中国公共卫生  2016, Vol. 32 Issue (7): 984-987   PDF    
精子相关抗原与肿瘤
张双玲1, 黄志雄1, 江高峰1, 黄芸2     
1. 武汉科技大学医学院公共卫生学院, 湖北 武汉 430065 ;
2. 武汉市第五医院病理科
摘要: 癌-睾丸抗原是一种重要的肿瘤标记抗原,由于其表达特异性,以及在发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用的同时,不会对正常组织及生殖细胞产生危害,因此具有用于肿瘤免疫治疗的巨大潜力。其中精子相关抗原作为一种新型的癌-睾丸抗原已成为研究热点之一;精子相关抗原是一类主要表达于精子细胞的抗原,近年来研究表明在某些肿瘤组织中也可检测到其不同程度的表达;本文主要概述了几种研究较为深入的精子相关抗原的生物特性,及其在肿瘤组织中的表达情况以及对肿瘤生物学特性如病理分期、增殖、侵袭、转移等的影响;由于精子相关抗原在多种肿瘤组织中表达具有特异性,并且能够引起体液免疫应答,有可能成为肿瘤早期诊断及免疫治疗的理想靶分子。
关键词癌-睾丸抗原     肿瘤相关抗原     恶性肿瘤    
Sperm-associated antigens and tumor
ZHANG Shuang-ling1, HUANG Zhi-xiong1, JIANG Gao-feng1, et al     
School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430065, China
Abstract: Cancer-testis antigen (CTA) is a kind of important tumor marker antigen.Due to its expression specificity and harmless to either normal or germ cells when playing antitumor immune effects, it has great potential to be used in cancer immunotherapy.As a novel cancer-testis antigen, the role of sperm-associated antigens (SPAGs) has become a research hotspot.SPAGs are mainly expressed in sperm cells, however, recent studies showed that in some tumor tissues the expression of SPAGs could be detected at different level.This paper mainly summarizes the biological characteristics of several SPAGs that have been studied in-depth, and its impact on biological characteristics of tumor, such as pathological staging, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.Due to its specific expression in tumor tissues, as well as the ability to elicit immune response, SPAGs will be an ideal target for early diagnosis and immunotherapy of cancer.
Key words: cancer-testis antigen     tumor-associated antigen     malignant tumor    

癌-睾丸抗原(cancer testis antigens,CTAs)是一类具有肿瘤表达特异性的肿瘤相关抗原家族,一般表达于睾丸、胎盘以及肿瘤组织。目前已有一些CTA疫苗用于临床实验,并取得了一定的疗效,如NY-ESO-1、MAGE等[1]。随着研究的深入,不断有新的基因被归为CTA家族。精子相关抗原(sperm-associated antigen,SPAGs)是一类主要表达于精子细胞的抗原,其他正常组织几乎不表达SPAGs,目前已发现15种SPAGs,如SPAG1、SPAG2/UAP1、SPAG4、SPAG5、SPAG6等。近年发现SPAGs在某些肿瘤组织中有不同程度的表达,如SPAG1在胰腺癌表达显著增加[2],SPAG5与乳腺癌发病有关[3],等。基于这些特点,SPAGs被认为是一组新型的CTA。本文着重就SPAGs在肿瘤研究领域中的进展作一概述。

1 SPAGs与肿瘤发生发展关系 1.1 SPAG1

1992年Zhang等[4]通过筛选人类睾丸cDNA文库而分离出的长2.4 kb的cDNA蛋白,其血清来自于一位患不孕症的妇女。Lin 等[5]研究表明SPAG1 cDNA 全长3.8 kb,编码的蛋白质分子量为104 kDa。起初认为SPAG1仅表达于睾丸,后来发现癌组织中也有表达,且其蛋白产物具有免疫原性,故被认为是一种新型CTA。Neesse等[2]在大量胰腺导管腺癌标本中检测到SPAG1高表达,并且主要分布于细胞质,表达水平与范围和肿瘤TNM分期密切相关。对癌前病变即胰腺上皮内瘤变标本的研究表明,其免疫活性随着病理分期的升高而增强。免疫组化及免疫共沉淀分析发现,SPAG1定位于微管,且与微管蛋白结合。运动试验进一步表明SPAG1与肿瘤细胞的运动相关[2],提示SPAG1可能与胰腺癌早期的扩散和不良预后有关。

