弱。其次,寄托治疗的受治者动机水平高于其他治疗项目[65, 90],但参加针具交换(needle-exchange program, NEP)对治疗动机没有影响[83, 91]。除此之外,受治者对治疗的看法和信心也会影响其治疗动机水平[69, 75, 77, 84, 88, 92]。
4.4 外部压力有研究发现,感受到同伴、司法或医疗机构压力的吸毒者治疗动机较高[73, 84, 90],但被法律转介或强迫参加治疗者的动机较自愿受治者差[23, 49, 65, 70, 72, 77, 86, 92];来自家庭的巨大压力对受治者内部动机则可能会有负面影响[86, 87, 90]。
4.5 健康状况无论是青少年还是成年吸毒者,健康问题都与其治疗动机相关[74]。生理方面,Webster[76]用TCU治疗动机量表调查350例受治者发现,身体健康状态较好者对吸毒问题的认识较差,但求助意愿较强;身体健康问题[62, 71]和怀孕[80]则是动机水平的促进因素。心理方面,认知功能损害者的问题认知程度较低[82],而精神健康问题[75-76]、精神症状[69]、心理功能[93]、焦虑[94]、抑郁[70-71, 84, 85, 94]等则是受试者动机水平的促进因素。因此,吸毒者下降的生理或心理健康反而有利于增强其治疗动机。
4.6 家庭、社会因素不同研究表明,照顾子女[71]、家庭亲密度[81]、家人或朋友吸毒[62, 74]、家人或朋友被逮捕[74]、治疗同伴的数量[88]、亲密关系的数量[23]、社会支持[72, 77, 95]、社会融合[96]等是受治者治疗动机的促进因素,而失去孩子监护权、对子女疏于管教、参加治疗会影响抚养孩子[93]、常与吸毒者在一起[81]等则是治疗动机的不利因素。
4.7 其他因素除上述内容,受治者治疗动机的影响因素还包括犯罪状况[68, 75, 87]、无家可归[97]、生活事件[78, 98]、童年创伤[99]、医疗保险[75]、愤怒表达[98]、后悔吸毒[100]、自我概念[99]等。
5 药物滥用治疗受治者的动机干预动机干预(motivational intervention)指以增强受治者治疗动机为目的的临床策略,药物滥用治疗领域常见的干预措施为动机性会谈(motivational interviewing, MI)和动机强化治疗(motivational enhancement therapy, MET)。动机性会谈是一种以患者为中心、建立信任合作关系、帮助受治者解决心理矛盾而增强治疗动机的心理咨询辅导[101],有5项基本原则:表达共情(express empathy)、发现差距(develop discrepancy)、避免争论(avoid argumentation)、化解阻力(roll with resistance)和支持自我效能(support self-efficacy)[36, 101-102]。治疗由数次访谈构成,可以单独实施或与其他治疗配套进行,将动机性会谈与受治者评估结果反馈相结合的方法即为动机强化治疗[103]。多项研究证实,动机性会谈能强化受治者动机[34],延长维持治疗时间[35, 104],降低偷吸、复吸率[59, 105];动机强化治疗也能提高动机水平[31-32],减少吸毒天数[33],提高治疗效果。
此外,还有音乐疗法[106-108]、德克萨斯基督教大学治疗动机训练法[109]、治疗动机引导法[68]等动机干预措施。总而言之,药物滥用治疗是一个长期的、复杂的过程,应基于生物-心理-社会医学模式,最大限度地激发受治者自身对治疗及改变吸毒行为的愿望和动力,以不断提高药物滥用治疗的效果,从而促进受治者生理、心理和社会功能的恢复。
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