1.2 SPAG4

1998年于小鼠睾丸蛋白表达文库中发现[6],人类克隆SPAG4基因包含12个外显子,全长5.2 kb,其cDNA长1.45 kb,与小鼠SPAG4同源性为81.7%,定位于20q11.23染色体,并包含与酵母微管结合蛋白显著同源的区域[7]。SPAG4蛋白与精子尾部外层致密纤维蛋白odf-1相互作用,可能协助odf蛋白组装精子使其延伸。SPAG4蛋白只表达于发育中的精子细胞,成熟精子细胞中不表达。Kennedy等[7]研究表明,SPAG4仅在睾丸、胰腺等少数正常人体组织表达,但高表达于许多肿瘤组织和细胞,如Burkitt淋巴瘤及Hela、HepG2、T47D等肿瘤细胞株,提示SPAG4可作为肿瘤标记物。Knaup等[8]研究发现,SPAG4在肾透明细胞癌异常高表达,其表达水平与肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移有关。体外实验进一步证实,SPAG4基因敲除可降低肾脏肿瘤细胞浸润能力。这些研究结果提示,SPAG4可能在肿瘤细胞生长、浸润中发挥重要作用,与肾脏肿瘤的发生密切相关。

1.3 SPAG5

2001年首次克隆,与细胞有丝分裂有关,定位于中心体。SPAG5蛋白作为纺锤体相关蛋白,在细胞周期的M期表达升高,调控纺锤体的装配时间及姐妹染色体分离。SPAG5蛋白也与DNA损伤修复有关,其活性通过被糖原合成酶激酶-3β等磷酸化来调节。细胞周期调控失常以及DNA损伤等均与肿瘤的生成密切相关。Buechler和Valk等分别在雌激素依赖性乳腺癌[3]和非小细胞型肺癌[9]中检测到SPAG5表达升高。Thedieck 等[10]报道指出,SPAG5可在氧化应激过程中下调哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号转导途径,保护细胞免于凋亡,这一观点在一定程度上也表明SPAG5可促使肿瘤生成和进展。Yuan等[11]对宫颈癌研究表明,宫颈癌组织中SPAG5的表达与癌旁组织相比显著升高,可作为预测宫颈癌不良预后的独立预测因子。体外试验表明,下调SPAG5可以通过阻滞G2/M进程和诱导细胞凋亡显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和生长,阻碍细胞迁徙与浸润。SPAG5下调也能增强mTOR活性,促进细胞凋亡,此结论与Thedieck等[10]结论一致。由此可见,SPAG5高表达与肿瘤发生密切相关,其表达水平可作为肿瘤预后判断及mTOR抑制治疗的辅助指标。

1.4 SPAG8

起初被命名为人类精子表皮蛋白(human sperm membrane protein,hSMP-1)或人类精子蛋白(human sperm protein,HSD-1),是用不孕不育女性患者的血清筛选人类睾丸cDNA表达文库而获得的,其cDNA全长2 482 bp,开放阅读框长1 572 bp[12]。SPAG8蛋白由523个氨基酸组成,分子量为55.08 kDa,定位于精子头部和尾部[13],具有组织表达特异性,仅在睾丸中表达[14]。SPAG8是一种精子顶体蛋白,对于精卵结合是非常重要的。SPAG8在CHO-K1细胞中高表达时参与G2/M期调控,使细胞延迟退出有丝分裂。SPAG8在细胞周期前期定位于微管组织中心,后期定位于纺锤体微管。因此推测SPAG8表达异常可能与纤毛运动障碍、有丝分裂异常有关。蔡斌等[15]利用基因芯片筛选子宫内膜癌的基因表达谱发现SPAG8在中、高分化的子宫内膜癌中普遍上调。随后 Vazquez-Ortiz等[16]研究表明侵袭性很强的HPV18型宫颈癌组织中SPAG8异常高表达,是正常宫颈上皮组织的5倍。Kalnina等[17]发现SPAG8可与黑色素瘤患者血清中的抗体相互作用,提示黑色素瘤组织中也存在SPAG8。有学者对正常组织及其相应的癌组织中SPAG8的表达模式进行了全面研究,发现SPAG8在黑色素瘤、胃癌、直肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌等均有表达,检出率高达80%。免疫组织化学分析表明,60%的乳腺癌中可检测到SPAG8,且染色呈强阳性,其他肿瘤组织中也有不同程度表达。血清学检查发现胃癌、淋巴细胞性白血病、黑色素瘤、前列腺癌与甲状腺癌患者血清中均可检测到SPAG8抗体[18]。因此推测SPAG8高表达可促进肿瘤发生发展,且其在肿瘤免疫治疗方面的潜力也不可忽视。

1.5 SPAG9

从人类睾丸cDNA库中筛选获得,属于单克隆基因,定位于人类染色体17q21,该区域主要参与肿瘤相关基因的扩增与表达,是不同肿瘤染色体畸变的热点,因此国内外关于SPAG9与肿瘤相关的报道很多。SPAG9主要表达于哺乳动物睾丸组织曲细精管的精子细胞中,属于c-Jun氨基末端激酶交互蛋白家族的一员,在精卵细胞融合、有丝分裂原激活的蛋白信号转导途径中发挥作用[19-20]。研究表明,SPAG9在多种常见肿瘤中高表达,如宫颈癌、乳腺癌、卵巢上皮癌、肾细胞癌、甲状腺癌、慢性粒细胞白血病、结肠癌与子宫内膜癌等[21-23, 24-31],和肿瘤发生、发展、恶性生物特性均有关,且能引起肿瘤病人体液免疫反应。近期有学者首次报道了SPAG9与肝癌[32]、前列腺癌[33]的关系,发现SPAG9在上述两种肿瘤组织均高表达,且与肿瘤临床分期、Gleason评分、复发、预后等有显著相关性。用siRNA分别转染Bel-7402、PC-3细胞,发现SPAG9低表达可抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁徙和侵袭能力,并且促进细胞凋亡,下调细胞周期素D1/E表达水平。这些研究均表明SPAG9可作为肿瘤早期诊断及免疫治疗的候选靶标。

1.6 SPAG17

又名HSp17,其cDNA长1.3 kb或1.6 kb,2者5′端非编码区有所不同,但蛋白质产物相同,分子量为24.5 kDa[34]。SPAG17蛋白高度保守,表达于哺乳动物精子细胞,通过与卵母细胞透明带的硫酸化碳水化合物结合,促进受精顶体反应。SPAG17最初被认为具有睾丸特异性,越来越多证据表明SPAG17在肿瘤细胞以及各种纤毛上皮细胞中均有普遍表达。Lim等[35]于2001年首次发现26%的多发性骨肉瘤患者肿瘤细胞中可检测到SPAG17。同年,Lacy等[36]发现SPAG17在恶性T/B淋巴细胞系中均有表达,从B淋巴细胞瘤患者分离出的原代细胞也可检测到SPAG17,而从健康志愿者体内分离的循环B淋巴细胞也可见SPAG17表达。SPAG17能促进硫酸乙酰肝素介导的细胞-细胞粘附,从而调节正常、恶性淋巴细胞的粘附、迁移。随后,更多研究相继发现SPAG17在卵巢癌、食管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌等[37-39]恶性肿瘤组织中均可检测到。Gjerstorff等[40]对众多人类肿瘤细胞中SPAG17表达情况进行了研究,发现肺癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌中SPAG17阳性表达率分别为6%、20%、20%、53%,在乳腺癌、大肠癌、甲状腺癌等也检测出了SPAG17,进一步表明SPAG17能促进肿瘤细胞的迁移、浸润。另有研究指出,在体外实验中SPAG17特异性细胞毒性T细胞能杀死肿瘤细胞,人类SPAG17疫苗接种已经显示出良好的耐受性,即使SPAG17在纤毛上皮细胞中表达也没有表现出明显的副作用[41-42]

2 小 结

免疫治疗在肿瘤治疗研究中有巨大潜力,发现能被作为免疫治疗靶点的肿瘤抗原更是一项重要的任务。目前很多SPAGs与肿瘤发生发展的具体机制尚不清楚,对肿瘤的生物学特性的影响也不甚清楚,但其作为新型CTA家族中的一员,其表达特异性及能在多种肿瘤细胞中表达且能引起体液免疫应答的特性,使其成为肿瘤的免疫治疗以及诊断研究的焦点。

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